Much of the recent growth in income inequality was caused by option C. increasing returns to education. This is why many people go to college to obtain a degree in order to have a better life and earn more money.
The better-educated workforce earns higher wages as a result of the increased demand for skilled workers in the current labor market. The inequality in income among Americans is rising, with the wealthiest 1% of households taking home roughly 15% of the national income and the bottom 90% of households taking home about 50%. In 1979, the wealthiest 1% of households received around 7% of the national income and the bottom 90% of households received approximately 60%.
Therefore, this inequality has been growing due to the increase in returns to education in recent years. This is why it is so important for people to get a good education and to seek out opportunities to learn new skills, so that they can be competitive in the job market and earn a decent living.
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Discuss the procedures and deadlines in remitting the final withholding taxes.
These procedures include identifying the types of income subject to withholding tax, calculating the amount to be withheld, and collecting the tax from the payee.
Deadlines for remitting the tax vary depending on the tax jurisdiction and type of income. It is important for businesses to adhere to these procedures and meet the deadlines to fulfill their tax obligations.
When it comes to remitting final withholding taxes, businesses need to follow specific procedures to ensure compliance with tax regulations.
This includes identifying the types of income that are subject to withholding tax, such as interest, dividends, royalties, or payments to non-resident individuals or entities.
The applicable tax rates and thresholds must be determined, and the amount to be withheld should be calculated based on these rates and the income received.
Once the tax is calculated, the next step is to collect the withholding tax from the payee. This can be done by deducting the tax amount from the payment made to the recipient.
The withheld tax should be segregated and kept separately to facilitate its remittance to the tax authorities.
The deadlines for remitting final withholding taxes vary depending on the tax jurisdiction and the type of income. In some cases, businesses are required to remit the tax within a specified time frame, such as on a monthly or quarterly basis.
It is crucial for businesses to be aware of these deadlines and ensure timely remittance to avoid penalties or fines.
Meeting the procedures and deadlines for remitting final withholding taxes is essential for businesses to fulfill their tax obligations and maintain compliance with tax laws.
It helps ensure that the correct amount of tax is withheld and remitted to the appropriate tax authorities in a timely manner, contributing to the overall tax system's integrity and functioning.
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to which element of the marketing mix is viral marketing most closely related?
Viral marketing is closely related to the promotion element of the marketing mix.
Viral marketing is a type of promotional method that uses social media and other digital channels to spread a message or idea rapidly and widely. This form of marketing is intended to generate buzz, create excitement, and ultimately drive sales for a product or service.
The effectiveness of viral marketing relies on creating content that is shareable, memorable, and engaging. The content needs to be something that people want to share with their friends and family, and it needs to be easily shareable on social media.
The effectiveness of viral marketing relies on creating content that is shareable, memorable, and engaging. The content needs to be something that people want to share with their friends and family, and it needs to be easily shareable on social media.
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The following four questions are taken from an internal control questionnaire. For each question, state (a) one test of controls procedure you could use to find out whether the control technique was really functioning and (b) what error or fraud could occur if the question were answered "no" or if you found the control was not effective. Required: 1. Are blank sales invoices available only to authorized personnel? 2. Are sales invoices prenumbered and are all numbers accounted for? 3. Are sales invoices checked for the accuracy of quantities billed? Prices used? Mathematical calculations? 4. Are the duties of the accounts receivable bookkeeper separate from all cash functions? 5. Are customer accounts regularly balanced with the control account? 6. Do customers recelve a monthly statement even when the ending balance on the account is zero?
Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of sales invoices and verify that they are properly authorized by checking the signature or approval of authorized personnel.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If blank sales invoices are available to unauthorized personnel, they could be used to create fictitious sales transactions or to manipulate the sales records, leading to potential revenue fraud or misstatement.
Are sales invoices prenumbered and are all numbers accounted for?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Inspect a sample of sales invoices and verify that they are prenumbered and that the sequence is consistently followed without any missing numbers.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If sales invoices are not prenumbered or if there are missing invoice numbers, it could indicate the possibility of unrecorded or unaccounted-for sales transactions, leading to potential revenue understatement or unauthorized sales.
Are sales invoices checked for the accuracy of quantities billed? Prices used? Mathematical calculations?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of sales invoices and verify that the quantities billed, prices used, and mathematical calculations are accurately recorded and match the supporting documents.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If sales invoices are not checked for accuracy, it could result in incorrect billing amounts, pricing errors, or calculation mistakes, leading to potential revenue misstatement or customer disputes.
Are the duties of the accounts receivable bookkeeper separate from all cash functions?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Review the job descriptions and responsibilities of the accounts receivable bookkeeper and verify that they are not involved in any cash handling or cash-related activities.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If the accounts receivable bookkeeper has access to cash or cash handling functions, there is an increased risk of mishandling or misappropriation of funds, potentially leading to cash theft or fraudulent activities.
Are customer accounts regularly balanced with the control account?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of customer accounts and verify that they are regularly reconciled and balanced with the control account (e.g., general ledger).
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If customer accounts are not regularly balanced with the control account, it could result in undetected errors, unrecorded transactions, or misallocation of payments, leading to potential misstatement of accounts receivable or customer disputes.
Do customers receive a monthly statement even when the ending balance on the account is zero?
(a) Test of controls procedure: Select a sample of customer accounts with zero balances and verify if they received monthly statements during periods when no balance was outstanding.
(b) Error or fraud if control is not effective: If customers do not receive monthly statements when the account balance is zero, it could result in missed opportunities to detect errors, unauthorized activities, or potential disputes, leading to customer dissatisfaction or loss of communication.
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Montenegro Metal Compary operates two tactories. The compary apples factory overheed to jobs on the basis of machine hours in Factory 1 and on the basis of direct labor hours in factory 2. Estimated factory overhead costs, diect labor hourb, and machine hours aro as follows: Requited: 3. Determine the factopy everiead rate far factory 1 . b. Determene fie factory overhead rate for factory 2.
a. To determine the factory overhead rate for Factory 1, we need the estimated factory overhead costs and machine hours data.
b. To determine the factory overhead rate for Factory 2, we need the estimated factory overhead costs and direct labor hour data.
a. The factory overhead rate for Factory 1 is calculated by dividing the estimated factory overhead costs by the total machine hours.
b. The factory overhead rate for Factory 2 is calculated by dividing the estimated factory overhead costs by the total direct labor hours.
By dividing the respective estimated factory overhead costs by the corresponding activity base (machine hours for Factory 1 and direct labor hours for Factory 2), we can determine the factory overhead rates for each factory. These rates are essential for allocating overhead costs to jobs based on the actual machine or labor hours used.
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Suppose that you are doing the following hypothesis test: H 0
:μ=μ 0
=42;H 1
:μ<μ 0
=42. Assume a significance level of α=0.025. Find the critical value for the decision if the population standard deviation is 2 and a random sample of 100 is drawn. (Remember to pick the closest answer.) A. 41.6 B. 41.8 C. 42 D. 42.2 E. 42.4 42−1.96∗ 100
2
=42−1.96∗0.2≈41.6
The critical value for the decision is A)41.6 for the following hypothesis test.
The given significance level is α = 0.025, which is a one-tailed test as the alternative hypothesis is μ < μ0. To find the critical value, we need to use the z-score table or calculator and find the z-score that corresponds to the area of 0.025 in the left-tail.
The z-score for 0.025 in the left-tail is -1.96. Therefore, the critical value for the decision can be calculated as follows: Critical value = μ0 - z * (σ/√n)
where μ0 = 42 (null hypothesis mean),
z = -1.96 (z-score for α = 0.025),
σ = 2 (population standard deviation), and n = 100 (sample size).
Substituting the values, we get:
Critical value = 42 - (-1.96) * (2/√100)
Critical value = 42 + 0.392
Critical value = 42.392
As we are interested in the closest answer, rounding to one decimal place gives:
Critical value = 41.6
Therefore, the critical value for the decision if the population standard deviation is 2 and a random sample of 100 is drawn is 41.6.
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Define accounting equation and give numerical examples for transactions covering all its components namely assets, liabilities, expenses, revenues, stock capital and dividends and represent those transactions on the accounting equation.
The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity, represents the relationship between a company's resources, debts, and owner's equity. It ensures that the equation remains balanced as transactions occur.
The accounting equation, also known as the balance sheet equation, is a fundamental principle in accounting that represents the relationship between a company's assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. It can be expressed as follows:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity
Assets are the economic resources owned or controlled by a company, such as cash, inventory, or property. Liabilities are the company's obligations or debts, such as loans or accounts payable.
Stockholders' equity represents the residual interest in the assets after deducting liabilities and is composed of contributed capital (stock capital) and retained earnings.
Considering a company with the following transactions:
1. The company purchases equipment worth $10,000 using cash.
Assets increase by $10,000 (equipment), and cash decreases by $10,000.2. The company takes out a loan of $5,000 from a bank.
Assets increase by $5,000 (cash), and liabilities increase by $5,000 (loan).3. The company generates $2,000 in revenue from sales.
Assets increase by $2,000 (cash or accounts receivable), and revenues increase by $2,000.4. The company pays $1,000 in expenses.
Assets decrease by $1,000 (cash), and expenses increase by $1,000.The accounting equation ensures that the equation remains balanced by accounting for changes in assets, liabilities, and equity resulting from various transactions.
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For Oriole Company, sales is $1320000 (6600 units), fixed expenses are $480000, and the contribution margin per unit is $100. What is the margin of safety in dollars? $360000. $1140000. $120000. $780000.
The margin of safety in dollars is $360,000. It is calculated by subtracting the breakeven point (calculated using fixed expenses and contribution margin per unit) from the actual sales. In this case, the breakeven point is ($480,000 / $100) = 4,800 units.
The margin of safety is (6,600 units - 4,800 units) * $100 = $360,000. It represents the amount by which sales can decline before the company reaches the breakeven point.
The margin of safety is a financial metric that helps businesses assess their level of risk and cushion against potential losses. In this scenario, the margin of safety is calculated by subtracting the breakeven point from the actual sales and multiplying it by the contribution margin per unit.
To calculate the breakeven point, the fixed expenses ($480,000) are divided by the contribution margin per unit ($100). This gives us a breakeven point of 4,800 units.
Next, we calculate the margin of safety by subtracting the breakeven point (4,800 units) from the actual sales (6,600 units). The difference is 1,800 units.
Finally, the margin of safety in dollars is found by multiplying the difference in units (1,800 units) by the contribution margin per unit ($100), resulting in $180,000. therefore, the correct answer is not listed among the given options.
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What does ‘diversity’ mean and how do you think ‘diversity’ and ‘equity’ and ‘inclusion’ differ from one another? Lastly, think of a reason/example of why diversity, equity, and inclusion classes are being offered more regularly to college students.
Diversity refers to the range of human differences, including but not limited to race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, disability, and cultural background.
Equity, on the other hand, refers to ensuring fairness and justice in providing equal opportunities and access to resources for all individuals, regardless of their diverse backgrounds. It aims to address systemic barriers and inequalities to create a level playing field.
Inclusion involves creating an environment where all individuals feel valued, respected, and included. It goes beyond simply having diverse representation and focuses on fostering a sense of belonging and active participation for everyone, regardless of their differences.
Diversity recognizes and appreciates the presence of differences among individuals, such as their race, ethnicity, gender, and more. It celebrates and acknowledges the variety of perspectives and experiences that individuals bring to a group or community.
Equity seeks to address the historical and systemic disadvantages faced by certain groups of people by ensuring fairness and justice. It involves identifying and removing barriers that limit access to resources and opportunities, with the goal of achieving equality in outcomes.
Inclusion is about creating an environment where all individuals feel welcomed, respected, and valued. It requires actively involving and engaging individuals from diverse backgrounds, fostering a sense of belonging, and embracing different perspectives and contributions.
Reason/example of why diversity, equity, and inclusion classes are being offered more regularly to college students:
One reason why diversity, equity, and inclusion classes are being offered more regularly to college students is the growing recognition of the importance of preparing students for a diverse and interconnected world. With an increasingly globalized society and workforce, it is essential for students to develop cultural competence, empathy, and the ability to work effectively with people from diverse backgrounds.
These classes provide students with the knowledge, skills, and awareness necessary to understand and navigate issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion. They promote critical thinking, empathy, and respect for others, while challenging biases and stereotypes. By offering these classes, colleges and universities aim to foster inclusive campus communities, promote social justice, and equip students with the tools they need to contribute to a more equitable and inclusive society.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion are interconnected concepts that aim to create a more just and inclusive society. While diversity recognizes and values differences, equity focuses on addressing systemic barriers and ensuring fairness, and inclusion strives to create an environment where everyone feels welcomed and valued. Offering diversity, equity, and inclusion classes in colleges helps students develop the knowledge and skills needed to navigate a diverse world and contribute to a more equitable society.
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Claremont Inc. issued a $400,000 bond on January 1, 2020. The bond had a five-year life and an 8% stated rate of interest. The bond contract requires Claremont to pay semiannual dividends each June 30 and December 31. The market rate of interest on January 1, 2020 when Claremont issued the bond was 6%.
Required:
1. Use Excel to determine the cash proceeds from the bond issue on January 1, 2020.
2. Use Excel to construct a bond amortization table for the five-year life of the bond.
3. Record the journal entries for the bond in 2020.
4. Report the effects of the bond on the 2020 income statement and cash flows statement and the balance sheet on December 31, 2020
Would the answers change today from 2 years ago?
The bond will increase the liabilities and decrease the assets on the balance sheet, and the interest expense will decrease the net income and operating cash flows on the income statement and statement of cash flows, respectively.
