(a) The target cost of the product is RM16.60 per unit.
a) The target cost of the product can be calculated as shown below:
Target cost = Expected selling price - Desired profit
Expected selling price = RM21.00
Target profit = 40% of the product cost
= 40% × (RM21.00 − RM10.00)
= RM4.40
Target cost = RM21.00 − RM4.40
= RM16.60
Therefore, the target cost of the product is RM16.60 per unit.
b) The original lifecycle cost per unit can be calculated as shown below:
Original lifecycle cost per unit = Design and development costs + Manufacturing costs + End of life costs
= RM50,000 + (RM10.00 × 10,000) + RM20,000= RM170,000
The product may not be worth making on that basis because the original lifecycle cost per unit is RM17.00, which is higher than the target cost of RM16.60 per unit.
c) The maximum manufacturing cost per unit that could be tolerated if the company is to earn its required mark-up can be calculated as shown below:
Maximum manufacturing cost per unit = (Expected selling price − Desired profit) − Design and development costs − End of life costs − Additional design costsMaximum manufacturing cost per unit
= (RM21.00 − RM8.40) − RM50,000 − RM20,000 − RM15,000
= RM2.60
Therefore, the maximum manufacturing cost per unit that could be tolerated if the company is to earn its required markup is RM2.60.
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(10 marks or 20 minutes) In likely the most read graduate microeconomics text, the author offers the following as the welfare function in his chapter on Welfare Economics: W = a'u' + a²u² where ah is some fixed weight on individual h which can differ across individuals and u" is the utility for individual h. It is called the weighted sum of utilities welfare function. a) 5 marks (10 minutes) Is it necessarily consistent with our 7 principles? If so, explain fully. If not, determine which principle(s) may be violated by this welfare function and fully explain. b) 5 marks (10 minutes) On the standard bowed out from the origin UPF we use; can all Pareto efficient allocations be welfare maximums with the right specification of this weighted sum of utilities welfare function? Explain fully.
The weighted sum of utilities welfare function may not be entirely consistent with the seven principles of welfare economics. Specifically, it can violate the Pareto efficiency and the equity principles.
In welfare economics, the goal is to optimize societal welfare, which often involves the balance between efficiency and equity. The function W = a'u' + a²u² assigns weights (a and a²) to individuals' utilities (u' and u²), and by doing so, it might privilege some individuals over others. This weighting could conflict with the Pareto principle if a redistribution of resources could make someone better off without making anyone else worse off. Also, the given weighting might infringe upon the equity principle if these weights are not allocated fairly.
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Experts felt that one of the biggest challenges faced by MTV whilst launching MTV
Arabia was the prevalent culture in the Arab world. Discuss the Arab culture (hint: You
aren’t required to describe every country that belongs to the Arab region; focus on the big
picture "the general agreed-upon cultural norms and perspectives between all Arabs") (5
marks)
The Arab culture is known for its hospitality, and visitors are often treated with warmth and generosity. Dance and music play a crucial role in Arab culture and are often used as a form of entertainment.
MTV had a challenging task while launching MTV Arabia because one of the most significant problems was the Arab culture. One of the most distinctive cultural characteristics of the Arab world is its homogeneity, meaning that the culture is consistent and relatively uniform throughout the Arab world. This consistency is evident in many aspects of the Arab culture, including food, clothing, and language, among others. Arabic is the official language spoken in all Arab countries, although there are variations in dialects across the region. Arabic language plays a crucial role in defining the Arab culture's identity and unity. Islam is the predominant religion in the Arab world, and its principles, teachings, and values have shaped and influenced Arab culture. Family ties are incredibly significant in Arab culture, and it is customary to greet each other with warmth and affection. Family members often rely on each other for support in times of need. The culture of honor is another significant aspect of Arab culture. It is viewed as a precious commodity that must be protected at all costs.
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explain how fractional reserve banking inherently involves the risk of bank runs
Fractional reserve banking inherently involves the risk of bank runs due to the practice of banks keeping only a fraction of deposits as reserves.
Fractional reserve banking is a banking system where banks are required to hold only a fraction of the deposits they receive as reserves, while the rest can be loaned out or invested. This allows banks to create money through the process of lending and earning interest on the loans. However, it also creates a vulnerability within the banking system.
The risk of bank runs arises because if a large number of depositors simultaneously demand their funds, the bank may not have enough reserves to fulfill all the withdrawal requests. When depositors lose confidence in a bank's ability to honor its obligations, they may rush to withdraw their funds out of fear of losing their money.
Bank runs can quickly lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where the panic-induced withdrawals deplete the bank's reserves even further, making it unable to meet all withdrawal demands. This can result in the collapse of the bank, causing financial instability and potential contagion to other banks.
To mitigate the risk of bank runs, regulatory measures such as deposit insurance and lender of last resort facilities are in place to provide stability and confidence in the banking system. However, the inherent risk of bank runs remains a characteristic of fractional reserve banking.
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What is a project champion and list some ways to keep a champion involved with the project.
A project champion is an individual who is passionate about the project and willing to fight for its success. They possess a deep understanding of the project's objectives, as well as the knowledge, skills, and resources necessary to achieve them.
They also have excellent communication skills and the ability to inspire others to contribute to the project.A project champion can play a crucial role in the project's success. Here are some ways to keep a champion involved in the project:1. Recognize and reward their contributions to the project.2. Keep them informed of the project's progress and milestones.3. Involve them in key decisions and problem-solving activities.4. Provide them with the resources and support they need to be successful.5. Keep them engaged by assigning challenging tasks and responsibilities.
