1. Assume samples that emit radiation are placed on a table across the room. Which sample will produce the greatest damage to you? Alpha emitter Beta emitter? Gamma emitter? WHY?

Answers

Answer 1
TLDR: A beta emitting sample will likely produce more damage than a gamma emitting sample due to the associated quality factors. An alpha emitting sample will do zero damage.

A question like this is quite nuanced, so let’s dive in.

Radiation that is made of charged particles (like alpha and beta) behave differently than radiation that is made up of neutral particles (like gamma). Charged particles are characterized by their “range”, which describes how far that particle can go through a medium (like air) before they lose their kinetic energy and become harmless. Alpha particles are relatively heavy and have a range of 1-10 cm in air at atmospheric pressure, so a sample that is an alpha emitter placed on the opposite side of the room will have exactly zero potential of dealing damage to you. You’re simply too far away. For a beta emitter, the range of beta particles is about 4 meters per MeV (a measure of the particle’s energy). This means that a low energy beta can reach you from across the room, and higher energy betas can easily reach you.

Neutral particles are not characterized by ranges, as they interact with matter differently. Instead, they are characterized by “half-thicknesses” based on an exponential attenuation function. The half-thickness of a material is the thickness of the material needed to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays to one-half the original intensity. Because of this, a gamma emitting sample will easily be able to affect you just like a beta sample would be. We now have to use something else to determine which will be worse.

In radiative studies, there exists a parameter for radiation types called the “quality factor”, which adjusts the value for radiation doses to account for the biological impact of each type of radiation. For example, if you were exposed to two different types of radiation with the exact same dose but one had a quality factor of one and the other had a QF of ten, then the radiation with a QF of ten did essentially ten times more damage than the other. Gamma rays have a quality factor of 1, whereas beta rays can have a QF anywhere from 1-20 based on their energy (higher energy = higher QF). Because of this, the beta emitter will likely do more damage than the gamma emitter.

Hope this helps!
Answer 2

The damage caused by the radiations has been maximum for the gamma radiations.

What are charged radiations?

The charged radiations are comprised of the molecules that have been comprised of the charged particles. The charged particles have been alpha, beta or gamma radiation.

The damage that has been caused by the radiation has been found with the intensity of the quality factor and the thickness of the molecule that comprises the amount of damage formed.

The maximum quality factor has been for the gamma radiation. Thus, gamma radiations form the basis for the maximum damage.

Learn more about gamma radiations, here:

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Related Questions

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Shut yo musty dusty ah up zaddy

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What is the numerical value of the standard entropy change of formation, delta S degree, for BrCl(g) at 298 K

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B)

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A fruit-and-oatmeal bar contains 142 nutritional Calories. Convert this energy to calories

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Answer:

a fruit and oatmeal bar contains 142000 calories.

A nutritional calorie, or kilocalorie, is equal to 1000 calories.

E = 142 kcal · 1000 cal/kcal.

E = 142 000 cal.

Calorie (cal), or small calorie, is the amount of energy needed to heat one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

One small calorie is approximately 4.2 joules.

A calorie is a unit of energy.

Explanation:

hope it helps  :)

Which correctly describes the lithosphere? *

A.The crust and the upper part of the core
B.The crust and the upper part of the ocean
C.The crust and the upper part of the mantle
D.The core and the upper part of the mantle

Answers

Answer:

its for sure not b. its c the crust and upper part of the mantle.

the whole definition:

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

I need help wit this

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#1

[tex]\\ \sf\longmapsto2 Ca+O_2\longrightarrow 2CaO[/tex]

Balanced

#2

[tex]\\ \sf\longmapsto N_2+3H_2\longrightarrow 2NH_3[/tex]

Balanced

#3

[tex]\\ \sf\longmapsto 2Cu_2O+C\longrightarrow 4Cu+CO_2[/tex]

Balanced

#4

[tex]\\ \sf\longmapsto H_2O_2\longrightarrow H_2O+O_2[/tex]

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A student would like to determine how heating a liquid changes its volume. The student hypothesizes that the liquid will increase in volume. The following list shows the steps taken by the student in order to test the hypothesis.
1.Select the liquid to test.
2.Place the liquid in a sealed container.
3.Use a Bunsen burner to heat the liquid by 10°C.
4.Measure the volume of the liquid.
5.Record the results.
What is wrong with how the student conducted the investigation?
A.
The hypothesis was not valid because it is impossible for liquids to change in volume.
B.
The volume of the liquid should be measured before it is heated.
C.
The student should have increased the temperature of the liquid by more than 10ºC.
D.
The length of time it took for the liquid to be heated should be measured.