The cash proceeds from the bond issue on January 1, 2020 are determined as follows; Face value of bond = $400,000 Selling price (PV) = ? Market rate of interest = 6%Stated rate of interest = 8%Periods per year = 2 (semiannual)Periods to maturity = 5 * 2 = 10 years. Let’s calculate the bond selling price: Semiannual Interest = Face Value * (Stated rate / periods)Semiannual Interest = $400,000 * (8% / 2) Semi-annual Interest = $16,000Calculate the price of the bond using the formula: PMT * PVIFA (Market rate, n) + Face value * PVIF (Market rate, n)PVIFA (Market rate, n) = [tex](1 - 1 / (1 + i)^n) / iPVIF[/tex] (Market rate, n) = [tex]1 / (1 + i)^n[/tex] Price of Bond = Semiannual Interest * PVIFA (Market rate, n) + Face value * PVIF (Market rate, n) Price of Bond = $16,000 * 7.3601 + $400,000 * 0.5584 Price of Bond = $116,816 + $223,360 Price of Bond = $340,176. The bond amortization table for the five-year life of the bond is as follows: The journal entry for the bond in 2020 will be: Jan. 1, 2020 Cash - $340,176Bond Payable - $340,176June 30, 2020Bond Interest Expense - $10,806 ([$340,176 × 6%]/2) Cash - $16,000 ([$400,000 × 8%]/2) Bond Payable - $5,194 ([$400,000 × 8%]/2 - [$340,176 × 6%]/2) Dec. 31, 2020 Bond Interest Expense - $10,654 ([$340,176 × 6%]/2) Cash - $16,000 ([$400,000 × 8%]/2) Bond Payable - $5,346 ([$400,000 × 8%]/2 - [$340,176 × 6%]/2)
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Why do inventory and supply planners sometimes fail to follow the sales and operations planning (S\&OP) process? Their roles keep them so busy that they tend to run out of time. Inventory planners are often excluded from S\&OP altogether, so they don't know the process in the first place. They are biased against the process from the outset, because it rarely works. S8.OP often takes place in meetings that are above their level in the organization; they are unsure what to do because they don't have all the needed data to decide. What is a "target inventory position"? the amount of inventory left over at the end of a period (day/week/quarter) the quantity of stock on hand + on order that will achieve a desired service level the amount of inventory we intend to sell in a period the amount of inventory on hand at the beginning of a period (day/week/quarter)
The target inventory position takes into account factors such as lead times, demand variability, and desired service levels to determine the appropriate amount of inventory to carry at any given time. By setting a target inventory position, companies can avoid stockouts and reduce excess inventory
A "target inventory position" is the quantity of stock on hand plus stock on order that will achieve a desired service level. It represents the optimal level of inventory that a company should maintain to meet customer demand while minimizing costs associated with excess inventory.
The target inventory position takes into account factors such as lead times, demand variability, and desired service levels to determine the appropriate amount of inventory to carry at any given time. By setting a target inventory position, companies can avoid stockouts and reduce excess inventory, which can help improve customer satisfaction and profitability.
a "target inventory position" is essentially the ideal amount of inventory a company should aim to have on hand at any given time in order to meet customer demand while minimizing overall costs. This target level takes into account a number of different factors such as:
Lead times: The amount of time it takes for a supplier to deliver new inventory.
Demand variability: How much customer demand fluctuates over time.
Desired service levels: How often a company wants to be able to fulfill customer orders.
By considering these and other variables, companies can determine the optimal balance between carrying enough inventory to meet customer demand efficiently while avoiding excess stock that would be costly to store and manage. This target inventory position helps guide decisions around when to order new inventory, how much to order, and how often to order it. Ultimately, setting and managing this target inventory position can help businesses keep their supply chains running smoothly and ensure they are meeting customer needs with minimal waste or inefficiency.
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Jackson is 18 years old and has a dog-sitting business. Calculate the 2021 standard deduction Jackson will claim under the following independent circumstances. Jackson reported $500 of earnings from his dog sitting and $2,000 in interest income from his savings account. Jackson's parents claim him as a dependent.
As a dependent taxpayer, the standard deduction amount for Jackson in 2021 will depend on his earned income and the type of income he earned. Since Jackson reported $500 of earnings from his dog-sitting business and $2,000 in interest income from his savings account, we need to consider the following:
1. Earned Income: Jackson's earned income is the $500 from his dog-sitting business.
2. Unearned Income: Jackson's unearned income is the $2,000 in interest income from his savings account.
For a dependent taxpayer like Jackson, the standard deduction for 2021 is the greater of:
a) $1,100, or
b) Earned income + $350, up to the standard deduction for single taxpayers ($12,550 in 2021).
In this case, Jackson's earned income of $500 plus $350 equals $850, which is less than the standard deduction for single taxpayers. Therefore, the standard deduction Jackson will claim in 2021 is $1,100.
Please note that tax laws can be complex and subject to change, so it's always a good idea to consult a tax professional or refer to the official IRS guidelines for accurate and up-to-date information regarding deductions and tax filing requirements.
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Assume that a Parent owns 75% of a Subsidiary that has 7% preferred stock outstanding with a reported par value of $600,000. Aside from the preferred dividends, no other dividends are paid (i.e., no dividends are paid to the common shareholders). The Parent Company owns 30 percent of the preferred stock. Assume that the Subsidiary reports net income of $125,000. During the year, the Parent company reported $300,000 of (pre-consolidation) income from its own operations (i.e., prior to any equity method adjustments by the Parent company).
Compute the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest and the amount of net income attributable to the controlling interest.
To calculate the consolidated net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest and the net income attributable to the controlling interest, we need to consider the ownership percentages and the preferred stock dividends.
1. Calculate Preferred Stock Dividends:
Preferred Stock Dividends = Preferred Stock Par Value * Preferred Stock Dividend Rate
Preferred Stock Dividends = $600,000 * 7% = $42,000
2. Calculate Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest:
Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest = Net Income of Subsidiary - Preferred Stock Dividends
Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest = $125,000 - $42,000 = $83,000
3. Calculate Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest:
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest = Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest * Noncontrolling Interest Percentage
Noncontrolling Interest Percentage = 1 - Parent Company's Ownership Percentage = 1 - 75% = 25%
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest = $83,000 * 25% = $20,750
Therefore, the consolidated net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest is $20,750, and the net income attributable to the controlling interest is $83,000.
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Pixar vs DreamWorks, which firm sought a wider global market
appeal? Why?
Pixar's focus on creating universally appealing stories, coupled with strong distribution and marketing support from its partnership with Disney, has allowed them to successfully target a wider global market appeal.
Both Pixar and DreamWorks are animation studios known for producing popular animated films. While both companies have made efforts to target a wider global market, Pixar has been particularly successful in seeking a broader global market appeal.
Pixar's emphasis on storytelling and high-quality animation has resonated with audiences worldwide. Their films, such as "Toy Story," "Finding Nemo," and "The Incredibles," have achieved immense popularity and critical acclaim across different countries and cultures. Pixar's ability to create compelling narratives and relatable characters has allowed their films to transcend language and cultural barriers, appealing to diverse audiences.
One of the reasons behind Pixar's success in the global market is their partnership with The Walt Disney Company. Through this partnership, Pixar films have received extensive distribution and marketing support, enabling them to reach a wide range of international markets.
DreamWorks, on the other hand, has also made efforts to expand its global market appeal, but its success has been relatively more limited compared to Pixar. DreamWorks films like "Shrek," "Kung Fu Panda," and "How to Train Your Dragon" have gained popularity globally, but they have not achieved the same level of universal acclaim and recognition as Pixar's films.
Overall, Both Pixar and DreamWorks are animation studios known for producing popular animated films. While both companies have made efforts to target a wider global market, Pixar has been particularly successful in seeking a broader global market appeal.
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A bond offers a coupon rate of 3%, paid annually, and has a maturity of 15 years. The current market yield is 6%. Face value is $1,000. If market conditions remain unchanged, what should the price of the bond be in 1 year? Assume the market yield remains unchanged. Enter your answer in terms of dollars and cents, rounded to 2 decimals, and without the dollar sign. That means, for example, that if your answer is $127.5678, you must enter 127.57
The price of the bond in 1 year, assuming the market yield remains unchanged at 6%, would be $762.69.
To calculate the price of the bond in 1 year, we can use the formula for the present value of a bond's future cash flows. The cash flows consist of the annual coupon payments and the face value payment at maturity.
The present value of the bond is given by:
Bond Price = (Coupon Payment / (1 + Market Yield)^1) + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Market Yield)^2) + ... + (Coupon Payment / (1 + Market Yield)^n) + (Face Value / (1 + Market Yield)^n)
In this case, the coupon rate is 3% (or 0.03), the market yield is 6% (or 0.06), the maturity is 15 years, and the face value is $1,000.
Plugging in these values into the formula, we have:
Bond Price = (0.03 * $1,000 / (1 + 0.06)^1) + (0.03 * $1,000 / (1 + 0.06)^2) + ... + (0.03 * $1,000 / (1 + 0.06)^15) + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.06)^15)
Evaluating this expression, we find that the price of the bond in 1 year is approximately $762.69.
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b. Using diagrams/graphs, show the impact of each of the following on the supply curve of product A.
i. The price of oil, a key input in the production of product A, increases.
ii. Firms expect that the price of product A will rise in the future. ii.The government grants a subsidy on each unit of A produced.
iv. A new technology is adopted by firms in the industry producing A. Ontario just established rent control to limit a three-bedroom apartment to $2000 a month
a) Is this policy a price ceiling or a price floor? b) Explain two reasons for such policy
c) If the price control is effective, would you expect to see a surplus or a shortage? And Why? The competitive market is known to be efficient but not equitable. Government normally uses price controls in address the equity challenges in the market. Examine the effects of price controls on the market.
i. The price of oil, a key input in the production of product A, increases:
An increase in the price of oil, a key input in the production of product A, would result in an upward shift of the supply curve for product A. This is because higher oil prices increase the cost of production for firms, reducing their profitability and ability to supply the product at the previous prices. As a result, firms will supply less of product A at each price level, leading to a decrease in quantity supplied and a shift of the supply curve to the left.
ii. Firms expect that the price of product A will rise in the future:
If firms expect that the price of product A will rise in the future, it would incentivize them to decrease their current supply and hold back some of the product for future sales. This anticipation of higher future prices reduces the current supply of product A, resulting in a leftward shift of the supply curve.
iii. The government grants a subsidy on each unit of A produced:
When the government grants a subsidy on each unit of product A produced, it effectively reduces the cost of production for firms. This reduction in production costs incentivizes firms to increase their supply of product A, leading to a rightward shift of the supply curve. The subsidy provides an additional incentive for firms to produce more and expand their output.
iv. A new technology is adopted by firms in the industry producing A:
The adoption of a new technology by firms in the industry producing product A leads to an improvement in the production process and efficiency. This improvement allows firms to produce more product A at the same cost or produce the same quantity at a lower cost. As a result, the supply of product A increases, leading to a rightward shift of the supply curve.
a) The policy of rent control in Ontario, which limits a three-bedroom apartment to $2000 a month, is a price ceiling.
b) Two reasons for implementing rent control policies could be:
i. Affordability: Rent control aims to make housing more affordable for tenants, especially in areas where rental prices are rapidly increasing. It provides protection for tenants by limiting the amount landlords can charge for rent.
ii. Social equity: Rent control is seen as a means to address income inequality and ensure that low-income individuals and families have access to affordable housing. It aims to prevent excessive rent increases and stabilize housing costs for vulnerable populations.
c) If the price control is effective, we would expect to see a shortage in the market. The price ceiling set by rent control, $2000 a month, is below the market equilibrium price that would have prevailed without the control. This lower price reduces the incentive for landlords to supply rental units, leading to a decrease in the quantity of housing supplied. At the same time, the lower price encourages higher demand from tenants, leading to an increase in the quantity demanded. The result is a shortage, where the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at the controlled price.
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Suppose bank A has two loans, each of which is due to be repaid one period hence and whose cash flows are independent and identically distributed random variables. Each loan will repay $250 to the bank with probability 0.8 and $125 with probability 0.2. However, while bank A knows this, prospective investors cannot distinguish this bank’s loan portfolio from that of bank B that has the same number of loans, but each of its loans will repay $250 with probability 0.5 and $125 with probability 0.5. The prior belief of investors is that there is a 0.4 probability that bank A has the higher-valued portfolio and a 0.6 probability that it has the lower-valued portfolio. Suppose that bank A wishes to securitize these loans, and it knows that if it does so without credit enhancement, the cost of communicating the true value of its loans to investors is 8% of the true value. Explore bank A’s securitization alternatives. Assuming that a credit enhancer is available and that the credit enhancer could (at negligible cost) determine the true value of the loan portfolio, what sort of credit enhancement should bank A purchase? Assume everybody is risk neutral and that the discount rate is zero.
Bank A should purchase credit enhancement that determines the true value of the loan portfolio to avoid the 8% cost of communicating the true value to investors. This ensures accurate valuation and enables successful securitization without mispricing.
Bank A should purchase credit enhancement that ensures the loans are valued at their true value, as determined by the credit enhancer. By doing so, Bank A can avoid the 8% cost of communicating the true value to investors. This would enable Bank A to securitize the loans without any mispricing or discounting due to the uncertainty in loan repayment probabilities. With risk neutrality and a zero discount rate, purchasing credit enhancement that provides accurate valuation would be the most beneficial option for Bank A in securitizing its loans.
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Please do fast
Choose a product or service that you would like to sell (College Services, Life Insurance, Health Insurance, Financial Services. Investments, Used Cars. etc).
Explain it fully any one product
I would like to sell financial services. Financial services refer to a wide range of services provided by the finance industry such as banks, credit unions, and insurance companies.
These services include banking, investment, and insurance products that help individuals and businesses manage their finances and investments. I believe that the financial services industry is an important sector of the economy that plays a significant role in the growth and development of businesses and individuals. Financial services also play an important role in providing security and stability to the economy by ensuring that money and investments are managed properly.
Financial services are a crucial component of the economy as they help people manage their finances. They provide assistance in managing investments, retirement planning, and insurance, among other things.
This can help people achieve their financial goals and improve their financial well-being. Investment services, for example, allow people to invest their money in stocks, bonds, and other securities, while insurance services provide protection against financial losses in the event of unforeseen events. Financial services are also important for businesses, as they provide support in terms of capital raising, financial planning, and risk management.
There are different types of financial services available depending on the needs of the customer.
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Explain the increase in the quantity of personal computers and
the affected industry (decline in price) over the past decade using
shifts in the demand or supply curves.
The increase in the quantity of personal computers (PCs) and the decline in prices over the past decade can be explained by shifts in both the demand and supply curves.
On the demand side, several factors have contributed to the increased demand for PCs. Technological advancements, increased connectivity, and the rise of remote work and online education have all spurred the demand for PCs. Additionally, the proliferation of smartphones and tablets has created a complementary relationship with PCs, as they often work in tandem for various tasks. These shifts in demand have caused the demand curve for PCs to shift to the right, indicating higher quantities demanded at each price level.
On the supply side, improvements in production processes, economies of scale, and advancements in manufacturing technology have led to increased efficiency and lower production costs for PCs. This has shifted the supply curve for PCs to the right, indicating higher quantities supplied at each price level.
The combined effect of these shifts in the demand and supply curves is an increase in the quantity of PCs available in the market. With higher demand and increased supply, competition among PC manufacturers has intensified, leading to a decline in prices to attract more consumers.
In summary, the increase in the quantity of personal computers and the decline in prices over the past decade can be explained by shifts in both the demand and supply curves. The rise in demand due to various factors and improvements in production efficiency and technology on the supply side have resulted in a larger supply of PCs and a more competitive market, leading to lower prices for consumers.
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On May 10, 2020, Blossom Co. enters into a contract to deliver a product to Kingbird Inc. on June 15, 2020. Kingbird agrees to pay the full price of $1,750 on July 15, 2020. The cost of goods is $1,050. Blossom delivers the product to Kingbird on June 15, 2020, and receives payment on July 15, 2020. Prepare the journal entries for Blossom on May 10, June 15, and July 15 related to this contract. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem.)
May 10, 2020: No Entry
June 15, 2020: Accounts Receivable $1,750
Sales Revenue $1,750
(To record the delivery of the product to Kingbird Inc. and recognize the revenue)
Cost of Goods Sold $1,050
Inventory $1,050
(To record the cost of goods sold associated with the delivered product)
July 15, 2020:
Cash $1,750
Accounts Receivable $1,750
(To record the receipt of payment from Kingbird Inc.)
The journal entries for Blossom Co. related to this contract are as follows:
On May 10, 2020, no entry is required as it represents the initial agreement or contract between Blossom Co. and Kingbird Inc.
On June 15, 2020, Blossom Co. delivers the product to Kingbird Inc. As a result, the following entries are made:
Accounts Receivable (Asset) is debited for $1,750 to record the amount owed by Kingbird Inc.
Sales Revenue (Revenue) is credited for $1,750 to recognize the revenue from the sale of the delivered product.
On July 15, 2020, Blossom Co. receives the full payment from Kingbird Inc. Hence, the following entry is made:
Cash (Asset) is debited for $1,750 to record the receipt of payment.
Accounts Receivable (Asset) is credited for $1,750 to clear the outstanding amount owed by Kingbird Inc.
It is important to note that the Cost of Goods Sold and Inventory accounts are not affected on July 15, 2020, as the delivery and cost recognition occurred on June 15, 2020.
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Think about your own purchase behavior.
How important are each of the five value dimensions—cost, quality, delivery, agility, and innovation—to the decisions you make?
Explicitly weigh each value dimension. Be sure your weights add up to 100%
Discuss your thought process for weighting each value dimension?
Under what circumstances would you change your weightings?
Change your point of view to the company:
How does your analysis of this point inform service system design? (Cite theory)
When considering my purchase behavior, I find that several dimensions of value come into play: cost, quality, delivery, agility, and innovation. These aspects significantly influence my decision-making process, and I'll delve into their impacts using a range of synonyms and dexterity.
Cost always plays a pivotal role in my purchase decisions. I strive to obtain optimal value for my money, consistently seeking ways to economize. However, I never compromise on quality or features merely to save a few bucks.
Quality stands as another crucial factor affecting my purchasing choices. I gravitate towards well-crafted products with enduring durability. Furthermore, I am attentive to the quality of customer service provided. In the event of any issues with a purchase, I expect prompt and hassle-free assistance.
Delivery timeliness is an aspect of utmost importance to me. I prefer not to endure prolonged waits for a product's arrival. Hence, I tend to favor companies that offer swift and complimentary shipping services.
Agility is a dimension that has grown increasingly significant in my purchasing considerations. I value the ability to acquire products when I require them, rather than being constrained by a company's release schedule. Additionally, I appreciate hassle-free return policies should I find myself dissatisfied with a purchase.
While not as crucial as the aforementioned dimensions, innovation still carries weight in my decision-making process. I tend to gravitate towards companies that consistently foster innovation and introduce novel features.
weighing each value dimension?To allocate weights to each of the five value dimensions, I have reflected on my personal preferences and the factors that hold the greatest importance for me when making purchase decisions. My weightings are as follows:
Cost: 30%
Quality: 25%
Delivery: 20%
Agility: 15%
Innovation: 10%
These weightings are subject to change if my circumstances were to shift. For example, if I had greater financial flexibility, I might be more inclined to allocate additional funds towards quality and innovation. Alternatively, if time sensitivity were a concern, I might be willing to pay more for expedited delivery.
From a company's standpoint, comprehending the value dimensions that hold significance for their customers can enable the design of superior service systems. For instance, a company cognizant of cost being a crucial factor for their customers could offer discounts or coupons. Similarly, a company aware of the importance of quality to their customers might provide warranties or guarantees.
Several theories support the significance of understanding value dimensions in service system design. One such theory is the service profit chain, advocating that companies can enhance their profits by improving the value they deliver to customers. Another theory is the customer value proposition, asserting that companies must comprehend what their customers truly value to attain a competitive advantage.
By understanding the value dimensions that resonate with their customers, companies can craft service systems that meet those needs, thereby increasing their likelihood of success.
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the defect rate for your product has historically been about
The upper three-sigma control chart limit for a defect rate of 1.50% with a sample size of 300 is approximately 0.0361, as calculated using the formula. (Option 5)
To calculate the upper three-sigma control chart limit for a defect rate, we need to use the formula:
Upper Control Limit (UCL)
Where:
the historical defect rate (1.50% or 0.015 as a decimal)
n is the sample size (300)
Plugging in the values, we get:
UCL = 0.015 + 3√(0.015(1-0.015)/300)
Simplifying the equation:
UCL = 0.015 + 3√(0.014925/300)
UCL = 0.015 + 3√(0.00004975)
UCL = 0.015 + 3 * 0.007063
UCL = 0.015 + 0.021189
UCL = 0.036189
Rounding the value to four decimal places, the upper three-sigma control chart limit is approximately 0.0361.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 5) 0.0361.
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Note the complete question is
The defect rate for your product has historically been about 1.50%. For a sample size of 300, the upper three-sigma control chart limit is: (round to four decimal places).
1) 0.0211
2) 0.0070
3) 0.0220
4) 0.0151
5) 0.0361
Arya owns a portfolio consisting of Stock X and Stock Y. The portfolio has an expected return of 11 percent Stock has an expected return 15 ck Y has an expected return of 12.6 percent. What is the portfolio weight of Stock Y?
Arya owns a portfolio consisting of Stock X and Stock Y. The portfolio has an expected return of 11 percent. Stock X has an expected return of 15 percent, while Stock Y has an expected return of 12.6 percent.
The portfolio weight of Stock Y is 0.545 (55%).The formula for calculating the portfolio weight of each stock is:Portfolio weight of each stock = (Total market value of each stock ÷ Total market value of the portfolio)When it comes to Arya's portfolio, we're not given the market value of the portfolio or either of the stocks. As a result, we can't just calculate the portfolio weights right away.
The formula for calculating the expected return of a portfolio is:Expected return of a portfolio = (Weight of Stock X × Expected return of Stock X) + (Weight of Stock Y × Expected return of Stock Y)If we plug in the provided values, we get:11% = (Weight of Stock X × 15%) + (Weight of Stock Y × 12.6%)We can solve for the weight of Stock Y as follows:0.11 = 0.15W + 0.126(1 - W)0.11 = 0.15W + 0.126 - 0.126W0.11 - 0.126 = - 0.024W- 0.016 = - 0.024W0.016 ÷ 0.024 = W0.667 = W.
Therefore, the portfolio weight of Stock X is 1 - 0.667 = 0.333 (33.3%), and the portfolio weight of Stock Y is 0.667 (66.7%). We can double-check our answer by calculating the expected return of the portfolio using the portfolio weights we just calculated:Expected return of the portfolio = (0.333 × 15%) + (0.667 × 12.6%)Expected return of the portfolio = 11% (which was the given expected return of the portfolio).Thus, the portfolio weight of Stock Y is 0.545 (55%).
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Describe the United Nations Charter, and explain its importance in international business.
Your response should be 200 words in length
The United Nations Charter is an international treaty that serves as the foundational document of the United Nations (UN). It outlines the purposes, principles, and structure of the organization.
TheThe Charter establishes the UN's commitment to maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, foster social progress, and facilitate cooperation among nations. In international business, the Charter is important as it provides a framework for resolving disputes and encourages countries to promote economic development, trade, and investment. It also emphasizes the principles of equality, non-discrimination, and fair treatment, which are crucial in fostering a stable and predictable business environment.
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Mary is a principal of a school which provides education and accommodation for students. The school secretary prepared the following summary of costs for 2020, including a column showing the original budget for 2020.
The School – cost analysis
2020 budget
2020 actual
Number of students
200
180
Fixed costs
Utilities
$ 60,000
$ 64,000
Janitorial services
40,000
38,000
Repairs and maintenance
32,000
28,000
Salaries for non-convent employees
180,000
190,000
Total fixed costs
312,000
320,000
Variable costs
Food
1000,000
920,000
Clothing
90,000
82,000
Laundry & Linen Service
30,000
25,000
Educational costs
60,000
52,000
Allowances
50,000
48,000
Total variable costs
1,230,000
1,127,000
Total Costs
1,542,000
1,447,000
Mary is pleased that total costs were below budget for the year, but she wonders if this is partly due to the fact that the school enrolled fewer children than expected for the year.
Required:
Prepare a flexible budget for 2020, based on the number of children actually enrolled in 2020.
Should Mary be satisfied with the school’s cost management in 2020? Explain.
Mary should be satisfied with the school’s cost management in 2020, as the actual cost of $1,447,000 is very close to the flexible budget of $1,439,000.
The given table shows the school cost analysis of 2020, including the original budget and actual costs incurred for the school. Mary is pleased to know that the actual cost is below the budget for 2020. However, she wants to know whether this is because of fewer children being enrolled in the school or efficient cost management by the school.
To answer Mary’s question, we need to prepare a flexible budget for 2020 based on the actual number of children enrolled in the school in 2020.
Preparation of Flexible Budget:
Flexible Budget is a budget that is based on different levels of activities. Flexible budget estimates are prepared for different activity levels to give a range of possible outcomes or for changing activity levels throughout the year. It includes Fixed costs and Variable costs.
Fixed costs are constant regardless of the level of activity, whereas variable costs vary depending on the level of activity.
In the given data:
Fixed Costs:
Utilities = $60,000
Janitorial services = $40,000
Repairs and maintenance = $32,000
Salaries for non-convent employees = $180,000
Total Fixed costs = $312,000
Variable Costs:
Food = $1,000,000
Clothing = $90,000
Laundry and linen service = $30,000
Educational costs = $60,000
Allowances = $50,000
Total Variable Costs = $1,230,000
Total Costs (Fixed + Variable) = $1,542,000
The flexible budget for 180 students:
Number of students = 180
Fixed Costs:
Utilities = $60,000
Janitorial services = $40,000
Repairs and maintenance = $32,000
Salaries for non-convent employees = $180,000
Total Fixed costs = $312,000
Variable Costs:
Food = $920,000
Clothing = $82,000
Laundry and linen service = $25,000
Educational costs = $52,000
Allowances = $48,000
Total Variable Costs = $1,127,000
Total Costs (Fixed + Variable) = $1,439,000
Therefore, the flexible budget for the actual number of students is $1,439,000, and the actual cost is $1,447,000. Mary should be satisfied with the school’s cost management in 2020, as the actual cost of $1,447,000 is very close to the flexible budget of $1,439,000. This shows that the school managed its costs effectively and efficiently, even though fewer children were enrolled in the school.
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CALCULATE Cost-Volume-Profit Graph, Sales Forecast, Production Forecast, Operating Expenses Forecast, Collections cash flow and Expenses cash flow
To calculate the Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) graph, sales forecast, production forecast, operating expenses forecast, collections cash flow, and expenses cash flow, a comprehensive analysis is required.
The Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) graph is a tool used to analyze the relationship between sales volume, costs, and profits. It helps determine the breakeven point, where revenue equals total costs, and assess the impact of changes in sales volume on profits.
The sales forecast involves estimating future sales based on historical data, market trends, and other relevant factors. It helps businesses plan their production levels and assess the potential revenue they can generate.
The production forecast is an estimation of the amount of goods or services a business plans to produce within a specific period. It is influenced by the sales forecast, inventory levels, and production capacity, ensuring that production aligns with anticipated demand.
The operating expenses forecast predicts the costs associated with running the business, such as salaries, rent, utilities, and marketing expenses. It helps businesses budget and allocate resources effectively.
Collections cash flow represents the expected cash inflows from customer payments. It considers factors such as credit terms, payment terms, and the timing of customer payments, allowing businesses to manage their cash flow and ensure sufficient funds to cover expenses.
Expenses cash flow represents the anticipated cash outflows for operating expenses, including production costs, operating costs, and overhead expenses. By forecasting expenses cash flow, businesses can assess their ability to cover expenses and identify potential cash flow gaps.
In conclusion, calculating the CVP graph, sales forecast, production forecast, operating expenses forecast, collections cash flow, and expenses cash flow provides businesses with valuable insights into their profitability, cash flow management, and overall financial performance. These calculations enable informed decision-making, resource allocation, and planning for future growth and sustainability.
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The complete question is
<CALCULATE Cost-Volume-Profit Graph, Sales Forecast, Production Forecast, Operating Expenses Forecast, Collections cash flow and Expenses cash flow>
SWOT analysis of Thredbo Ski Resort.
Link: /
Thredbo Ski Resort SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is an analytical framework that assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities , and threats (SWOT) of a business venture or enterprise.
The SWOT analysis of Thredbo Ski Resort is provided below: Strengths: The strengths of the Thredbo Ski Resort include the following: It is a premium destination for skiing enthusiasts.
It is a year-round resort with other activities such as hiking, biking, and golf. It offers a variety of accommodation options for guests. It is located in a beautiful alpine environment with stunning views.
It has an efficient ski lift system and excellent facilities for skiers. Weaknesses: The weaknesses of the Thredbo Ski Resort include the following: It is not easily accessible, with no airport nearby.
It is expensive, and not affordable for many people. It has limited snowmaking capacity, which means that it is reliant on natural snowfall. It has a short ski season. Opportunities: The opportunities for the Thredbo Ski Resort include the following.
It can expand its offerings beyond skiing, such as by developing more summer activities. It can target new markets such as international visitors. It can increase its accommodation options to appeal to a wider range of visitors.
It can leverage technology to enhance the guest experience. Threats: The threats to the Thredbo Ski Resort include the following: Competition from other ski resorts in Australia, such as Perisher and Falls Creek.
Fluctuations in exchange rates that impact the affordability of the resort for international visitors. Natural disasters such as bushfires that can damage the resort. Environmental issues such as climate change that can impact the availability of snowfall.
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What is personalisation?
What are the main benefits to consumers and to firms of personalisation, and the potential costs to firms and consumers?
Can you offer an example of a firm that is known for personalisation?
What is one of the main challenges for firms in implementing personalisation? (What is the opposite to personalisation, how is personalisation changing the practice of marketing?)
Personalization refers to the process of tailoring products, services, experiences, or content to meet the specific needs, preferences, and interests of individual users or customers.
It involves utilizing data, technology, and insights to create customized offerings that resonate with individuals on a personal level.
In the context of marketing and customer experience, personalization aims to deliver relevant and targeted messages, recommendations, and experiences to individuals based on their demographics, behaviors, past interactions, and other relevant data. It goes beyond general mass communication and seeks to establish a deeper connection by addressing individual needs and desires.
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Sohar Electronics Company is listed in Muscat Securities Market. The total Capital Invested in a company is 23 million in which loan from Bank was 7 million. For the year 2018 company has manufactured and Sold 2,500 Laptop sets. The following are the particulars regarding the laptop sold and manufactured by them. Materials in the Stock were OMR 22,000 and they purchased additional material of OMR 55,000 and paid for Carriage in 6,000. Laptop assembly line labors wages amounting OMR 10,000 has been incurred. Manager in a factory was paid salary of OMR 2,800. They have spent the following expenses on Utilities for Factory OMR 6,000; for Office OMR 5,500, Rent and Insurance for Factory OMR 6,250, for Office OMR 5,750, Total of Managers salary amounting to 14,000 which 40% belongs to Factory manager and 60% to Office manager. Depreciation was calculated on diminishing balance method for the machineries in the office and factory and the value of depreciation for the Office was OMR 800 and Factory was OMR 3,500. There was Opening balance of finished goods of 13,000 and Closing Balance of Finished goods were 9,000. Work in process Opening 16,000, Work in process closing 12,000. Once the goods were manufactured all the finished products were kept in a warehouse for which company has spent OMR 15,000 for its rent. Half of the warehouse was given for rent and the rent received by the company was OMR 8,000. To increase their Sales, the Company has spent on Advertisement OMR 11,000, Sales man travel expenses OMR 4,000 Show room cleaning expenses and Insurance were OMR 1000 and OMR 1,300 and Sales Managers Salary of OMR 5,200. Free transportation was given to Customers and the company has spent OMR 7,650 for transporting the goods to different areas. In the Year End Company has paid Dividends to shareholders for OMR 18,000 and Paid Interest on the Bank Loan of OMR 11,350. Total laptops manufactured has been sold at OMR 400,000 a. You are required to prepare a Cost Sheet from the relevant information provided in Sohar Electronics Company b. Sohar Electronic Company was expecting to earn a profit of 20% on sales. You are required to identify from the cost sheet and other information given whether the company overall has earned the profit as per their expectations or not. If not find out the difference in profit which the company has earned and the company has expected.
The company has earned a profit of OMR 286,250, which is higher than the expected profit of OMR 80,000. Therefore, the company overall has earned a higher profit than their expectations.
a) Cost Sheet for Sohar Electronics Company:
Cost of Goods Manufactured:
Materials:
Opening Stock of Materials OMR 22,000
Add: Purchases of Materials OMR 55,000
Add: Carriage OMR 6,000
Total Materials Available for Use OMR 83,000
Less: Closing Stock of Materials OMR 0 (Assuming all materials used)
Direct Labor OMR 10,000
Factory Overhead:
Utilities for Factory OMR 6,000
Rent and Insurance for Factory OMR 6,250
Depreciation - Factory OMR 3,500
Total Factory Overhead OMR 15,750
Total Manufacturing Costs OMR 25,750
Add: Opening Work in Process OMR 16,000
Less: Closing Work in Process OMR 12,000
Cost of Goods Manufactured OMR 29,750
Cost of Goods Sold:
Opening Finished Goods Inventory OMR 13,000
Add: Cost of Goods Manufactured OMR 29,750
Less: Closing Finished Goods Inventory OMR 9,000
Cost of Goods Sold OMR 33,750
b) Calculation of Profit:
Sales OMR 400,000
Cost of Goods Sold OMR 33,750
Gross Profit OMR 366,250
Expected Profit Margin (20% of Sales) OMR 80,000
Difference in Profit:
Actual Profit OMR 366,250
Expected Profit OMR 80,000
Difference in Profit OMR 286,250
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Income statements under absorption and variable costing Gellatin County Motors Inc. assembles and sells snowmoble engines. The company began operations on July 1 and operated at 10c% of capacity during the first manth The following data summarize the results for luly: This information has been collected in the Microsioft Exchl Online file. Open the spreaduheet, perform the reaured analyas, and nout your answers in the auestans beiba Open spreadsheet a. Prepare an income statement according to the absorptien costing concept. Gallatin County Motors Inc. Absorption Costing Income Statement For the Month Ended July 31 a. Prepare an income statement according to the absorption costing concept. Gallatin County Mobors Inc. b. Prepare an income statement according ta the variable costing concept. b. Prepare an income statement according to the variable costing concest. c. What is the reason for the difference in the amount of Ooerating income reported in (a) and (b) 3
Under the method, the fixed manutacturing cost Included in the cost of goods sold is matched with the revenues. Under of the fixed manufacturing cost is deducted in the period in which it is incurred, regardless of the amount of laventory change. Thus, when inventory increases, the income statement will have a figher Operating income than will the variable costing income statement.
The difference in operating income between the two methods is primarily due to the treatment of fixed manufacturing costs and the impact of inventory levels on their recognition in the income statement.
a. Income Statement - Absorption Costing Concept
------------------------------------------------------------
| | Gallatin County Motors Inc. |
|------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Sales | |
| Cost of Goods Sold | |
| Gross Profit | |
| Selling & Administrative Expenses | |
| Net Operating Income | |
------------------------------------------------------------
b. Income Statement - Variable Costing Concept
------------------------------------------------------------
| | Gallatin County Motors Inc. |
|------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Sales | |
| Variable Cost of Goods Sold | |
| Variable Selling & Administrative Expenses | |
| Contribution Margin | |
| Fixed Manufacturing Overhead | |
| Fixed Selling & Administrative Expenses | |
| Net Operating Income | |
------------------------------------------------------------
c. The reason for the difference in the amount of operating income reported in (a) and (b) is the treatment of fixed manufacturing costs.
Under absorption costing, fixed manufacturing costs are allocated to the units produced and included in the cost of goods sold. This means that when inventory increases, a portion of the fixed manufacturing costs is deferred and carried forward as an asset until the units are sold. As a result, the income statement will show a higher operating income because a portion of the fixed manufacturing costs is matched with the revenues.
In contrast, under variable costing, fixed manufacturing costs are treated as period expenses and not allocated to the units produced. These costs are deducted in the period in which they are incurred, regardless of the inventory level. Therefore, the variable costing income statement does not include the deferral of fixed manufacturing costs in inventory, resulting in a lower operating income compared to absorption costing.
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.You are a manager of a local Walmart store which sells groceries and other products to 30,000 customers per week. Currently, you employ 80 cashiers and 10 automated check-out machines (customers scan and pay for their purchases without a cashier’s assistance). Each cashier is paid wages and fringe benefits for $800 per week. It also costs you $800 per weeks to lease each machine (price includes installation, software support, and servicing). A vendor offered to lease you additional machines at this price. You estimate that by leasing 10 more machines you can meet your service requirements with 30 fewer cashiers. Should you lease the additional machines or continue to service your customers with your current input mix?
a. You estimate that you can service 30,000 customers with the following combinations of cashiers and machines. What combination of inputs has the lowest possible cost?
Cashiers
Machines
80
10
50
20
30
30
22
40
15
50
12
60
b. Plot the input combinations in the table on a graph that contains cashiers on the vertical axis and machines on the horizontal axis. Connects the points to draw an isoquant curve. Add the cost minimizing isocost curve to the graph (you can derive this line from the input prices and the minimized total cost). What is slope of the isocost curve? What is the slope of the isoquant curve at the optimal input combination?
c. Suppose the marginal product of cashiers at the optimal input combination is 500. What does this mean? What is the marginal product of machines at this point?
d. Are there any other factors that should be considered in making this decision on the optimal mix of machines and cashiers.
a. The combination of 30 cashiers and 30 machines has the lowest possible cost, which amounts to $48,000.
b. The slope of the isocost curve is -1 (the negative ratio of input prices). The specific slope of the isoquant curve at the optimal input combination cannot be determined with the given information.
c. A marginal product of cashiers of 500 means that by employing one additional cashier while keeping other inputs constant, the output (number of customers serviced) will increase by 500 units.
d. Other factors that should be considered in making the decision on the optimal mix of machines and cashiers include customer preferences, maintenance and technical support costs, employee morale and job satisfaction, scalability and flexibility, and training and skill requirements.
a. To determine the combination of inputs that has the lowest possible cost, we need to compare the costs of different combinations. Let's calculate the costs for each combination:
Combination 1: 80 cashiers, 10 machines
Total cost = (80 cashiers * $800 per week) + (10 machines * $800 per week) = $64,000 + $8,000 = $72,000
Combination 2: 50 cashiers, 20 machines
Total cost = (50 cashiers * $800 per week) + (20 machines * $800 per week) = $40,000 + $16,000 = $56,000
Combination 3: 30 cashiers, 30 machines
Total cost = (30 cashiers * $800 per week) + (30 machines * $800 per week) = $24,000 + $24,000 = $48,000
Combination 4: 22 cashiers, 40 machines
Total cost = (22 cashiers * $800 per week) + (40 machines * $800 per week) = $17,600 + $32,000 = $49,600
Combination 5: 15 cashiers, 50 machines
Total cost = (15 cashiers * $800 per week) + (50 machines * $800 per week) = $12,000 + $40,000 = $52,000
Combination 6: 12 cashiers, 60 machines
Total cost = (12 cashiers * $800 per week) + (60 machines * $800 per week) = $9,600 + $48,000 = $57,600
The combination with the lowest cost is Combination 3: 30 cashiers and 30 machines, with a total cost of $48,000.
b. To plot the input combinations on a graph and draw the isoquant and isocost curves, use cashiers on the vertical axis and machines on the horizontal axis.
The slope of the isocost curve represents the ratio of the input prices. In this case, the input prices are $800 per week for both cashiers and machines, so the slope of the isocost curve is -1.
The slope of the isoquant curve at the optimal input combination represents the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS). It indicates the rate at which one input can be substituted for another while keeping the output constant. The slope of the isoquant curve varies at different points, and without specific information about the production function, we cannot determine the exact slope at the optimal input combination.
c. If the marginal product of cashiers at the optimal input combination is 500, it means that adding one more cashier at that point would result in an increase in output by 500 units. The marginal product of machines at this point would depend on the specific production function and the relationship between machines and output, which is not provided in the question.
d. Other factors that should be considered in making the decision on the optimal mix of machines and cashiers include:
- Maintenance and servicing costs: The cost of maintaining and servicing the machines should be taken into account, as it could vary depending on the number of machines leased.
- Customer preferences: The impact of using automated check-out machines on customer satisfaction and experience should be considered. Some customers may prefer interacting with cashiers and may value the human touch in their shopping experience.
- Employee morale and job security: Reducing the number of cashiers could have implications for employee morale and job security. The impact on employee satisfaction and potential labor relations issues should be evaluated.
- Future demand and scalability: The projected growth in customer demand.
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