6. Celebrate successes and recognize the contributions of the project champion and the project team.7. Encourage them to share their ideas and insights with the team.8. Ensure that they have a clear understanding of the project's goals and objectives and how their contributions will help achieve them.9. Listen to their feedback and address their concerns.10. Keep them motivated by providing regular updates on the project's progress and its impact on the organization.
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For a process with a centered mean to achieve three-sigma quality, how many standard deviations (assuming its value is known or estimated) can be covered between the lower and upper specification limits (LSL and USL)? 1 2 12 6 3 A supplier claims to have a product specification of 5 +0.1 kg in weight. According to its machine operator's record, the production process actually has the sample mean of 5.02 kg and a standard deviation of 0.04 kg. Calculate the process capability index for this supplier. What is your conclusion of the supplier's quality performance? Cpk - 0.67, the process has not even reached a 3-sigma quality Cpk = 1.33, the process has achieved a 6-sigma quality Cpk = 1.33, the process has achieved a 3-sigma quality Cpk - 2, the process has achieved a 6-sigma quality Cpk - 2. the process has achieved a 3-sigma quality
To achieve three-sigma quality, a process with a centered mean should cover 6 standard deviations between the lower and upper specification limits (LSL and USL).
In the given example, the process has a specification of 5 + 0.1 kg, which means the LSL is 4.9 kg and the USL is 5.1 kg. The sample mean of the production process is 5.02 kg, and the standard deviation is 0.04 kg.
To calculate the process capability index (Cpk), we need to determine the process capability ratio (Cp) first using the formula:
Cp = (USL - LSL) / (6 * standard deviation)
Cp = (5.1 - 4.9) / (6 * 0.04)
= 0.2 / 0.24
≈ 0.83
Once we have Cp, we can calculate Cpk using the formula:
Cpk = min((USL - mean) / (3 * standard deviation), (mean - LSL) / (3 * standard deviation))
Cpk = min((5.1 - 5.02) / (3 * 0.04), (5.02 - 4.9) / (3 * 0.04))
= min(0.08 / 0.12, 0.12 / 0.12)
= min(0.67, 1)
= 0.67
Therefore, the process capability index (Cpk) for this supplier is 0.67.
Based on this result, the correct conclusion would be:
Cpk = 0.67, the process has not even reached a 3-sigma quality.
This indicates that the process is not capable of consistently producing within the specified limits. The variability of the process is such that it falls short of achieving even a 3-sigma level of quality. Further improvements are needed to enhance the process capability and reduce variation.
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Company X and Company Y are very similar in every dimension. Company X issued bonds with the sinking fund provision while company Y issued bonds without the sinking fund provision. Which company's bond should offer lower yield?
O A. Company X
O B. Company Y
O C. Their yields should be the same
The correct answer is:O B. Company Y. When comparing similar bonds, a bond with a sinking fund provision is generally considered less risky for investors.
The sinking fund provision requires the issuer (in this case, Company X) to set aside funds periodically to retire a portion of the bond before maturity.
This provides added security to bondholders as it reduces the risk of default. As a result, investors typically demand a lower yield for bonds with a sinking fund provision compared to bonds without such a provision. Therefore, Company Y's bond, without the sinking fund provision, should offer a higher yield.
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Back in 2020, you purchased a new Subaru Outback for $25,000. Due to the hot used car market, you can still re-sell this car for $22,000. What is the opportunity cost of continuing to use this car?
$25,000
$0
$22,000
$3,000
The opportunity cost of continuing to use the car is $3,000, as the current market value is $22,000 and the initial purchase price was $25,000.
The opportunity cost is determined by comparing the value of the next best alternative forgone. In this case, the next best alternative is selling the car for its current market value of $22,000.
By choosing to keep and use the car, you are giving up the opportunity to recoup the $3,000 difference between the initial purchase price and the current market value.
This $3,000 represents the potential benefit or value that could have been gained by selling the car instead.
Therefore, the opportunity cost of continuing to use the car is $3,000, reflecting the foregone opportunity to recover that amount by selling it in the hot used car market.
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A randomized control experiment to test the utility of a health drink was conducted between two groups of individuals of the same age, height, and weight. The number of individuals in the control group and the treatment group were 106 and 100 respectively. One group (the treatment group) was asked to consume the health drink for a certain period of time and the other group (the control group) was not permitted to consume the drink for the same interval of time. The objective was to check whether the BMI (Body Mass Index) of those who consume the drink remains the same or increases significantly relative to the control group. Let Yedenote the mean BMI of the control group and let P, denote the mean BM of the treatment group. Yo was calculated to be 20 whereas Yr was calculated to be 30. Let the population mean for those who consume the drink bey and the population mean for those who don't consume the drink bec Which of the following hypotheses should be used to compare the causal effect of the health drink on the BMI in order to ful the experiments objective? OA. H₂ #r- 10 vs H₂0 H₂##0 vs. H₁ T-Mo OC. M₂ Mr-Mo 0 vs H₁ ##0 OD. M₂-c0vs M₂1-10 Let me and ag te the number of individuals and the standard deviation of the control group, and let my and ay be the number of individuals and the standard deviation of the treatment group, respectively Complete the given table Difference Treatment vs. Control Group A (Central group) % nc Group Yy1 100 36 13 prade (Py-o) (-o) 90% confidence interval C OD 20 10 (Round your answers to four decimal places) 105 20 42 30
The hypothesis that should be used to compare the causal effect of the health drink on the BMI in order to fulfill the experiment's objective is:
H₂: μ₁ - μ₀ > 0 (Alternative hypothesis)
H₀: μ₁ - μ₀ ≤ 0 (Null hypothesis)
where μ₁ represents the population mean BMI of those who consume the health drink and μ₀ represents the population mean BMI of those who do not consume the health drink.
To calculate the difference between the treatment and control group means, we have:
Y₁ = 30 (mean BMI of the treatment group)
Y₀ = 20 (mean BMI of the control group)
The calculated difference is:
Y₁ - Y₀ = 30 - 20 = 10
To complete the given table:
Difference Treatment vs. Control Group
A (Central group) % nc Group Y₁ Y₀ Y₁ - Y₀ Pr(Y₁ - Y₀)
100 36 13 10 (-∞, 19.018)
Using a 90% confidence interval, we can conclude that the difference in mean BMI between the treatment and control groups (Y₁ - Y₀) falls within the range of (-∞, 19.018). This means that there is evidence to suggest that the health drink may have a positive effect on BMI, as the lower bound of the confidence interval is greater than zero.
Based on the hypothesis and the calculated difference in mean BMI, the experiment suggests that the health drink may have a significant impact on increasing BMI compared to the control group. However, further analysis and interpretation of the results, along with additional considerations, are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
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a. Agricultural household models enables policymakers to examine the consequences of an agricultural policy in three dimensions. Identify and briefly explain these dimensions. (3 marks) b. Below is the basic model of an agricultural household: U = x 5 x 5 x?: PMXM = P.(Q - X) - w(L - F); X+F=T; Q = ALO.5 -0.5 where P = price of market-purchased commodity; Pa = price of agricultural staple; w= wage rate; F = family labour input; L=total labour demand; XA = agricultural staple; XM market-purchased good; X, = hours of leisure; T = total stock of household time; A household's fixed quantity of land; Q = total output of agricultural staple Assuming the agricultural household is a price-taker in all markets, consumes 10 hours of leisure out of a total time stock of 24 hours, pays a wage rate of Gh c 2, receives a price of Gh c 2 for its agricultural staple, pays a price of Gh c 3 for market-purchased commodity and employs 10 units of land for the cultivation of its agricultural staple. Answer the following questions: i. Show that the household's production decision does not depend on it consumption and labour supply decisions ii. Does this household hire labour? If so, how much? iii. What is the total output of the agricultural staple produced by the household? iv. How much farm profit does this household make? 1 What are the levels of XA and Xm that maximizes the household's utility? vi. What is quantity of the household's marketed surplus of XA?
Agricultural household models enables policymakers to examine the consequences of an agricultural policy in three dimensions.
The three dimensions enabled by agricultural household models are production, consumption, and labor supply. The policy's effect can be examined in terms of its effect on these dimensions. Production is represented by ALO.5 -0.5
Yes, this household hires labor. The amount of labor the household hires is 6.The household's total agricultural output is 7.75.iv. The household makes a farm profit of 15.5.
XA = 2 and XM = 2, which maximizes the household's utility. The household's marketed surplus of XA .
An agricultural household model is a type of microeconomic model that attempts to understand how households, rather than individuals or corporations, make decisions about agricultural production, consumption, and labor. The model takes into account the household's decision-making processes and the constraints it faces, such as land availability, wage rates, and commodity prices.
The primary purpose of the agricultural household model is to help policymakers and researchers understand how changes in agricultural policies and market conditions affect rural households' production and welfare. By understanding how households respond to various stimuli, policymakers can design more effective policies that will benefit rural households in the long run.
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What are the characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market? 1) Degree of substitution among products: High 2) Entry and exit: Free 3) Type of product: Differentiated What happens to the equilibrium price and quantity in such a market if one firm introduces a new, improved product? If a firm introduces a new, improved product, then O A. the demand curve for each of the other firms remains unaffected, leaving the price and quantity received by those incumbents unchanged. OB. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, reducing the price and increasing quantity received by those incumbents. O C. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, increasing the price and quantity received by those incumbents. OD. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents. O E. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts outward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents.
In a monopolistically competitive market, if a firm introduces a new, improved product, the demand curve for each of the other firms will shift inward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents.
In a monopolistically competitive market, firms offer differentiated products, meaning they have some degree of uniqueness or variation in their products. Each firm has some control over the price it charges due to the differentiation. When a firm introduces a new, improved product in this market, it attracts customers and creates a competitive advantage.
The entry of a new, improved product affects the demand for other firms' products in the market. Consumers may shift their preferences and demand more of the new product, leading to a decrease in demand for the existing products. This decrease in demand results in a leftward shift of the demand curve for each of the other firms. As a result, the price and quantity received by those incumbents decrease.
The introduction of a new, improved product intensifies competition in the market and puts pressure on existing firms to innovate or differentiate their products further to maintain their market share. This dynamic process of competition and product differentiation characterizes monopolistically competitive markets.
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Which of the following is not a key role of an investment banker?a)Market-makerb)Underwriterc)Acting as a transfer agentd)Agent in private placement
Out of the given options, is that acting as a transfer agent is not a key role of an investment banker is the correct option.
Below are some of the key roles that an investment banker plays: Key roles of an Investment Banker.
1.Market-maker: Market-making is the process by which investment bankers make a market for the security they issue. In other words, it is the process by which investment bankers ensure that buyers and sellers are always available.
2. Underwriter: An underwriter is a financial institution that helps companies raise capital by issuing debt or equity. An investment banker underwrites new securities issued by companies, which means it buys all of the securities at a discounted rate and then resells them to the public at a higher rate.
3. Agent in private placement: An investment banker can also act as an agent in private placement. Private placement is a method of raising funds by selling securities to a small group of investors.
4. Merger and acquisition (M&A): Investment bankers play a key role in M&A transactions. They provide strategic advice to companies that are looking to merge or acquire another company. They also help companies raise capital to fund the transaction.
5. Sales and trading: Investment bankers are involved in the sales and trading of securities. They help clients buy and sell securities in the market, and provide advice on market trends and opportunities.
6. Research: Investment bankers also conduct research on various companies and industries to identify potential investment opportunities.
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3 An decrease in the separation rate will cause: The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up. The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot down. The BC curve to shift right and the VC curve to pivot up. The BC curve to shift right and the VC curve to pivot down. QUESTION 4 Which of the following statements is false? Unions can have sufficient bargaining power to push wages above competitive market levels. Sticky wage theories cannot explain frictional unemployment. The search and matching model is an example of a sticky wage theory. None of the above statements are false.
The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up would be caused by a decrease in the separation rate.Answer: When the separation rate falls, it means that less workers are leaving their jobs.
This will increase the unemployment rate. Hence, in such situations, businesses do not need to pay their employees more wages to entice them to stay, and wages can actually fall due to the surplus of labor. Thus, a decrease in the separation rate will cause the BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up.4) Sticky wage theories cannot explain frictional unemployment is a false statement.Answer: Sticky wage theories can explain frictional unemployment.
Sticky wage theories propose that wages are “sticky” and that the time it takes for them to adjust to changes in the market is longer than what might be expected. Due to this stickiness, changes in wages are sluggish, and it takes time to change them. This leads to unemployment.
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XPO Corporation has a minimum tax credit of $55,900 from 2017. XPO's 2018 tax liability before any MTC carryover is $32,000. What is XPO's minimum tax credit carryover to 2019, if any? Multiple Choice O $55,900. $23,900. $11,950. $0.
The correct answer is $32,000.To determine XPO Corporation's minimum tax credit carryover to 2019, we need to compare its 2018 tax liability to the available minimum tax credit (MTC) from 2017.
In this case, XPO Corporation has a minimum tax credit of $55,900 from 2017, and its 2018 tax liability before any MTC carryover is $32,000.
The MTC carryover to 2019 would be the lesser of two values: the available MTC from 2017 or the 2018 tax liability.
Comparing the two values:
Available MTC from 2017: $55,900
2018 tax liability: $32,000
Since the 2018 tax liability is lower than the available MTC from 2017, the MTC carryover to 2019 would be $32,000.
Therefore, the correct answer is $32,000.
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Suppose the unemployment last year was 3.9% and the labor force was 165 m people. The unemployment rate this month was 3.5%. If there was no change in the labor force, how many fewer people are unemployed this month compared to last year? Now, suppose 2 million people left the labor force since last year. What would the change in the number of unemployed people be in that case?
The number of fewer unemployed people this month, compared to last year, is approximately 544,500 individuals. However, if 2 million people left the labor force since last year, the change in the number of unemployed people would be zero, as the decrease in the labor force would offset the decrease in the unemployment rate.
To calculate the number of fewer unemployed people this month compared to last year, we first find the number of unemployed individuals in each period. In the first scenario, with an unemployment rate of 3.9% and a labor force of 165 million people, the number of unemployed individuals would be 3.9% of 165 million, which equals approximately 6.435 million. In the second scenario, with an unemployment rate of 3.5%, the number of unemployed individuals would be 3.5% of 165 million, which equals approximately 5.775 million. The difference between these two numbers is approximately 660,000, indicating that there are 544,500 fewer unemployed people this month compared to last year.
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Karan Goes Home- Due at the end of class on June 7, 2022
Karan, has returned to India after living and working overseas for many years. He came to Canada in 2010, got a degree from Loyalist College and worked for 2 Canadian firms that dealt mostly domestically and with US customers. He started in the accounting department and worked his way up " the ladder" to managing teams in various departments and was a member of the Executive Management Team for planning strategy.
He has received a very good offer from Sandra India Inc and has returned with some prodding from his family who has found him a lovely bride.
He is trying to settle into the new workplace where he has ` the challenging task of turning around a department that has not been performing well. He has worked out a plan and hopes to show results soon by getting his team to deliver stretch targets. A "stretch target" is one that the organization cannot achieve simply by working a little harder or a little smarter. To achieve a stretch target, people have to invent new strategies, new incentives—entirely new ways of achieving their purpose. Knowing that he has a strong team who are committed, he has been trying to lead them in the way that has worked for him in the past.
After a short period of time he is called by Megha who is the Senior EVP of HR and advised to reflect on his style because there have been numerous complaints from his departmental subordinates that his style is unfriendly and overly critical.
He is truly shocked and shaken to hear this. How is it possible that despite his efforts to treat everyone well while trying to get them to perform at their best to implement his turnaround plan that they have reacted this way.
QUESTION
Give your conclusion on the best possible solution?
Karan, who has been away from India for several years, has now returned and is working for Sandra India Inc. As a new employee, Karan's job is to turn around a department that has been underperforming.
Despite Karan's attempts to treat everyone well while attempting to get them to perform at their best in implementing his turnaround plan, he has received numerous complaints from his departmental subordinates about his style, which is unfriendly and overly critical. Best Possible Solution: Karan should reflect on his Executive Management Team style because the complaints are likely to be genuine. He should attempt to develop a more collaborative and empathetic leadership approach that emphasizes employee engagement and involvement in decision-making and problem-solving. Karan should also look for the root cause of the underperformance, identify the problems, and work collaboratively with his team to solve them.
Karan should also consult with his Executive Management Team to establish a roadmap for improvement and provide a platform for better communication between employees and management. This would assist Karan in determining the most effective method for implementing his stretch targets.
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Q5. Suppose that an auto company owned entirely by German citizens opens a new factory in Johor. What sort of foreign investment would this represent? b. What would be the effect of this investment on Malaysia's GDP? Would the effect on Malaysia's GNP be larger or smaller?
Foreign investment is the investment of capital from a nation's residents into the foreign nation's economy, in this case, Malaysia. Suppose that an auto company wholly owned by German citizens opens a new factory in Johor.
This investment would be a form of foreign direct investment (FDI), which refers to the acquisition of assets or ownership of production facilities in a foreign country that is aimed at earning income and obtaining operational control over the foreign asset.
The investment would have a significant impact on Malaysia's gross domestic product (GDP), as it would increase economic activity in the region. Malaysia's GDP would be positively impacted as a result of the auto company's investment.
The net contribution of the auto company to the Malaysian economy's output would be the effect of this investment on Malaysia's GDP. The effect on Malaysia's Gross National Product (GNP) would be greater than on GDP because GNP measures the value of output produced by Malaysian citizens, regardless of their location, whereas GDP only measures output produced within Malaysia's borders.
Thus, if the new factory employs foreign workers, a portion of the factory's income would be sent back to Germany, which would increase GNP but not GDP.
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The financial information of Z, Inc. is as follows:
EBIT/share: $5
EPS: $3
Growth rate: 15%
Stock Price per share: $48
The industry averages of price-EBIT ratio, PE ratio and PEG ratio are 10, 15, and 1.2 respectively.
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PE ratio?
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PEG ratio?
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the price-EBIT ratio?
Which ratio indicates that Z is overvalued?
To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PE ratio, we can multiply the EPS by the PE ratio. Given that the EPS is $3 and the PE ratio is 15, the implied stock price would be $3 * 15 = $45. To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PEG ratio, we multiply the EPS by the PEG ratio.
The PEG ratio is a measure of the stock's valuation relative to its growth rate. Given a growth rate of 15% and a PEG ratio of 1.2, the implied stock price would be $3 * 1.2 = $3.60. To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the price-EBIT ratio, we multiply the EBIT per share by the price-EBIT ratio. The EBIT per share is $5 and the price-EBIT ratio is 10. Therefore, the implied stock price would be $5 * 10 = $50. Comparing the calculated implied stock prices with the actual stock price per share of $48, we can see that the PEG ratio indicates that Z, Inc. is overvalued. The implied stock price using the PEG ratio of $3.60 is lower than the actual stock price of $48, suggesting that the stock may be overpriced relative to its growth rate.
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Industry Application Questions Note: for Ambulance services industry, think of South Aust situation only in all industry applied questions Question 7.1: Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define a monopoly market structure. Is your industry a monopoly industry? Question 7.2: Is it possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run? Explain, using a diagram. Consider the cases of a private monopoly and a regulated monopoly.
Answer 7.1: The Ambulance services industry in South Aust can be considered a monopoly industry.
Answer 7.2: The firm cannot charge a higher price, leading to a lower economic profit or economic loss.
Explanation:
Answer 7.1: A monopoly market structure is characterized by having one single provider who produces a product that has no alternatives. An industry that operates under these characteristics is said to be a monopoly industry. The ambulance services industry in South Aust has some key characteristics that define whether it is a monopoly industry or not. They include the following: There are no close alternatives to the services offered by the Ambulance services industry.
The industry controls the price at which the services are offered. The government establishes the price for the industry. The industry is protected by high entry barriers that deter competition from other firms. The government has limited the entry of new firms into the market. The industry's entry barriers include high start-up costs, licenses, and permits that are only issued by the government.
Therefore, from the above analysis, it's clear that the Ambulance services industry in South Aust can be considered a monopoly industry because it meets all the characteristics that define the monopoly market structure.
Answer 7.2: Yes, it is possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run. A firm that operates in a monopoly market structure has complete control of the market and, therefore, can set any price it wants. The firm's pricing strategy depends on the demand curve and the level of production output. If the demand is inelastic, the firm can charge a higher price for the services offered.
In the short run, a monopoly firm can make either an economic profit or an economic loss. However, in the long run, the firm is likely to make economic profit because entry into the market is not allowed. If the firm were to make an economic loss in the short run, it would continue operating in the market because there is no competition to drive it out of business.
The figure below shows the profit maximization graph for a monopoly firm. As seen from the graph, the profit-maximizing level of output is at point P, where
MR=MC.
The firm will make an economic profit of ABP. However, if the price is higher than the average total cost (ATC), the firm will make an economic profit. Conversely, if the price is lower than the ATC, the firm will make an economic loss.
In the case of a private monopoly, the firm has complete control over the pricing of the services offered. Therefore, the firm can charge a higher price, leading to a higher economic profit. In contrast, in the case of a regulated monopoly, the government regulates the pricing of the services. Therefore, the firm cannot charge a higher price, leading to a lower economic profit or economic loss.
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ClamShell Security (CSS) is a division of a large, listed company, X3Cate Limited (X3L). The CSS Division produces software products to protect customer’s computers from infection from computer viruses and other malware. The sales of its products have been growing over the last few years as its products become more accepted in the market. The Board of X3L want to introduce a new product line that would specifically protect against Ransomware, a new security threat, particularly business customers. Each Divisional Manager can earn large bonuses on top of their base salaries if they maintain Return on Investment greater than 25% otherwise the bonus payments are halved.
The following information is for the year that has just ended related to the CSS Division performance:
Profit percentage (Return on Sales): 30%
Sales revenue: $15 000 000
Average capital invested $18 000 000
7.
Required:
Calculate the Return on Investment (ROI) achieved by the CSS Division over the past year? (3 marks)
To calculate the Return on Investment (ROI) achieved by the CSS Division, we need to divide the division's profit by its average capital invested.
Profit percentage (Return on Sales): 30%
Sales revenue: $15,000,000
Average capital invested: $18,000,000
To find the profit, we multiply the profit percentage by the sales revenue:
Profit = 30% x $15,000,000 = $4,500,000
Return on Investment (ROI) = Profit / Average capital invested
ROI = $4,500,000 / $18,000,000 = 0.25 or 25%
The ROI achieved by the CSS Division over the past year is 25%. Since the ROI is equal to the threshold of 25% required by the Board to earn full bonuses, the Divisional Manager would be eligible for the full bonus payment.
This indicates that the division has effectively utilized its capital to generate a profit, meeting the performance expectation set by the Board. The ROI reflects the division's ability to generate returns from the investment made in the business, demonstrating its profitability and efficiency.
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Lane Industries is considering three independent projects, each of which requires a $1.6 million investment. The estimated internal rate of return (IRR) and cost of capital for these projects are presented here:
Project H (high risk): Cost of capital = 12% IRR = 14%
Project M (medium risk): Cost of capital = 11% IRR = 9%
Project L (low risk): Cost of capital = 7% IRR = 8%
Note that the projects' costs of capital vary because the projects have different levels of risk. The company's optimal capital structure calls for 40% debt and 60% common equity, and it expects to have net income of $3,500,000. If Lane establishes its dividends from the residual dividend model, what will be its payout ratio? Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
_____________%
To determine Lane Industries' payout ratio, we need to calculate the total dividends paid out to common equity shareholders. The payout ratio is defined as the ratio of dividends to net income. Here's how we can calculate it:
Net Income = $3,500,000
Since the company follows the residual dividend model, it first covers its financing needs and then distributes the remaining funds as dividends. Given that the optimal capital structure is 40% debt and 60% common equity, we need to calculate the financing needs and subtract them from the net income.
Financing Needs = Total Investment - Equity Portion
= $1,600,000 - (0.60 * $1,600,000)
= $1,600,000 - $960,000
= $640,000
After covering the financing needs, the remaining funds are available for dividends:
Available Dividends = Net Income - Financing Needs
= $3,500,000 - $640,000
= $2,860,000
Now we can calculate the payout ratio:
Payout Ratio = Dividends / Net Income
= Available Dividends / Net Income
= $2,860,000 / $3,500,000
= 0.8171 (rounded to four decimal places)
Therefore, the payout ratio is 81.71%.
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The requirement for testing cannot be completed any earlier than four days after the prototype is built is best represented by? Start-to-start with lag Finish-to-start with lag Finish-to-Finish with lag Start-to-Start with lag
The Finish-to-Start with lag is the best representation of the condition that testing cannot be finished earlier than four days after the prototype is constructed.
Finish-to-Start with Lag is a type of dependency in which the first task, or predecessor, must be completed before the second task, or successor, can begin, but there must be a period of time before the second task can begin. The period of time that elapses between the conclusion of one operation and the commencement of the next is referred to as lag time.
There are four types of dependencies, namely Start-to-Start (SS), Finish-to-Finish (FF), Start-to-Finish (SF), and Finish-to-Start (FS). In this question, we can deduce that the testing process cannot begin any earlier than four days after the prototype is built. This means that the first task, the prototype, must be completed before the testing process, which is the second task, can begin.
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1) A worker has an income of $12,000.00, an MPC of 0.80 and pays taxes of 15% and also receives a remittance of $50. Calculate consumption and savings. 2) An economy has a consumption function of C=50+90Yd. Tax collection is $30 million, investment is $50 million, and public spending is $40. Calculate the macroeconomic balance.
1) Calculation of consumption and savings:The MPC is defined as the proportion of a change in income that is consumed. MPC = change in consumption/change in incomeGiven the MPC of 0.80, the remaining proportion of income is saved.
MPS = 1 - MPC = 1 - 0.80 = 0.20The total income received by the worker is $12,000.00, and the taxes paid is 15%, so the net income is:$12,000 - (0.15 * $12,000) = $10,200 Remittance is $50, so disposable income is:$10,200 + $50 = $10,250Consumption is:$10,250 * 0.80 = $8,200 Savings is:$10,250 * 0.20 = $2,050 Therefore, consumption is $8,200 and savings are $2,050.2) Calculation of macroeconomic balance:The consumption function of the economy is given by:C = 50 + 90Yd Given tax collection of $30 million, investment of $50 million, and public spending of $40 million, we can calculate the equilibrium level of income as follows:Aggregate expenditure (AE) = Consumption (C) + Investment (I) + Government spending (G)AE = C + I + GAE = (50 + 90Yd) + 50 + 40 Substituting in G, we get: AE = 50 + 90 Yd + 50 + 40AE = 90Yd + 140At equilibrium, AE = Y:Y = AEY = 90 Yd + 140 Y - 90 Yd = 140 Y = 140/10 = $14 billion The macroeconomic balance is calculated as the difference between aggregate expenditure and GDP.
Macroeconomic balance = AE - GDP Macroeconomic balance = (50 + 90Yd) + 50 + 40 - $14 billion Macroeconomic balance = 90Yd - $13.86 billion Therefore, the macroeconomic balance is $90Yd - $13.86 billion.
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In the Model of Open Economy (Figure 1 below), use Saving (S), Investment (1), Net Export (NX), Net Capital Outflow (NCO) or their combinations to fill in the blanks in below: a. Demand of Loanable Funds is b. Supply of Loanable Funds is c. Demand of Domestic Currency is d. Supply of Domestic Currency is Fill in the blank with the comma separating the answers, for example: S, S+I, NX, NCO Real Interest Rate 4 (a) The Market for Loanable Funds Supply Demand Figure 1 Real Interest Rate 4 (b) Net Capital Outflow Net capital outflow, NCO Real Exchange Rate E₁ Supply Demand Quantity of Dollars
In the Model of Open Economy (Figure 1 below), the following terms can be used to fill in the blanks:a. Demand of Loanable Funds is S + NCOb. Supply of Loanable Funds is S + I + NXc.
Demand of Domestic Currency is NX + NCOd. Supply of Domestic Currency is NCO or S + NXReal Interest Rate 4(a) The Market for Loanable FundsSupply: S + I + NXDemand: S + NCOFigure 1Real Interest Rate 4(b) Net Capital OutflowNet capital outflow, NCOReal Exchange Rate E₁Supply: NCO or S + NXDemand: NX + NCOQuantity of DollarsMore than 100 words:An open economy is one that interacts with the rest of the world.
An open economy consists of households, businesses, and governments that purchase and sell goods and services in international markets, as well as domestic economies that interact with each other. Economic models of open economies help us understand the implications of international trade and capital flows.
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Suppose w=5, r=20, and the production function is Q=54L0.8K0.2. For this production function MPL=43.2(K/L) 0.2 and MPK-10.8(L/K)0.8 A. Write the formula for this firm's marginal rate of technical substitution. When this firm uses the same amount of labour as capital, MRTS = B. Suppose the firm wants to produce Qo-999. Write the two conditions which the firm's least-cost choice of labour and capital must satisfy. The least-cost way for this firm to produce output level Qo is to choose L= and K= . In this case the firm's total cost will be $ C. Give the equation for this firm's total cost. With the conventional axes, accurately draw the isocost line in this case. The slope of this isocost line is and the vertical intercept is Now sketch a representative isoquant for Qo passing through the firm's choice of labour and capital. D. Suppose the union doubles wages. With its current use of inputs, the firm's total cost is now $ Draw the new isocost line. It has slope and vertical intercept E. On the same graph, sketch an approximation of the hypothetical isocost line showing how the firm will substitute capital for employment as a result of the union's wage raise. Then sketch a hypothetical new isoquant showing how the firm will adjust its scale in response to higher union wages if labour is a normal input.
A. The formula for this firm's marginal rate of technical substitution is
MRTS= MPL/MPK= (43.2(K/L)0.2)/(-10.8(L/K)0.8)=-4(K/L)0.2(L/K)-0.8.
B. When this firm uses the same amount of labor as capital, the MRTS is equal to the slope of the isoquant;
hence, MRTS = -4(K/L)0.2(L/K)-0.8 = -4.
The two conditions which the firm's least-cost choice of labor and capital must satisfy are as follows:MPK/ w = MPL / r, and MPL/w < MPK/r. The least-cost way for this firm to produce output level Qo is to choose L=11.03 and K=16.92. In this case, the firm's total cost will be $ 189.02.
The equation for this firm's total cost is TC = wL + rK, which is $ 945.10. The isocost line's slope is -w / r = -1/4, and the vertical intercept is w / r = 1/4. When the hypothetical isocost line showing how the firm will substitute capital for employment as a result of the union's wage raise is drawn, it is shown that the slope is -w / r.
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According to research, employees will have a more positive mood on sunny days as opposed to rainy days.
True
False
According to the research, it is true that employees will have a more positive mood on sunny days as compared to rainy days. The weather is an external factor that affects the way people think, feel, and behave.
Weather has been found to have an impact on mood and performance. The impact of the weather can be seen on the behavior of the employees. In general, it has been found that employees tend to be more productive, happy, and satisfied with their job on sunny days. On rainy days, however, employees tend to be more irritable, anxious, and unproductive. This is due to the fact that sunny weather has a positive impact on mood and attitude while rainy weather has a negative impact on mood and attitude. Therefore, organizations need to take into account the impact of the weather on the performance of employees. They need to create an environment that is conducive to productivity and well-being.
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a) Prepare a production cost schedule for the Assembly
Department at the end of September using the weighted average
method of process costing.
b) Prepare the necessary journal entries.
its
j
$164,160 Required: a) Prepare a production cost schedule for the Assembly Department at the end of September using the weighted average method of process costing (marks) b) Prepare the necessary journ
To prepare the production cost schedule for the Assembly Department at the end of September using the weighted average method of process costing, we need to calculate the equivalent units of production and the cost per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs.
(a) Production Cost Schedule:
| | Units | Direct Materials | Conversion Costs |
|--------------------------|---------|------------------|-----------------|
| Beginning WIP Inventory | 6,400 | | |
| Units started | 8,000 | | |
| Total Units | 14,400 | | |
| Units completed | 12,800 | | |
| Ending WIP Inventory | ? | | |
To calculate the equivalent units of production and the cost per equivalent unit, we need to consider the degree of completion for both direct materials and conversion costs.
Equivalent Units of Production:
Direct Materials: Units completed = 12,800 units
Degree of completion = 100%
Equivalent units of production for direct materials = Units completed * Degree of completion
= 12,800 units * 100%
= 12,800 units
Conversion Costs: Units completed = 12,800 units
Degree of completion = 60%
Equivalent units of production for conversion costs = Units completed * Degree of completion
= 12,800 units * 60%
= 7,680 units
Cost per Equivalent Unit:
Direct Materials Cost = $520,000
Equivalent units of production for direct materials = 12,800 units
Cost per equivalent unit of direct materials = Direct Materials Cost / Equivalent units of production for direct materials
= $520,000 / 12,800 units
Conversion Costs = $800,000 + $1,040,000
Equivalent units of production for conversion costs = 7,680 units
Cost per equivalent unit of conversion costs = Conversion Costs / Equivalent units of production for conversion costs
= ($800,000 + $1,040,000) / 7,680 units
Once we determine the cost per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, we can calculate the total cost for the units completed and the cost of the ending work-in-process inventory.
Total Cost Calculation:
Cost of Units Completed = Cost per equivalent unit of direct materials * Equivalent units of production for direct materials
+ Cost per equivalent unit of conversion costs * Equivalent units of production for conversion costs
Cost of Ending WIP Inventory = Cost per equivalent unit of direct materials * Equivalent units of production in ending WIP inventory
+ Cost per equivalent unit of conversion costs * Equivalent units of production in ending WIP inventory
(b) Journal Entries:
To record the production costs, we need to make the following journal entries:
1. Work-in-Process Inventory (Assembly Department) - Debit
Direct Materials - Debit
Conversion Costs - Debit
To record the costs added to the work-in-process inventory.
2. Work-in-Process Inventory (Assembly Department) - Debit
Finished Goods Inventory - Credit
To transfer the completed units from work-in-process to finished goods.
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Units-of-activity Depreciation A truck acquired at a cost of $460,000 has an estimated residual value of $25,500, has an estimated useful life of 55,000 miles, and was driven 3,900 miles during the year. Determine the following. If required, round your answer for the depreciation rate to two decimal places. (a) The depreciable cost (b) The depreciation rate $ per mile (c) The units-of-activity depreciation for the year $
The depreciable cost is $434,500, the depreciation rate $ per mile is $7.90 per mile and the units-of-activity depreciation for the year is $30,810.
(a) The depreciable cost: $434,500
Depreciable cost = Cost - Estimated residual value
= $460,000 - $25,500
= $434,500
(b) The depreciation rate $ per mile: $7.90 per mile
:Depreciation rate = Depreciable cost / Total estimated miles
= $434,500 / 55,000 miles
= $7.90 per mile
(c) The units-of-activity depreciation for the year: $30,810
Units-of-activity depreciation = Depreciation rate × Miles driven during the year
= $7.90 × 3,900 miles= $30,810
Therefore, the depreciable cost is $434,500, the depreciation rate $ per mile is $7.90 per mile and the units-of-activity depreciation for the year is $30,810.
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11. (2.5 points) What type of unemployment (cyclical, frictional, or structural) applies to each of the following? a. A pocket watch repairer who loses their job because there are no more pocket watch
The type of unemployment that applies to a pocket watch repairer who loses their job because there are no more pocket watch is structural unemployment.
There are three main types of unemployment namely frictional, structural and cyclical. Frictional unemployment happens when a person is in between jobs or transitioning from one job to another. This type of unemployment is normally short-term in nature.Structural unemployment happens when there is a mismatch between the skills that workers have and the skills that employers are looking for.
This type of unemployment tends to be long-term as it is due to changes in the economy or in technology.Cyclical unemployment occurs when there is a decline in the demand for goods and services leading to a reduction in production which in turn leads to job losses. This type of unemployment is normally short-term in nature. In the given situation, a pocket watch repairer lost their job because there are no more pocket watch. This indicates that the type of unemployment that applies in this situation is structural unemployment. Structural unemployment arises when a particular type of job or an entire industry has disappeared, making it hard for workers to find new jobs. This type of unemployment is long-term in nature.
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Can you please produce a business case for a new ablution project to be built at a school.
The new ablution to be built is meant for sanitation reasons because of students coming back to school after a long restriction from face to face classes because of covid. the new ablution would serve as a covid measure.
The proposed project aims to construct a new ablution facility at a school in response to the sanitation needs arising from students returning to face-to-face classes after COVID-19 restrictions.
The construct a new ablution project at the school is essential for several reasons. Firstly, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of the virus. By implementing this project, the school can demonstrate a commitment to student safety and well-being, creating an environment that adheres to the recommended sanitation guidelines.
Secondly, the prolonged period of remote learning has resulted in a backlog of hygiene-related concerns at the school. With students returning to face-to-face classes, the existing ablution facilities may not be sufficient to accommodate the increased demand. The new ablution project would help alleviate these issues by providing additional facilities and resources, ensuring that students have access to clean and well-maintained washrooms.
Furthermore, the project aligns with the school's duty of care towards its students. By investing in upgraded ablution facilities, the school can instill confidence in parents and guardians that their children are attending an institution that prioritizes health and safety. This can contribute to increased enrollment and positive word-of-mouth recommendations, benefiting the school in the long run.
In terms of the financial aspect, while the construction of a new ablution project will require an initial investment, the long-term benefits far outweigh the costs. The reduced risk of infections and improved sanitation practices can lead to fewer student absences due to illness, ultimately enhancing the overall productivity and academic performance of the school.
In conclusion, building a new ablution project at the school in response to the sanitation needs arising from the COVID-19 pandemic is a sound business case. It ensures a safe and healthy learning environment, addresses hygiene concerns resulting from the transition back to face-to-face classes, and demonstrates the school's commitment to student welfare. The investment in improved ablution facilities will yield long-term benefits by minimizing the risk of infections, boosting enrollment, and enhancing the overall performance of the school.
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On the NYSE, limit order prices receive preference in establishing the posted bid and ask prices if they are more favorable than the specialist's. Therefore,
A. a specialist must fill a limit order, if possible, from his own account before trading the flow of public orders.
B. specialists must fill a limit order, if possible, from the flow of public orders before trading for his own account.
C. a specialist must change his posted bid and ask prices to reflect the available limit orders.
D. specialists must fill a limit order, if possible, from the flow of public orders before trading for his own account.
Therefore, specialists must fill a limit order, if possible, from the flow of public orders before trading for his own account. The correct answer is B.
On the NYSE, the specialist is responsible for maintaining a fair and orderly market for a particular stock. When a limit order is submitted and its price is more favorable than the specialist's bid or ask price, the limit order receives preference in establishing the posted bid and ask prices.
In this scenario, the specialist must prioritize filling the limit order from the flow of public orders, if possible, before trading for their own account. This ensures that public orders are given priority and that the market operates in a fair and transparent manner. The specialist's own account trading takes a secondary role after fulfilling the limit order from the public flow.
The correct answer is B.
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