Answers

Answer:

The volume of the liquid should be measured before it is heated.  

Explanation:

Because During an experiment to test how a variable changes a substance, it is important to first observe and record the characteristics of the substance before the variable is introduced. In this case, the variable is heat energy.  

The specific heat of a certain type of cooking oil is 1.75J(g. °C). How much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2.44 kg of this oil from 23. °C to 191 °C?

Answers

Answer:

The amount of heat needed is 593.88 kJ.

are ions always smaller than their neutral atoms

Answers

Answer:

The negative ion is larger than the original atom. but the same number of positive protons, the size of the ionic radius will increase. When an atom has its electrons attracted to another atom it becomes a positive ion. The positive ion is smaller than the original atom.

how many atoms of carbon atoms are in the reactant

Answers

Answer:

8

Explanation:

There are 8 carbon atoms in the reactants' side, because you multiply the 2 in front of C4H10 and the 4 under the C atom, and that gives you 8. So, 8 carbon atoms.

Which candle burned the longest time why

Answers

Answer:

The one that burned longer because it burned longer

Explanation:

Poured beeswax candles will burn the longest
Why: slowest due to the hardness of the wax and the high temperature needed to melt the wax

1. Calculate the density of an object that is has a mass of 24 grams and a volume of 6 cm cubed

Answers

Answer:

4g/cm cubed

Explanation:

density=mass/volume

d=24/6

d=4

THE POINT (-7,4) IS REFLECTED OVER THE LINE X=-3. THEN, THE RESULTING POINT IS REFLECTED OVER THE LINE Y=X. WHERE IS THE POINT LOCATED AFTER BOTH REFLECTIONS?

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Answer: 4,2

The graph should show how to do it.

why the table perdioc has 3 columns in its group 8 ,
i need reference about that please

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Answer: It just haven’t been discovered yet

Explanation:

Because the periodic table was discovered long ago some elements haven’t been discovered thats why it maybe has 3 columns

Each element can be indentified by the number of _______ found in its nucleus, which also equals the elements _______ _______.

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Answer:

Protons, Atomic number

protons, atomic number

how many chemical bonds are formed in CH4 molecule​

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Answer:

4 covalent bonds

What is the concentration of H+ in a 2.5 M HCl solution?

Answers

Answer:

The concentration of H⁺ in a 2.5 M HCl solution is 2.5 M

Explanation:

As HCl is a strong acid and hence a strong electrolyte, it will dissociate as

HCl ⟶ H⁺ + Cl⁻

So, The concentration of H⁺ will be 2.5 M (same as HCl)

Thus, The concentration of H⁺ in a 2.5 M HCl solution is 2.5 M

-TheUnknownScientist 72

Where’s the choices

What is the density of an object that has a mass of 1.08 kg and displaces 50.50 cm3 of water? (Please report your answer in g/cm3 ) Please report your answer in decimal notation not scientific notation the computer will mark it incorrect.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

1.08kg/50.5 cm^3(1000g/kg)=21.386 g/cm^3

Answer:

[tex]\boxed {\boxed {\sf 21.4 \ g/cm^3}}[/tex]

Explanation:

We are asked to find the density of an object.

The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. It is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume.

[tex]\rho= \frac{m}{v}[/tex]

The mass of the object is 1.08 kilograms. The object displaced 50.50 cubic centimeters of water, so this value is its volume.

We are asked to give the density in grams per cubic centimeter, so we must convert the mass. There are 1000 grams in 1 kilogram. Set up a conversion factor.

[tex]\frac {1000 \ g}{1 \ kg}[/tex]

Multiply by the given mass: 1.08 kg

[tex]1.08\ kg *\frac{1000 \ g }{ 1\ kg}[/tex]

The units of kilograms cancel.

[tex]1.08*\frac{1000 \ g }{1}[/tex]

[tex]1.08*{1000 \ g } = 1080 \ g[/tex]

Now we know the mass in grams and the volume:

m= 1080 g v= 50.50 cm³

Substitute the values into the density formula.

[tex]\rho= \frac{1080 \ g }{50.50 \ cm^3}[/tex]

Divide.

[tex]\rho= 21.3861386 \ g/cm^3[/tex]

The original measurements of mass and density have 3 and 4 significant figures. Our answer must have the least number of significant figures, or 3.

For the number we found, that is the tenths place. The 8 in the hundredth place tells us to round the 3 in the tenths place up to a 4.

[tex]\rho \approx 21.4 \ g/cm^3[/tex]

The density of the object is approximately 21.4 grams per cubic centimeter.

A solution of HF is titraited with a 0.150M NaOH solution. The pH at the half equivalence point is ? The Ka of HF I 0.00068.

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Answer:

don't know00000⁰0000000

How is melting simillar evaporation

Answers

Answer:

Melting and evaporation both represent changes in matter that involve behavior at the molecular level.

Answer:

well both disappear over time

Explanation:

Giving brainly for correct answer! :)

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Answer:  I think its in order, not really sure. First answer on top. Next answer on the left and the Last answer on the right.

Name the element in the second period of the periodic table with 6 valence electrons.

Answers

Answer:

Sulfur

Explanation:

Using this to make the answer 20 characters long


A cars is moving at 12 m/s and has a mass of 600 kg. What is the kinetic energy for the car? (Formula:KE= 1/2 MV2) 36,300J 43,200J 72,600J 86,400J

Answers

Explanation:

ano po topic nyo para maayos sagut

43200J
First make sure everything has the correct unit, in this case the unit all are S.I Units. Then, just compute the data into the Kinetic Energy formula. Its direct.


Which statement correctly explains how matter is conserved in chemical reactions? (1 point)

Answers

Answer:

can you include the choices?

Explanation:

Answer:

Answer b: The law of conservation of matter says that in chemical reactions, the total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactants.

Explanation:

hope this helps

What is an example of microorganisms acting in a harmful way?

Answers

Answer:

Mark me as brainlest

Explanation:

Microorganisms present in our body Re viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa among which most of them cause immense benefits to the body. There are some harmful microorganisms too known as pathogens which cause disease and cause a threat to all existing life forms of the earth which can result in death at times.

Answer:

An example of microorganisms acting in a harmful way is a bacteria spoiling food.

0.500 mol aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 reacts with 0.500 mol sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce aluminium sulphate and water.
a) Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

b) Which reactant is limiting reactant?

c) How many moles of excess reactant is used in the experiment?

d)Determine how many moles of aluminium sulphates was obtained if the percentage yield of aluminium sulphate during the experiment is 77%.

[9 marks]​

Answers

a) The balanced equation for the reaction would be as follows:

[tex]2 Al(OH)_3 + 3 H_2SO_4 ---> Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 6 H_2O[/tex]

b) The mole ratio of aluminum hydroxide to sulfuric acid is 2:3. This means that every 1 mole of the aluminum hydroxide would require 1.5 moles of sulfuric acid.

0.5 mole aluminum hydroxide would require:

         0.5 x 3/2 = 0.75 moles of sulfuric acid.

But only 0.500 moles of sulfuric acid is present. Thus, the limiting reagent is sulfuric acid.

c) With 0.5 moles sulfuric acid, the mole of aluminum hydroxide required would be:

             0.5 x 2/3 = 0.33

Excess moles of aluminum hydroxide = 0.5 - 0.33

                                                              = 0.17 moles

d) The mole ratio of sulfuric acid to aluminum sulfate produced is 3:1. With 0.5 moles sulfuric acid, the mole of aluminum sulfate produced would be:

        0.5 x 1/3 = 0.17 moles

But the percentage yield is 77%

   77/100 x 0.17 = 0.13 moles

Thus, the moles of aluminum sulfate that would be obtained with a percentage yield of 77% would be 0.13 moles.

