Answer:
A) A signaling molecule from the model shown is the pheromone. The pheromone binds to the receptor to create the cellular response in yeast to stop growth and produce shmoo. Shmoo is a nodule that allows the yeast cells to join together. Receptors play a role in cell differentiation, because the signaling molecules bind to the receptor in order to produce a response. When the pheromone binds to the receptor, a series of steps are followed in the transduction pathway in order to create shmoo, a differentiation in the cell. Without the receptor, the signaling pheromone would not be able to trigger the transduction pathway that ultimately results in the differentiation of the cell. Only signaling molecules with a specific shape and size can bind to a specialized receptor and cause a cellular response. Different yeast cell types may have varying receptors, affecting the ability of each pheromone to bind to the receptor to create a mating differentiation and, therefore, the rate of mating.
B) The dependent variable of the experiment is the number of cells that differentiated. The number of cells that differentiated depended on the type of yeast exposed to the pheromones. In this experiment, the experimenters controlled the sample size and the application of the pheromones. Each treated group consisted of 1,000 cells and was given the same concentration of pheromones. The same three pheromones, Wild Type-created, Variant 1-created, and Variant 2-created, were also used for each yeast cell type. These controls allowed the experimenters to observe how yeast cell type affects the rate of mating without the influence of other factors that could have skewed the results.
C) Chi-square analysis can be used to determine if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating differentiations significantly differed from those of the Wild Type. The Variant 1-Type yeast cells are being compared to the Wild Type cells, so the Variant-1 Type cells are the observed data and the Wild Type cells represent the expected data. In order to find the chi-square value, the square of the difference between the observed and expected values divided by the expected value must be calculated for each category. For the Wild Type-created pheromone type, there were 450 differentiated cells in the Wild Type cells and 203 in the Variant 1-Type cells. By using these values in the formula, a value of approximately 135.58 results. There were 606 differentiated Wild Type cells and 411 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells in the groups exposed to the Variant 1-created pheromone, showing a value of about 62.75. The value for the Variant 2-created pheromone category can be calculated as 16.82, with 50 differentiated Wild Type yeast cells and 21 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells. Then, these values are added to find the final chi-square value, 215.15, which can be compared to a critical chi-square value to determine the significance of the difference. The critical value with a 95% confidence for three categories is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is far greater than the critical value, showing a significant variation between the number of cells with mating projections in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This also rejects the null hypothesis that there is not an important variation in the values, supporting the alternative hypothesis that a factor is affecting the rates of mating in Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
D) The significant variation between the data values could have resulted from a mutation in the Variant 1-Type cells. This mutation likely changed the receptor site of the cell by affecting its shape. Without the proper shape of specialized receptor sites, the pheromones are inhibited from binding to the receptor. When signals bind to receptors, the signal is received and a sequence of changes occurs throughout the transduction pathway in order to produce a response. Since pheromones cannot bind to the receptor sites to produce a response as easily, the overall cellular response of differentiation cannot be produced as often. The mutation resulted in the inability for signals in the pheromones to be received and communicate the correct response. