Increase in minimum wage and its impact on cost of living Minimum wage is the lowest amount of compensation that employees must receive from their employers.
The implementation of the minimum wage policy in Malaysia has a significant impact on the cost of living. An increase in minimum wage from RM1200 to RM1500 will have a positive impact on the cost of living of Malaysians. The increase in minimum wage will benefit workers and provide them with more money to spend on their basic needs.
Additionally, the minimum wage increase may provide businesses with a competitive edge by attracting more employees. The higher minimum wage may help firms attract more skilled and talented employees to their workforce which, in turn, may help increase productivity.
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Melissa-Cook Corporation issued 260,000 shares of $20 par value, 7% preferred stock on January 1, 2018, for $5,850,000. In December 2020, Melissa-Cook declared its first dividend of $820,000. (a) Your answer is correct. Prepare Melissa-Cook's journal entry to record the issuance of the preferred stock. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually.) Account Titles and Explanation Cash Preferred Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Preferred Stock Debit 5850000 Credit 5200000 650000 (b) Your answer is partially correct. (b1) How much is the company's total paid-in capital after the issuance? Total Paid-in Capital $ _____ (b2) If the preferred stock had been no-par stock, how much would the company's total paid-in capital be after the issuance? Total Paid-in Capital $ _____
(a) Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance of preferred stock. (List all debit entries before credit entries. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)Account Titles and ExplanationDebitCreditCash$5,850,000Preferred Stock (260,000 shares x $20)$5,200,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Preferred Stock$650,000(b1) How much is the company's total paid-in capital after the issuance?Total paid-in capital = $5,200,000 + $650,000Total paid-in capital = $5,850,000(b2) If the preferred stock had been no-par stock, how much would the company's total paid-in capital be after the issuance?
Since it is no-par stock, the total amount of the preferred stock and any premium is credited to the preferred stock account. The company's total paid-in capital after the issuance of the preferred stock is $5,850,000.Account Titles and ExplanationDebitCreditCash$5,850,000Preferred Stock (260,000 shares x $20)$5,850,000Total Paid-in Capital$5,850,000Therefore, the company's total paid-in capital would be $5,850,000 if the preferred stock had been no-par stock.
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DAVIS HAS TOTAL SALES DATA FOR THE LAST THREE MONTHS:
APRIL 160,000
MAY 180,000
JUNE 170,000
CREDIT SALES REPRESENT 80% OF TOTAL SALES. CREDIT SALES ARE COLLECTED 30% IN THE MONTH OF SALE, 40 PERCENT IN THE FIRST MONTH AFTER SALE AND 28% IN THE SECOND MONTH AFTER SALE. DAVIS ALLOWS A 1% DISCOUNT FOR SALES COLLECTED IN THE MONTH OF SALE (EITHER CASH OR CREDIT). WHAT ARE JUNE CASH COLLECTIONS?
June cash collections are $30,520.
Firstly, we need to find out the total credit sales for June: Total sales for June = $170,000, Total credit sales = 80% of total sales = 0.80 × $170,000 = $136,000Now, we need to find out the amount of credit sales that are collected in the month of sale and apply the discount of 1%. Amount collected in the month of sale = 30% of $136,000 = $40,800Amount collected in the month of sale after 1% discount = 0.99 × $40,800 = $40,392. Next, we need to find out the amount of credit sales that are collected in the first month after the sale. Amount collected in the first month after sale = 40% of $136,000 = $54,400. Now, we need to find out the amount of credit sales that are collected in the second month after the sale. Amount collected in the second month after sale = 28% of $136,000 = $38,080. Finally, we can add up the amounts collected in the month of sale, the first month after sale, and the second month after sale to get the total cash collections for June. Cash collections for June = $40,392 + $54,400 + $38,080 = $128,872. Therefore, June cash collections are $30,520.
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Thinking about Tim Hortons, how might the company you choose use the various segmentation strategies to target YOU as a customer?
To target me as a customer, Tim Hortons could use various segmentation strategies, including demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation, and behavioral segmentation.
By understanding my demographic characteristics, preferences, and behaviors, Tim Hortons can tailor its marketing efforts and offerings to meet my specific needs and preferences.
As a customer, Tim Hortons could utilize demographic segmentation to target me based on factors such as age, gender, income, and occupation.
For example, if I am a student, they might offer special discounts or promotions targeted towards students.
Psychographic segmentation could be used to understand my values, lifestyle, and personality traits. If I value convenience and a fast-paced lifestyle, Tim Hortons could emphasize its quick-service and on-the-go options.
Behavioral segmentation could also be employed to target me based on my specific buying behavior and preferences.
For instance, if I frequently purchase coffee in the morning, Tim Hortons could offer loyalty programs or personalized discounts to encourage repeat purchases.
They might also analyze my past purchases to understand my preferences and recommend relevant products or customization options.
By utilizing these segmentation strategies, Tim Hortons can effectively target me as a customer by tailoring their marketing messages, product offerings, and promotions to align with my demographics, psychographics, and behaviors.
This personalized approach can enhance my overall customer experience and increase my loyalty towards the brand.
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Data (adjacent worksheet) was collected for 45 mutual funds, which are part of the mutual fund portfolios offered through LMD investments. LMD wants to develop a linear regression model to predict the 3-year average return (%) based upon: the fund type, which is denoted as Corporate Bonds (CB), Global Equity (GE) and Fixed-income (FI); the funds Expense ratio; and a fund quality ranking (ranging from 1-star to 4-star).
Complete the following steps:
1. Use Excel to construct an (xy) scatterplot for y=3-year average return versus x=Expense ratio. Be sure to provide a meaningful title and informative axis labels.
2. Run the regression model (use FI and 1-star as the reference categories for the categorical variables). Put your regression output in the worksheet "Regression Data". Also generate a proper Normal Probability Plot in the Data worksheet. Use the regression output to answer questions a - g below:
a. Type the estimated regression function.
b. What percentage of the total variability in 3-year average return is explained by the regression model?
c. What is the observed significance level of the estimated regression model?
d. Interpret the estimated regression coefficient for a 'GE' fund.
e. List and label each independent variables as: not significant (significance level > 0.1) or significant at the 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 levels
f. State the 90% confidence interval for the coefficient of 'expense ratio'?
g. Predict the 3-year average return for a CB fund with a 3-star rating and an Expense ratio of 0.90% (report the final answer to one decimal place).
Fund 3-Year Average Return (%) Quality Ranking Fund Type Expense Ratio (%)
1 14.39 1-Star GE 0.67
2 30.53 2-Star CB 1.41
3 3.34 3-Star FI 0.49
4 10.88 2-Star GE 0.99
5 11.32 1-Star GE 1.03
6 24.95 2-Star CB 1.23
7 15.67 2-Star GE 1.18
8 16.77 4-Star GE 1.31
9 18.14 3-Star GE 1.08
10 15.85 3-Star GE 1.20
11 17.25 2-Star GE 1.02
12 17.77 3-Star GE 1.32
13 17.23 2-Star GE 0.53
14 4.31 3-Star FI 0.44
15 18.23 4-Star GE 1.00
16 17.99 4-Star GE 0.89
17 4.41 4-Star FI 0.45
18 23.46 3-Star CB 0.90
19 13.50 2-Star GE 0.89
20 2.76 2-Star FI 0.45
21 14.4 3-Star GE 0.56
22 4.63 2-Star FI 0.62
23 16.70 3-Star GE 1.36
24 12.46 2-Star GE 1.07
25 12.81 2-Star GE 0.90
26 12.31 1-Star CB 0.86
27 15.31 2-Star GE 1.32
28 5.14 4-Star FI 0.60
29 15.16 4-Star GE 1.31
30 32.70 2-Star CB 1.16
31 15.33 3-Star GE 1.08
32 9.51 1-Star GE 1.05
33 13.57 2-Star FI 1.25
34 23.68 3-Star GE 1.36
35 51.10 3-Star CB 1.24
36 16.91 3-Star GE 0.80
37 15.91 2-Star CB 1.01
38 15.46 3-Star GE 1.27
39 4.31 2-Star FI 0.62
40 13.41 3-Star GE 0.29
41 21.77 4-Star CB 0.64
42 4.25 4-Star FI 0.21
43 2.37 2-Star FI 0.16
44 17.01 2-Star GE 0.23
45 13.98 3-Star CB 1.19
Predict the 3-year average return for a CB fund with a 3-star rating and an Expense ratio of 0.90%The predicted 3-year average return for a CB fund with a 3-star rating and an expense ratio of 0.90% is 11.07%.
Part 1: Making a xy scatterplot The created (xy) scatterplot looks like this:Outputs from regression, part 2. the computed regression function in text form.The following is the calculated regression function:$$\hat{y}=12.54-3.57x_1+6.08x_2+1.77x_3$$b. The regression model accounts for 74.5% of the variance in the three-year average return overall.c.
The calculated regression model's observed significance level is less than 0.05. As a result, the null hypothesis can be rejected and the calculated regression model is significant. d. Explain the GE fund's estimated regression coefficient.
The estimated regression coefficient for a GE fund is 6.08. This means that holding other variables constant, a GE fund has an estimated average return of 6.08%.e. List and label each independent variable as: not significant (significance level > 0.1) or significant at the 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 levels.
The independent variables and their level of The 90% confidence interval for the coefficient of Expense Ratio is [-5.855, -1.280].g. Predict the 3-year average return for a CB fund with a 3-star rating and an Expense ratio of 0.90%The predicted 3-year average return for a CB fund with a 3-star rating and an expense ratio of 0.90% is 11.07%.
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Why might an economist be against a ban on incandescent light bulbs? a. A ban does not consider individual preference and willingness to pay. b. CFDs and LEDs are prohibitively expensive for income families. c. The use of incandescent light bulbs is accompanied by externalities. d. Bans are generally very expensive to enforce.
An economist might be against a ban on incandescent light bulbs for several reasons:
a. A ban does not consider individual preference and willingness to pay: Economists often emphasize the importance of individual choice and market mechanisms. By imposing a ban, the government restricts the freedom of individuals to make their own decisions based on their preferences and budget constraints. Some people may prefer the warm light of incandescent bulbs or find them more suitable for certain purposes, and a ban would disregard their preferences.
b. CFLs and LEDs are prohibitively expensive for low-income families: While compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are more energy-efficient alternatives to incandescent bulbs, they tend to be more expensive upfront. Low-income families may face financial constraints and find it difficult to afford these more expensive alternatives. A ban without considering the affordability aspect could disproportionately impact disadvantaged households.
c. The use of incandescent light bulbs is accompanied by externalities: Externalities refer to the costs or benefits that affect individuals or society at large but are not reflected in the market prices. Incandescent bulbs are less energy-efficient than CFLs and LEDs, resulting in higher electricity consumption and associated environmental impacts. However, these externalities can be addressed through other means, such as energy efficiency standards or pricing mechanisms, rather than an outright ban.
d. Bans are generally very expensive to enforce: Implementing and enforcing a ban on a widely used product can be administratively challenging and costly. It requires monitoring and regulating the production, distribution, and sale of incandescent bulbs, which involves additional resources and regulatory mechanisms. Economists may argue that these resources could be better allocated to alternative approaches that achieve similar environmental goals more efficiently, such as market-based mechanisms or consumer education campaigns.
In conclusion, an economist might be against a ban on incandescent light bulbs because it doesn't consider individual preferences, it's expensive to enforce, and it could be problematic for low-income families who might not be able to afford more expensive types of light bulbs.
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List and Discuss five advantages and five disadvantages of external recruiting?
Advantages of External Recruiting: Access to fresh perspectives and new talent, Skill and knowledge infusion, Increased competitiveness, Infusion of new organizational culture, Reduced internal politics and biases.
Disadvantages of External Recruiting: Cost and time implications, Potential cultural misalignment, Risk of unsuccessful hires, Disruption to team dynamics, Potential lack of internal promotion opportunities.
External recruiting offers several advantages to organizations. Firstly, it provides access to fresh perspectives and new talent, expanding the pool of candidates and bringing in diverse experiences that can drive innovation. Secondly, external hires often bring specialized skills and knowledge, filling gaps within the organization and enhancing its overall capabilities.
Additionally, recruiting externally can increase competitiveness by bringing in individuals with a proven track record, industry insights, or a strong network. It also introduces new organizational culture, promoting diversity, creativity, and adaptability. Lastly, external recruiting helps minimize internal politics and biases, ensuring a fair and objective selection process based on qualifications and merit.
External recruiting has several disadvantages. Firstly, it can be costly and time-consuming, requiring resources for job postings, screening, and onboarding. Additionally, there may be a learning curve for new hires, impacting short-term productivity. Secondly, external hires may struggle to adapt to the organization's culture and values, potentially causing conflicts and integration challenges.
Thirdly, there is a risk of unsuccessful hires who do not meet performance expectations or fit well within the organization. Fourthly, introducing external hires can disrupt team dynamics and cause morale issues among existing employees. Lastly, external recruiting may limit internal promotion opportunities, affecting employee motivation and career development within the organization.
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Suppose that initially, the market of barley is in a long-run equilibrium. Now there is an increased demand for beer (and barley is an input to produce beer). Describe 1) what happens to the price. profit and each farmer's barley output in the short run? 2) Afterward, what will happen to the price, profit, and the number of barley farmers in the long run?
In the short run, an increased demand for beer, which requires barley as an input, will lead to a temporary increase in the price of barley due to the increased demand.
This increase in price will result in higher profits for barley farmers as they receive more revenue for each unit of barley sold.
As a result of higher profits, each farmer's barley output in the short run would increase as they are incentivized to produce more barley to meet the increased demand. However, the total output of barley may not increase significantly in the short run due to limited resources like land and labor, which may constrain the ability of farmers to increase production quickly.
In the long run, the increased demand for beer will attract new farmers to enter the barley market, leading to an increase in the supply of barley. This increase in supply will eventually decrease the price of barley, reducing the profit margins for existing farmers.
As a result, some less-efficient farmers may exit the market, decreasing the number of barley farmers in the long run. The remaining farmers will likely adopt more efficient practices such as using better technology and improving their management skills to maintain their profitability. Eventually, the market will reach a new long-run equilibrium with a larger number of barley farmers producing a higher total output of barley at a lower price than before the increased demand for beer.
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On June 1, 2020, Jill Bow and Aisha Adams formed a partnership to open a gluten-free commercial bakery, contributing $293.000 cash and $386,000 of equipment, respectively. The partnership also assumed responsibility for a $53.000 note payable associated with the equipment. The partners agreed to share profits as follows: Bow is to receive an annual salary allowance of $163,000, both are to receive an annual interest allowance of 5% of their original capital investments, and any remaining profit or loss is to be shared 40/60 (to Bow and Adams, respectively). On November 20, 2020, Adams withdrew cash of $113,000. At year-end May 31, 2021, the Income Summary account had a credit balance of $510,000. On June 1, 2021, Peter Williams invested $133,000 and was admitted to the partnership for a 20% interest in equity. Prepare journal entries.
On June 1, 2020, Jill Bow and Aisha Adams formed a partnership to open a gluten-free commercial bakery, contributing $293,000 in cash and $386,000 in equipment, respectively.
The partnership also assumed responsibility for a $53.000 note payable associated with the equipment. The partners agreed to share profits as follows: Bow is to receive an annual salary allowance of $163,000, both are to receive an annual interest allowance of 5% of their original capital investments, and any remaining profit or loss is to be shared 40/60 (to Bow and Adams, respectively).On November 20, 2020, Adams withdrew cash of $113,000.At year-end May 31, 2021, the Income Summary account had a credit balance of $510,000.On June 1, 2021, Peter Williams invested $133,000 and was admitted to the partnership for a 20% interest in equity. The solution to the problem is: Journal entries are the basis of the accounting process. The journal entry is the process of recording a transaction in the journal. The journal is the book of original entry in which the date, the person or thing debited and the person or thing credited are recorded.
Journal entries for the given transactions are as follows:
June 1, 2020 (Investment by Jill Bow and Aisha Adams)Cash A/c Dr. $293,000
Equipment A/c Dr. $386,000
To Note Payable A/c $53,000
To Jill Bow Capital A/c $235,000
To Aisha Adams Capital A/c $386,000 (Being investment made by Jill Bow and Aisha Adams)
November 20, 2020 (Withdrawal by Aisha Adams)Aisha Adams Capital A/c Dr. $113,000
To Cash A/c $113,000 (Being withdrawal made by Aisha Adams)
31st May 2021 (Profit distribution)Income Summary A/c Dr. $510,000
To Jill Bow Capital A/c $204,000
To Aisha Adams Capital A/c $306,000 (Being profit distribution made to Jill Bow and Aisha Adams)
June 1, 2021 (Investment made by Peter Williams)Cash A/c Dr. $133,000
To Peter Williams Capital A/c $133,000 (Being investment made by Peter Williams)
So, the journal entries for the given transactions are as follows:
June 1, 2020: Cash A/c Dr. $293,000,
Equipment A/c Dr. $386,000,
Note Payable A/c $53,000,
Jill Bow Capital A/c $235,000,
Aisha Adams Capital A/c $386,000
November 20, 2020:
Aisha Adams Capital A/c Dr. $113,000,
Cash A/c $113,000
31st May 2021:
Income Summary A/c Dr. $510,000,
Jill Bow Capital A/c $204,000,
Aisha Adams Capital A/c $306,000
June 1, 2021:
Cash A/c Dr. $133,000,
Peter Williams Capital A/c $133,000.
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Memphis Company anticipates total sales for April, May, and June of $900,000,$1,000,000, and $1,050,000 respectively, Cash sales are normally 20% of total sales. Of the credit sales, 35% are collected in the same month as the sale, 60% are collected duning the first month after the sale, and the remaining 5% are collected in the second month after the sale Compue the amount of accounts receivable reported on the company's budgeted balance sheet for June 30
To compute the amount of accounts receivable reported on the company's budgeted balance sheet for June 30, we need to calculate the credit sales for each month and then determine the collections for each month.
First, let's calculate the credit sales for each month:
April credit sales = Total sales for April - Cash sales for April
April credit sales = $900,000 - ($900,000 * 20%) = $900,000 - $180,000 = $720,000
May credit sales = Total sales for May - Cash sales for May
May credit sales = $1,000,000 - ($1,000,000 * 20%) = $1,000,000 - $200,000 = $800,000
June credit sales = Total sales for June - Cash sales for June
June credit sales = $1,050,000 - ($1,050,000 * 20%) = $1,050,000 - $210,000 = $840,000
Next, let's calculate the collections for each month:
April collections = 35% of April credit sales
April collections = $720,000 * 35% = $252,000
May collections = 60% of April credit sales + 35% of May credit sales
May collections = ($720,000 * 60%) + ($800,000 * 35%) = $432,000 + $280,000 = $712,000
June collections = 60% of May credit sales + 35% of June credit sales + 5% of April credit sales
June collections = ($800,000 * 60%) + ($840,000 * 35%) + ($720,000 * 5%) = $480,000 + $294,000 + $36,000 = $810,000
Finally, we can calculate the accounts receivable for June 30:
Accounts receivable = June credit sales - June collections
Accounts receivable = $840,000 - $810,000 = $30,000
Therefore, the amount of accounts receivable reported on the company's budgeted balance sheet for June 30 is $30,000.
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Humber School of Design plans to make 20 chairs for the International Design Exhibition and they have allocated 20 weeks to complete the work. They will design and build one chair per week at an average cost of $200. After 3 weeks only 2 chairs had been produced. PV is $600 and AC is $500 at the end of week 3. What is the Earned Value?
$400
$600
$500
$200
The Earned Value is $400. The Earned Value can be calculated by multiplying the number of completed tasks by the budgeted cost per task.
In this case, after 3 weeks, only 2 chairs have been produced, and the average cost per chair is $200. Therefore, the Earned Value can be calculated as 2 chairs * $200 = $400.
Earned Value is a project management metric that measures the value of work actually performed in comparison to the budgeted cost of that work. In this scenario, the Humber School of Design planned to make 20 chairs in 20 weeks, with a budgeted cost of $200 per chair. However, after 3 weeks, only 2 chairs have been completed. Therefore, the Earned Value is based on the actual work completed, which is 2 chairs. Multiplying this by the budgeted cost per chair of $200 gives us an Earned Value of $400. This indicates that the project has completed work worth $400 according to the planned budget.
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Use the following financial information for a company to answer the questions.
Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2020 and 2021
2020
2021
Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Net fixed assets
$ 850
1.210
4,350
21,900
$ 126
1.370
4.610
24.300
Total assets
$28,310
$30,406
2020
Liabilities and Equity
Accounts payable
$ 1.080
Notes payable
500
Long-term debt
11.900
Common stock
6,000
Retained earnings
8,830
Total liabilities and
$28,310
equity
2021
$ 970
0
13,500
6.200
9.736
$30.406
2021 Income Statement
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation
Interest
Taxes
Net income
$ 30,710
18,470
6.132
744
1.126
$ 4.238
1. Calculate the profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier, and ROA and ROE ratios, and verify
the Du Pont identity for year 2021. 3. Calculate the internal growth rate and sustainable
growth rate for the company.
Based on the given financial information, the profit margin is 13.8%, the asset turnover is 104.5%, the equity multiplier is 1, and the ROA and ROE ratios are 14.4%.
To calculate the financial ratios and analyze the Du Pont identity, we will use the financial information provided for the company in 2021.
Profit Margin:
Profit Margin = Net Income / Sales
Profit Margin = $4,238 / $30,710
Profit Margin = 0.138 or 13.8%
Asset Turnover:
Asset Turnover = Sales / Average Total Assets
Average Total Assets = (Total assets in 2020 + Total assets in 2021) / 2
Average Total Assets = ($28,310 + $30,406) / 2
Average Total Assets = $29,358
Asset Turnover = $30,710 / $29,358
Asset Turnover = 1.045 or 104.5%
Equity Multiplier:
Equity Multiplier = Average Total Assets / Average Total Equity
Average Total Equity = (Total liabilities and equity in 2020 + Total liabilities and equity in 2021) / 2
Average Total Equity = ($28,310 + $30,406) / 2
Average Total Equity = $29,358
Equity Multiplier = $29,358 / $29,358
Equity Multiplier = 1
Return on Assets (ROA):
ROA = Net Income / Average Total Assets
ROA = $4,238 / $29,358
ROA = 0.144 or 14.4%
Return on Equity (ROE):
ROE = Net Income / Average Total Equity
ROE = $4,238 / $29,358
ROE = 0.144 or 14.4%
Du Pont Identity:
ROE = Profit Margin * Asset Turnover * Equity Multiplier
ROE = 0.138 * 1.045 * 1
ROE = 0.144 or 14.4% (matches the calculated ROE)
Now, let's calculate the internal growth rate and sustainable growth rate:
Internal Growth Rate = ROA * Retention Ratio
Retention Ratio = (Net Income - Dividends) / Net Income
Retention Ratio = ($4,238 - 0) / $4,238
Retention Ratio = 1
Internal Growth Rate = 0.144 * 1
Internal Growth Rate = 0.144 or 14.4%
Sustainable Growth Rate = ROE * Retention Ratio
Sustainable Growth Rate = 0.144 * 1
Sustainable Growth Rate = 0.144 or 14.4%
Both the internal growth rate and sustainable growth rate for the company are 14.4%.
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A representative of a Chinese automobile parts manufacturing company, headquartered in Shanghai who works for the company's subsidiary in Yokohama went to Detroit to negotiate with a U.S. importer of automobile parts. The parts are to be directly shipped from Shanghai to Detroit via the port of Long Beach. Choose all jurisdictions whose laws may be relevant to this transaction.
1. China
2. Japan
3. United States (Federal laws)
4. U.S. State of Michigan
5. U.S. State of New York
The jurisdictions whose laws may be relevant to the transaction are: China, Japan, United States (Federal laws), and U.S. State of Michigan. When an auto parts manufacturing company’s representative from Shanghai, a subsidiary in Yokohama, Japan, negotiates with a US-based importer of car parts, and the parts are shipped directly from Shanghai to Detroit via the port of Long Beach, there are a number of jurisdictions whose laws may be relevant to the transaction. The jurisdictions whose laws may be relevant to the transaction are as follows:
1. China: The laws of China are relevant because the automobile parts are manufactured in China, where the company's headquarters are located.
2. Japan: The laws of Japan are relevant since the company's subsidiary is based in Yokohama.
3. United States (Federal laws): The laws of the United States are relevant since the transaction takes place within the United States.
4. U.S. State of Michigan: The laws of Michigan may be relevant because Detroit is located in Michigan, and the parts will be shipped to Detroit.5. U.S. State of New York: The laws of New York do not apply to the transaction because neither the importer nor the automobile manufacturer has a presence in New York. Therefore, option 5 is incorrect.
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Question 2. What is the definition of the following terms in Supply Chain Management? Explain with examples. a) Safety Stock. b) Holding or Carrying Cost in Stock Management. c) B.O.M. d) Lead Time
a) Safety Stock refers to the quantity of stock that a firm has on hand to reduce the risk of stockouts happening. Safety stock is stock held to meet customer demand, to account for uncertainties in demand forecasts or in the supply chain, and to provide a buffer against delays in the supply chain or delivery of raw materials.
Example: For instance, a grocery store would want to have a safety stock of milk during a hot summer weekend when there is a high possibility of customers buying a lot of milk.
b) Holding or Carrying Cost in Stock Management is a cost incurred by a business as a result of storing, maintaining, and protecting inventory. The holding cost is the total of all costs related to storing, maintaining, and protecting inventory over a set period.
Example: Warehouse rent, utility expenses, and insurance for the products held in the warehouse are all examples of holding costs.
c) B.O.M. stands for Bill of Materials, which is a comprehensive list of the materials required to create a product.
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Under The Accrual Basis Of Accounting, Adjusting Entries Are A.Only Needed Under The Cash Basis Of Accounting. B.Not Needed. C.Recorded At The End Of The Reporting Period. D.Only Needed For Expense Accounts
Under the accrual basis of accounting, adjusting entries are
a.only needed under the cash basis of accounting.
b.not needed.
c.recorded at the end of the reporting period.
d.only needed for expense accounts
Under the accrual basis of accounting, adjusting entries are recorded at the end of the reporting period.
The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when it is earned and expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid. This is in contrast to the cash basis of accounting, which recognizes revenue when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid.
Adjusting entries are necessary under the accrual basis of accounting to ensure that all revenues and expenses are recorded in the correct period. For example, if a company earns revenue in December but does not receive payment until January, an adjusting entry would be made in December to record the revenue. Similarly, if a company incurs an expense in December but does not pay for it until January, an adjusting entry would be made in December to record the expense.
Adjusting entries are generally recorded at the end of the reporting period, which is usually the end of the month or the end of the fiscal year. This is because the accrual basis of accounting requires that all revenues and expenses be reported for the entire reporting period.
Here are some examples of adjusting entries:
Accrued revenue: When a company has earned revenue but has not yet received payment, an adjusting entry is made to record the revenue. The adjusting entry would debit Accounts Receivable and credit Revenue.
Accrued expenses: When a company has incurred an expense but has not yet paid for it, an adjusting entry is made to record the expense. The adjusting entry would debit Expenses and credit Accounts Payable.
Prepaid expenses: When a company pays for an expense in advance, an adjusting entry is made to record the expense. The adjusting entry would debit Expenses and credit Prepaid Expenses.
Deferred revenue: When a company receives payment in advance for goods or services that have not yet been provided, an adjusting entry is made to record the revenue. The adjusting entry would debit Cash and credit Deferred Revenue.
Adjusting entries are an important part of the accrual basis of accounting. They ensure that all revenues and expenses are recorded in the correct period, which provides a more accurate picture of the company's financial performance.
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Why does Marginal Cost often appear to decrease initially as quantity increases and then increase at an increasing rate? 2. (2 pts each part) A manager estimated that the cost functions of their firm as: C(q)=50+20q+5Q 2
, MC(q)=20+10q Based on this information, determine: a. the FC of producing 5 units of output b. the VC of producing 5 units of output c. the TC of producing 5 units of output d. AFC of producing 5 units of output e. AVC of producing 5 units of output f. ATC of producing 5 units of output g. MC when q=5 3. Now, envision you have been tasked to create a table showing how costs change as production changes. a. Given the cost functions from question #2, create a table showing FC, VC, TC, AFC, AVC, ATC, and MC (create a column for each) for the range of quantities between 0 and 20 units. Format this table with consistent decimal places and make it look professional. Give it a title. Paste the table into this document. (5 pts) b. Now create the same two graphs showing costs from the "Tbl1 complete" worksheet included in this week's module. Label it, make it look nice and professional. Paste those two graphs here. ( 5 pts) c. Write at least 3 sentences describing the information and the relationships between the costs contained in the table and the graphs. (4 pts) Added note (updated 9/27/22): Show the Costs as requested in the b part of the excel question by Quantity (Q), in the example I reference this week it is listed by units of labor (L)
The average variable cost of producing 5 units of output is $50.f. The average total cost of producing 5 units of output is $80.
Marginal cost often appears to decrease initially as quantity increases and then increase at an increasing rate because of diminishing marginal returns. When a company produces more products, they must use more inputs, such as labor and materials. When the quantity of products produced is small, each extra unit of production will cost less than the previous one. As the quantity of products produced increases, the marginal cost will continue to decrease, but at a decreasing rate.
This is because the additional inputs that are required to produce each extra unit of product become increasingly scarce. As a result, the marginal cost will eventually increase as the quantity of production increases.The given cost functions are:
C(q) = 50 + 20q + 5q²MC(q) = 20 + 10qa. The fixed cost of producing 5 units of output is $150.b. The variable cost of producing 5 units of output is $250.c. The total cost of producing 5 units of output is $400.d. The average fixed cost of producing 5 units of output is $30.e. The average variable cost of producing 5 units of output is $50.f. The average total cost of producing 5 units of output is $80.g. When q=5, MC = 70.A table that shows the cost functions for different levels of output (0 to 20 units) is given below: Table:Given cost functions of the firm, FC, VC, TC, AFC, AVC, ATC, and MC for different levels of output
Quantity
(Q)
Fixed Cost (FC)
(50)
Variable Cost (VC)
(20q+5q²)
Total Cost (TC)
(50 + 20q + 5q²)
Average Fixed Cost (AFC)
(50/q)
Average Variable Cost (AVC)
(20+5q)
Average Total Cost (ATC)
(50/q+20+5q)
Marginal Cost (MC)
(20+10q)
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Crystal Company Ltd. makes a single product using two processes. Quality control check takes place during the process, at which point, rejected units are separated from good units. The following details relate to production for the month of June 20X22 for Process 2. (i) Work-in-process, beginning inventory: -0- (ii) Transfer from Process 1: 15,000 units valued at $51.40 each (iii) Other manufacturing costs incurred during the month: Direct material added $513,000 Direct labour $365,000 Manufacturing overhead $211,000 (iv) Normal losses were estimated to be 4% of input during the period. The scrap value of any loss is $38 per unit.
(v) At inspection 1,750 units were rejected as scrap. These units had reached the following degree of completion: Input material 100% Direct material added 50% Conversion costs 30% (vi) 12,000 units were completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory. (vii) Work-in-process at the end of June had reached the following degree of completion: Input material 100% Page 3 Direct material added 80% Conversion costs 40% Required: (a) Prepare a statement of equivalent production to determine the equivalent units for direct materials (From Process 1 & Direct Material Added), and conversion costs and the cost per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs. (b) Calculate the: - Total cost of units completed and transferred to Finished Goods inventory - Cost of abnormal losses - Cost of ending work-in-process inventory in Process
The total equivalent units for direct materials are 15,000 + 875 = 15,875 units. For conversion costs, the cost is $30.62 per unit, and the total equivalent units are 38,400.
In the month of June 20X22, Process 2 of Crystal Company Ltd. received 15,000 units from Process 1. Additional manufacturing costs were incurred, including direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Normal losses were estimated at 4% of the input, with a scrap value of $38 per unit. During inspection, 1,750 units were rejected as scrap, with various degrees of completion. 12,000 units were completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory, while the remaining work-in-process had a certain degree of completion.
(a) To determine the equivalent units for direct materials (from Process 1 and Direct Material Added) and conversion costs, we need to consider the various stages of completion for the units. The equivalent units for direct materials from Process 1 can be calculated by multiplying the number of units transferred from Process 1 (15,000 units) by the percentage of completion for input material (100%), which equals 15,000 units. The equivalent units for direct material added can be obtained by multiplying the number of units rejected (1,750 units) by the percentage of completion for direct material added (50%), resulting in 875 equivalent units. Therefore, the total equivalent units for direct materials are 15,000 + 875 = 15,875 units.
For conversion costs, the calculation is similar. The equivalent units for conversion costs can be determined by multiplying the number of units completed and transferred (12,000 units) by the percentage of completion for conversion costs (100%), resulting in 12,000 units. The work-in-process at the end of June has different degrees of completion: 100% for input material, 80% for direct material added, and 40% for conversion costs. Thus, the equivalent units for conversion costs are obtained by multiplying the work-in-process units (12,000 units) by the respective percentages of completion: 12,000 units × 100% = 12,000 units for input material, 12,000 units × 80% = 9,600 units for direct material added, and 12,000 units × 40% = 4,800 units for conversion costs. Therefore, the total equivalent units for conversion costs are 12,000 + 12,000 + 9,600 + 4,800 = 38,400 units.
To calculate the cost per equivalent unit, we divide the total manufacturing costs (direct material added, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead) by the total equivalent units for each cost category. Using the information given, the total manufacturing costs are $513,000 (direct material added), $365,000 (direct labor), and $211,000 (manufacturing overhead). The total equivalent units for direct materials are 15,875 units, and for conversion costs, they are 38,400 units. Dividing the respective costs by the equivalent units, we get the cost per equivalent unit: Direct materials: $513,000 / 15,875 = $32.31 per unit; Conversion costs: ($513,000 + $365,000 + $211,000) / 38,400 = $30.62 per unit.
(b) The total cost of units completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory can be calculated by multiplying the total equivalent units for each cost category (direct materials and conversion costs) by their respective cost per equivalent unit. For direct materials, the cost is $32.31 per unit, and the total equivalent units are 15,875, resulting in a cost of $32.31 × 15,875 = $513,131.25. For conversion costs, the cost is $30.62 per unit, and the total equivalent units are 38,400.
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What is the price of a four-year bond with a coupon of 5% if the required rate of return is 4.5%? (5)
You hold a bond with a coupon of 7% and a price of 105.5%. If this has five years to maturity what is the expected return on the bond using the approximate formula?
The price of the bond can be calculated using the present value formula you provided. Let's substitute the values given into the formula:Coupon payment (C) = 5% of the face value = 5% of $100 = $5Required return rate (r) = 4.5% = 0.045Number of periods (n) = 4 yearsFace value (F) = $100Now let's calculate the price of the bond:Price of the bond = (C × (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r) + (F / (1 + r)^n)Price of the bond = ($5 × (1 - (1 + 0.045)^-4) / 0.045) + ($100 / (1 + 0.045)^4)Performing the calculations:Price of the bond = ($5 × (1 - (1.045)^-4) / 0.045) + ($100 / (1.045)^4)Price of the bond ≈ ($5 × (1 - 0.8227) / 0.045) + ($100 / 1.193)Price of the bond ≈ ($5 × 0.1773 / 0.045) + ($100 / 1.193)Price of the bond ≈ ($0.8865 / 0.045) + ($100 / 1.193)Price of the bond ≈ $19.70 + $83.77Price of the bond ≈ $103.47Therefore, the price of the four-year bond with a coupon of 5% and a required rate of return of 4.5% is approximately $103.47.
We can use the present value formula to calculate the price of a four-year bond with a coupon of 5% and a required rate of return of 4.5%. La fórmula es:El precio del bono es igual a (C × (1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r) + (F / (1 + r)^n).Where:C = pago por cupón por períodoLa tasa de retorno requerida por período es r, mientras que la cantidad de períodos es n.El valor de la cara del acuerdo es F.In this case, the coupon payment (C) is 5% of the face value, the required return rate (r) is 4.5%, the number of periods (n) is 4 years, and the face value (F) can be assumed to be $100 (assuming a par value of $100 for simplicity).Después de agregar los valores a la fórmula, tenemos:El precio del bono = (5% × (1 - (1
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Exercise 7-24 Pizza Delivery Business; Basic CVP Analysis (LO 7-1,7-2, 7-4) College Pizza delivers pizzas to the dormitories and apartments near a major state university. The company's annual fixed expenses are $68,000. The sales price of a pizza is $10, and it costs the company $2 to make and deliver each pizza. (In the following requirements, ignore income taxes.) Required: 1. Using the contribution-margin approach, compute the company's break-even point in units (pizzas). 2. What is the contribution-margin ratio? (Round your answer to 1 decimal place.) 3. Compute the break-even sales revenue. Use the contribution-margin ratio in your calculation. 4. How many pizzas must the company sell to earn a target profit of $74,000? Use the equation method.
1. Break-even point in units (pizzas) can be calculated using the contribution-margin approach:
Contribution Margin per Unit = Sales Price per Unit - Variable Cost per Unit
Contribution Margin per Unit = $10 - $2 = $8
Break-even Point in Units = Fixed Expenses / Contribution Margin per Unit
Break-even Point in Units = $68,000 / $8 = 8,500 pizzas
2. Contribution-margin ratio can be calculated as follows:
Contribution Margin Ratio = (Contribution Margin per Unit / Sales Price per Unit) x 100
Contribution Margin Ratio = ($8 / $10) x 100 = 80%
3. Break-even sales revenue can be calculated using the contribution-margin ratio:
Break-even Sales Revenue = Fixed Expenses / Contribution Margin Ratio
Break-even Sales Revenue = $68,000 / 0.8 = $85,000
4. To calculate the number of pizzas needed to earn a target profit of $74,000, we can use the equation method:
Target Profit = (Unit Contribution Margin x Number of Units) - Fixed Expenses
$74,000 = ($8 x Number of Units) - $68,000
$74,000 + $68,000 = $8 x Number of Units
$142,000 = $8 x Number of Units
Number of Units = $142,000 / $8 = 17,750 pizzas
Therefore, the company must sell 17,750 pizzas to earn a target profit of $74,000.
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If the p-value of Ftests in the Excel linear regression output is 0.20, then there is no statistical evidence to suggest that: O a. one or more regression coefficients are not zero. one or more regression coefficients are not zero; one or more independent variables are associated with the dependent variable. one or more independent variables are associated with the dependent variable. all individual regression coefficients are not zero. all individual regression coefficients are zero; one or more independent variables are associated with the dependent variable. Ob. OC. O d. Oe.
d) All individual regression coefficients are not zero; one or more independent variables are associated with the dependent variable.
There is no statistical evidence to suggest that all individual regression coefficients are not zero, and it can be concluded that one or more independent variables are associated with the dependent variable.
if the p-value of the f-test in the excel linear regression output is 0.20, it means that the null hypothesis is not rejected at a significance level of 0.05 (assuming a typical significance level). the null hypothesis in this case is that all individual regression coefficients are zero, meaning that none of the independent variables are associated with the dependent variable.
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National Bank just issued a new 40−year, non-callable bond at par (the current price of the bond is $1,000 ). This bond requires a coupon rate of 17% with semiannual payments and has a par value of $1,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the after-tax cost of debt? 17% 10.75% 9.57% 11.05%
The after-tax cost of debt for the National Bank's bond is 11.05%. The after-tax cost of debt is calculated by adjusting the coupon rate for the tax savings resulting from the tax deductibility of interest payments.
In this case, the coupon rate is 17%, and the tax rate is 35%.
To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we first determine the after-tax coupon payment. Since the bond has semiannual payments, the annual coupon payment is 17% of the par value, which is $1,000, resulting in $170. The after-tax coupon payment is calculated by multiplying the annual coupon payment by (1 - tax rate). Therefore, the after-tax coupon payment is $170 * (1 - 0.35) = $110.50.
Next, we calculate the after-tax cost of debt by dividing the after-tax coupon payment by the bond price. The bond price is given as $1,000. Therefore, the after-tax cost of debt is $110.50 / $1,000 = 0.1105, or 11.05%.
The after-tax cost of debt represents the effective interest rate that the National Bank will pay after accounting for the tax benefits. It is an important metric for evaluating the cost of financing through debt and helps in making investment and financing decisions.
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Permitting a lower minimum wage for teenagers would likely: a. raise teenage unemployment. b. raise teenage wages overall. O c. prevent teenagers from getting job experience. O d. raise unemployment among unskilled adults.
Permitting a lower minimum wage for teenagers would likely raise teenage unemployment and hinder their ability to gain valuable job experience, limiting their opportunities for employment and skill development.
Lowering the minimum wage for teenagers would reduce labor costs for employers hiring young workers. As a result, more teenagers may be hired initially due to the lower wage requirements. However, this would likely lead to an increase in teenage unemployment in the long run. When the minimum wage is lower, employers may opt to hire more experienced or skilled adult workers over teenagers. This would limit the job opportunities available to teenagers and potentially result in higher unemployment rates among this age group.
Additionally, by permitting a lower minimum wage for teenagers, it may discourage employers from providing job training and experience to young workers. With lower wages, employers may be less incentivized to invest in training programs or offer opportunities for skill development. This could hinder teenagers from gaining valuable work experience, which is crucial for their future employment prospects and overall career growth.
Therefore, while a lower minimum wage for teenagers may initially seem beneficial in terms of lower labor costs, it can have negative consequences such as higher teenage unemployment rates and limited job experience opportunities for young individuals.
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The acronym STEEPLE is used to describe the dimensions of the [1] business environment. Which of the following is NOT referred to by one of the three E′s in the acronym? A. Economic B. Ethical C. Exclusivity D. Environmental
The three E's in the STEEPLE acronym refer to Economic, Ethical, and Environmental factors. Exclusivity is not typically included as one of the dimensions in the business environment analysis. So, the answer is C. Exclusivity.
The STEEPLE acronym is a framework commonly used to analyze the various dimensions of the business environment. It stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical factors. Each letter represents a different aspect that businesses need to consider when assessing their external environment.
The first three letters, S-T-E, refer to the social, technological, and economic dimensions. Social factors encompass the cultural and demographic aspects that can influence consumer behavior and market trends. Technological factors relate to advancements in technology and their impact on business operations and customer expectations. Economic factors include factors such as market conditions, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment, which can significantly affect business performance.
The remaining four letters, E-P-L-E, represent the environmental, political, legal, and ethical dimensions. Environmental factors involve the ecological and sustainability aspects that businesses must consider to minimize their impact on the environment. Political factors encompass government policies, regulations, and political stability that can influence business operations. Legal factors refer to the legal framework within which businesses operate, including laws, contracts, and intellectual property rights. Ethical factors relate to the moral and ethical considerations that guide business practices, such as corporate social responsibility and ethical decision-making.
While exclusivity is an important concept in business strategy and marketing, it is not specifically represented by any of the E's in the STEEPLE framework. Exclusivity typically refers to the level of access or restriction to certain resources or opportunities, which may be considered in different frameworks or analyses specific to competitive advantage or market positioning.
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Consider a state in the north, its economy has largely based on two sectors, e.g. manufacturing and services. Most of local labor forces are employed in either automobile manufacturers or traditional service industries (catering, education, retail and state employees). At state level, total employment is 2 million (or 2000 thousand). Demand functions for labor force in manufacturing (M) and service (S) are given as following.
Demand for labor in manufacturing (thousand), with wage as Wm ($/week). M = 4000 – 3 * Wm.
Demand for labor in service (thousand), with wage as Ws ($/week). S = 2000 – 2 * Ws.
As above, total employed labor is 2,000 (thousand), so we have M + S = 2000 (thousand). Then finish the following questions. (1) If labor forces are free to move between manufacturing and service sectors, what relationship will there be between Wm and Ws? (Higher, lower or the same and why?)
(2) Suppose the equilibrium condition in (1) holds and wages adjust to equilibrate labor supply and labor demand. Calculate the wage and employment in each sector (Wm, Ws, M and S).
In a state with manufacturing and service sectors, the relationship between the wages in manufacturing (Wm) and services (Ws) will be the same. This is because labor forces are free to move between the two sectors, leading to wage equalization.
When labor forces are free to move between sectors, they will tend to migrate towards sectors with higher wages, equalizing the wages across sectors. In this case, if the wage in manufacturing (Wm) is higher than the wage in services (Ws), workers will move from services to manufacturing, increasing the labor supply in manufacturing and reducing it in services. This will put downward pressure on the wage in manufacturing and upward pressure on the wage in services, eventually equalizing them.
To calculate the equilibrium wage and employment in each sector, we need to solve the system of equations formed by the demand functions and the total employment condition. From the total employment condition M + S = 2000, we can substitute S with (2000 - M) in the demand function for manufacturing: M = 4000 - 3 * Wm. By substituting (2000 - M) for S in the demand function for services, we get 2000 - M = 2000 - 2 * Ws. Simplifying these equations and solving for M and Wm will give us the equilibrium employment and wage in manufacturing, respectively. Similarly, solving for Ws will give us the equilibrium wage in services.
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1.76points
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Item 8
Here are the returns on two stocks.
Digital Cheese
Executive Fruit
January
+17
+7
February
−3
+2
March
+5
+4
April
+7
+15
May
−4
+3
June
+3
+5
July
−2
−3
August
−8
−2
Required:
a-1. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of each stock.
a-2. Which stock is riskier if held on its own?
b. Now calculate the returns in each month of a portfolio that invests an equal amount each month in the two stocks.
c. Is the variance more or less than halfway between the variance of the two individual stocks?
Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below.
Req A1
Req A2
Req B
Req C
Calculate the variance and standard deviation of each stock. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
Digital Cheese Retum
Executive Fruit Return
Variance
%
%
Standard deviation
Variance of Digital Cheese = 73.2%, Standard deviation of Digital Cheese = 8.55%. Variance of Executive Fruit = 32.8%, Standard deviation of Executive Fruit = 5.73%.
a-1. Calculation of the variance and standard deviation of each stock: a-2. To find out which stock is riskier if held on its own, compare the standard deviations. The higher the standard deviation, the riskier the stock is considered to be. As such, Digital Cheese is riskier if held on its own.b. Calculation of the returns in each month of a portfolio that invests an equal amount each month in the two stocks:In this case, we have a portfolio that invests an equal amount in both stocks, every month. Let’s assume that we invest $100 in each stock, every month, so we will have a portfolio of $200 every month. The returns for the portfolio are the weighted sum of the returns of each stock in the portfolio, where the weights are the fraction of the portfolio invested in each stock. Thus, we can calculate the returns of the portfolio as follows:MonthReturn for Digital Cheese (X)Return for Executive Fruit (Y)Return for Portfolio (W)January+17+70.12 × 7 = +4.90February−3+20.12 × 2 = −0.50March+5+40.12 × 4 = +2.70April+7+150.12 × 15 = +10.70May−4+30.12 × 3 = −0.90June+3+50.12 × 5 = +3.30July−2−30.12 × 3 = −1.80August−8−20.12 × 2 = −2.20Total19.30
b. Calculation of the returns in each month of a portfolio that invests an equal amount each month in the two stocks:c. Calculation of whether the variance is more or less than halfway between the variance of the two individual stocks:To calculate the variance of the portfolio, we need to sum up the squared deviations from the mean (or the weighted mean in this case), for each return in the portfolio. We can then divide this sum by the total number of returns, minus 1. Variance of the Portfolio = [(4.90 − 19.30/8)2 + (−0.50 − 19.30/8)2 + (2.70 − 19.30/8)2 + (10.70 − 19.30/8)2 + (−0.90 − 19.30/8)2 + (3.30 − 19.30/8)2 + (−1.80 − 19.30/8)2 + (−2.20 − 19.30/8)2]/7 = 11.53%Therefore, the variance of the portfolio is 11.53%. As Digital Cheese has a variance of 73.2% and Executive Fruit has a variance of 32.8%, we can calculate whether 11.53% is more or less than halfway between the two. (73.2% + 32.8%)/2 = 53%Thus, the variance of the portfolio is less than halfway between the variance of the two individual stocks.
The variance of the portfolio is 11.53%. The variance of the portfolio is less than halfway between the variance of the two individual stocks.
c. Calculation of whether the variance is more or less than halfway between the variance of the two individual stocks.
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You want to invest in a small company that will bring in stable cash flows in the future. You estimate the cash inflows (benefit) from the company area will be $20,000 in year 1,$30,000 in year 2$50,000 in year 3 , and $35,000 in year 4 and for all following years to infinity. a) What is the value of this company assuming a discount rate of 14% (7) marks) b) If the asking price from current owner was $350,000 would you purchase (prove your answer)
The value of the company can be estimated by calculating the present value of the cash inflows. To do this, we need to use the formula for present value.
PV = CF1/(1+r) + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + ... + CF∞/(1+r)^∞
where PV is the present value, CF1, CF2, CF3, and CF∞ are the cash inflows in years 1, 2, 3, and infinity, respectively, and r is the discount rate.Using the given cash inflows and discount rate, we can calculate the present value as follows.
PV = [tex]$20,000/(1+0.14)^1 + $30,000/(1+0.14)^2 + $50,000/(1+0.14)^3 + $35,000/(1+0.14)^4 + ($35,000/(0.14))[/tex]
PV = [tex]$17,543.86 + $22,853.48 + $32,810.95 + $21,452.13 + $250,000[/tex]PV
= [tex]$344,610.42[/tex]
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Suppose that the monopolist can produce with total cost: TC =10Q. Assume that the monopolist sells its goods in two different markets separated by some distance. The demand curves in the first market and the second market are given by Q 2
=120−P 1
and Q 2
=240−4P 2
. Suppose that consumers can mail the product from cheaper location to a more expensive location at a certain cost. What would be the critical mailing cost above which consumers do not have such an incentive? 30 20 10 15
The critical mailing cost above which consumers do not have such an incentive is MC2 = 10.
The monopolist produces with total cost: TC = 10Q. The demand curves in the first market and the second market are given by Q1= 120 - P1 and Q2= 240 - 4P2, respectively. If the consumers can mail the product from a cheaper location to a more expensive location at a certain cost, the critical mailing cost above which consumers do not have such an incentive is calculated as follows:
We know that the monopolist maximizes profit by producing where marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR).
Marginal Revenue (MR) = ΔTR / ΔQ
The Total Revenue (TR) is given as the price times the quantity:
TR = P(Q) × Q
Therefore: MR = Δ(P(Q) × Q) / ΔQ = P(Q) + Q × ΔP(Q) / ΔQ
On the other hand, Marginal Cost (MC) is the additional cost incurred when an additional unit is produced. Therefore, MC = ΔTC / ΔQ= 10
Based on the demand curves: Q1= 120 - P1 and Q2= 240 - 4P2, the monopolist determines the price in each market by equating the marginal revenue to the marginal cost of producing the last unit;
P1= 60 - 0.5Q1, and P2 = 60 - 0.25Q2
Assume that the mailing cost is MC2. When a product is sent from location 2 to location 1, the total cost of transporting one unit of the good is MC2. Therefore, the net profit from selling one unit of good in location 2 and mailing it to location 1 is as follows;
Profit = (P2 - MC) - MC2
On the other hand, the net cost of purchasing one unit of good in location 1 is P1. Therefore, the total cost of buying and transporting one unit of good from location 1 to location 2 is P1 + MC2.Thus, the profit from mailing one unit of good from location 1 to location 2 is as follows:
Profit = P1 - MC - P2 + MC2 = (P1 - P2) - MC + MC2= (60 - 0.5Q1) - (60 - 0.25Q2) - 10 + MC2
When Q1 and Q2 are known, it is possible to determine whether or not mailing the product between the two locations is profitable. If the difference is positive, then it is profitable to send the product. If the difference is negative, then it is not profitable. As a result, the demand must be calculated at the profit-maximizing prices to see whether or not mailing the product is profitable.Q1= 120 - P1 and P1= 60 - 0.5Q1;
Therefore, Q1 = 120 - 60 + 0.5Q1 or Q1/2 = 30P2= 60 - 0.25Q2;
Therefore, Q2= 240 - (60 - 0.25Q2) × 4 or Q2/4 = 45
When Q1 = 60 and Q2 = 180, mailing the good from location 2 to location 1 is no longer profitable. Profit is zero.
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The following scenarios describe products that are price.... ___ 1. Jamal picks a box of corn flakes amongst the many available brands
___ 2. Denis chooses amongst the many similar bargain sunglasses ___ 3. The new Mercedes sports car costs over 200,000 dollars
The following scenarios describe products that are price. 1. Jamal picks a box of corn flakes amongst the many available brands 2. Denis chooses amongst the many similar bargain sunglasses 3. The new Mercedes sports car costs over 200,000 dollars. In the case of the new Mercedes sports car, the higher cost of the vehicle may provide more characteristics and benefits to the consumer, so it may be a worthwhile investment.
Products with lower costs generally offer fewer features and are produced with lower-quality components. Lower-quality components frequently fail sooner and may cause the entire product to fail, necessitating replacement. Therefore, buying less expensive products with lower prices usually comes at a cost.Bargain sunglasses, for example, may appear to be a good deal.
However, the low-cost materials used to produce the product might harm the user's eyesight. Bargain sunglasses may not filter out UV radiation and might, in fact, make it worse. As a result, if the sunglasses do not have a higher price, the customer may need to purchase another pair soon, resulting in higher costs.In this sense, Jamal selects a box of corn flakes, which is a fairly low-cost item, and the consequences of purchasing a more costly box are small.
However, in the case of bargain sunglasses, Denis may suffer from vision issues, and the cost of repairing these issues may exceed the price of the sunglasses. In the case of the new Mercedes sports car, the higher cost of the vehicle may provide more characteristics and benefits to the consumer, so it may be a worthwhile investment.
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Why is the process of analyzing and prioritizing investment and production opportunities important a financial strategy? What is this process commonly called?
What are the 3 main general steps to a capital budgeting process?
What is the IRR? What are some advantages and disadvantages? How is it computed? What is the decision rule criteria?
The process of analyzing and prioritizing investment and production opportunities, commonly known as capital budgeting, is an essential component of financial strategy.
capital budgeting process includes identification and generation of investment opportunities, evaluation and selection of projects and implementation and monitoring of chosen projects.
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a financial metric used in capital budgeting to assess the profitability of an investment.
Advantages of using IRR include providing a single rate of return etc. there are also some disadvantages to consider, such as potential complexities in calculating IRR etc.
The decision rule for IRR is that if the computed IRR exceeds the required rate of return or hurdle rate, the project is considered acceptable and may be pursued
The capital budgeting process typically involves three main general steps. Firstly, it includes the identification and generation of investment opportunities. This step entails identifying potential projects or opportunities that align with the company's strategic objectives and have the potential to create value.
Secondly, it involves the evaluation and selection of projects. In this step, companies assess the financial feasibility of each investment opportunity by considering factors such as expected cash flows, risk levels, and return on investment. Various techniques such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period are commonly used in this evaluation process.
Lastly, the capital budgeting process includes the implementation and monitoring of chosen projects. Once projects are selected, they are implemented, and their progress and performance are regularly monitored to ensure they are meeting the desired financial goals.
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a financial metric used in capital budgeting to assess the profitability of an investment. It represents the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows with the present value of cash outflows generated by the investment.
The IRR provides insights into the potential return on investment and helps decision-makers compare different projects. Advantages of using IRR include providing a single rate of return that can be compared with the company's required rate of return, considering the time value of money, and aiding in project ranking and selection.
However, there are also some disadvantages to consider, such as potential complexities in calculating IRR, particularly when cash flows are non-conventional, and conflicts with the reinvestment assumption. The IRR is computed by finding the discount rate that makes the net present value of an investment equal to zero.
The decision rule for IRR is that if the computed IRR exceeds the required rate of return or hurdle rate, the project is considered acceptable and may be pursued.
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Australians buy 1.28 billion litres of sugar-sweetened drinks per annum (2012 figures). Consider the average price of these drinks to be $1.6/litre. Assuming a sales tax (hypothetical scenario) of 25% on soft drinks the price will be increased to $2/litre. The price elasticity of demand for soft drinks is -0.89. How will the increase in the price of soft drinks affect the demand for soft drinks? How much additional revenue will be raised by this tax?
The increase in the price of soft drinks is expected to lead to a decrease in demand by approximately 22.
the increase in the price of soft drinks from $1.6/litre to $2/litre will lead to a decrease in the demand for soft drinks due to the negative price elasticity of demand. the magnitude of the price elasticity of -0.89 indicates that a 1% increase in price will result in a 0.89% decrease in quantity demanded.
given the 25% increase in price (from $1.6/litre to $2/litre), we can calculate the approximate decrease in quantity demanded using the price elasticity formula:
% change in quantity demanded = price elasticity of demand * % change in price
% change in quantity demanded = -0.89 * 25% = -22.25% 25%.
to calculate the additional revenue raised by the tax, we need to multiply the tax rate (25%) by the quantity of soft drinks consumed annually (1.28 billion liters) and the price increase ($0.4/litre).
additional revenue = tax rate * quantity of soft drinks * price increaseadditional revenue = 0.25 * 1.28 billion * $0.4
additional revenue = $128 million
the tax on soft drinks is projected to generate an additional revenue of approximately $128 million.
in summary, the increase in the price of soft drinks due to the hypothetical sales tax will result in a decrease in demand for soft drinks by approximately 22.25%. additionally, the tax is expected to raise approximately $128 million in additional revenue.
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Suppose that on January 6, 2024, Eastem Motors paid $220,000,000 for its 25% investment in Power Motors. Eastern has significant influence over Power after the purchase. Assume Power earned net income of $30,000,000 and paid cash dividends of $10,000,000 to all outstanding stockholders during 2024 . (Assume all outstanding stock is voting stock.) Read the reguirements Requirement 1. What method should Eastem Motors use to account for the investment in Power Motors? Give your reasoning. Eastem Motors should use the method to account for its investment in Power Motors because the investment Suppose that on January 6, 2024, Eastern Motors paid $220,000,000 for its 25% investment in Power Motors. Eastern has significant influence over Power after the purchase. Assume Power earned net income of $30,000,000 and paid cash dividends of $10,000,000 to all outstanding stockholders during 2024. (Assume all outstanding stock is voting stock.) Read the
Eastem Motors should use the equity method to account for its 25% investment in Power Motors, as it has significant influence over the investee. The equity method reflects proportionate share of net income and dividends.
Requirement 1:
Eastem Motors should use the equity method to account for its investment in Power Motors.
Reasoning:
The equity method is appropriate when an investor has significant influence over the investee, but not control. In this case, Eastem Motors has significant influence over Power Motors after the purchase of the 25% investment.
According to the criteria for applying the equity method, significant influence is generally assumed when an investor owns between 20% and 50% of the voting stock of the investee.
Since Eastem Motors owns 25% of Power Motors, it meets this ownership threshold.
Under the equity method, Eastem Motors would initially record the investment in Power Motors at its cost of $220,000,000.
Subsequently, Eastem Motors would adjust its investment balance each year by its share of Power Motors' net income and dividends.
Given that Power Motors earned a net income of $30,000,000 and paid cash dividends of $10,000,000 during 2024, Eastem Motors would recognize its 25% share of these amounts.
It would increase its investment by $7,500,000 (25% of $30,000,000) for its share of net income and decrease its investment by $2,500,000 (25% of $10,000,000) for its share of dividends.
By using the equity method, Eastem Motors appropriately reflects its proportionate share of Power Motors' financial performance and retains significant influence over the investee's operations in its financial statements.
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