More on stoichiometric calculations can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/8062886

What best describes the transition from gas to liquid

Answers

It's condensation in which gas particles have a higher kinetic energy..

PLEASE HELP ASAPPPPPP

Answers

Answer:

accelerating upward would be your answer

Which is not an example of vaporization?

Answers

Answer:

boi i need the choices idiot

Explanation:

Nobody can add an answer without context.

But if this helps,

"Vaporization of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapour. There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, whereas boiling is a bulk phenomenon." - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporization

What mass of LiOH would need to be dissolved in 500.0 mL of water to produce a solution with a pH of 12.40

Answers

Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the mass of LiOH needed to be dissolved in 500.0 mL of water to produce a solution with a pH of 12.40 is 0.299375 grams.

First of all, pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

In this case, being pH= 12.40, pOH is calculated as:

pOH + 12.40= 14

pOH= 14 - 12.40

pOH= 1.60

Replacing in the definition of pOH the concentration of OH⁻ ions is obtained:

- log [OH⁻]= 1.60

Solving:

[OH⁻]= 10⁻¹ ⁶

[OH⁻]= 0.025 M

Then, the [OH⁻] is 0.025 M.  

Strong bases are bases that completely dissociate in water into the cation and OH - (hydroxide ion). LiOH is a strong base, so the OH- concentration is equal to the LiOH concentration:

[OH⁻]= [LiOH]= 0.025 M

Finally, Molarity or Molar Concentration is the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a certain volume:

[tex]Molarity=\frac{number of moles}{volume}[/tex]

In this case, knowing that molarity is 0.025 M and the volume is 500 mL= 0.5 L, you can replace in the expression for molarity:

[tex]0.025 M=\frac{number of moles}{0.5 L}[/tex]

Solving:

number of moles= 0.025 M× 0.5 L

number of moles= 0.0125 moles

Finally, since the molar mass of LiOH is 23.95 [tex]\frac{g}{mol}[/tex], that is, the amount of mass that the substance contains in one mole, the mass of LiOH that 0.0125 mol contains can be calculated as:

0.0125 mol×23.95 [tex]\frac{g}{mol}[/tex]= 0.299375 g

The mass of LiOH needed to be dissolved in 500.0 mL of water to produce a solution with a pH of 12.40 is 0.299375 grams.

Learn more:

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To determine the heat of neutralisation, Chelsea placed 50 cm' of sodium hydroxide
solution of concentration 1.0 mol dm- in a polystyrene cup and recorded its
temperature. She then recorded the temperature of 50 cm of sulfuric acid, added it
to the cup, stirred the solution and recorded its maximum temperature, as follows:
. initial temperature of NaOH(aq) = 29.5 °C
. initial temperature of H.SO, (aq) = 29.9 °C
• maximum temperature of the solution = 35.8 °C

Calculate the increase in temperature

Answers

2 solutions of NaOH and H₂SO₄ at 29.5 °C are mixed in a coffee-cup calorimeter and after the reaction is completed the temperature is 35.8 °C. The increase in the temperature is 6.3 °C.

To determine the heat of neutralization, Chelsea used a coffee-cup calorimeter.

Initially, she had 2 solutions, NaOH and H₂SO₄, both at 29.5 °C. Upon mixing, the heat was evolved and the final temperature of the solution was 35.8 °C. The neutralization reaction was:

NaOH + H₂SO₄ ⇒ Na₂SO₄ + H₂O

The increase in temperature (ΔT) is equal to the difference between the final temperature and the initial temperature.

[tex]\Delta T = 35.8 \° C - 29.5 \° C = 6.3 \° C[/tex]

This data can be used to calculate the heat of neutralization (q) using the following expression.

[tex]q = c \times m \times \Delta T[/tex]

where,

c is the specific heat capacity of the solutionm is the mass of the solution

2 solutions of NaOH and H₂SO₄ at 29.5 °C are mixed in a coffee-cup calorimeter and after the reaction is completed the temperature is 35.8 °C. The increase in the temperature is 6.3 °C.

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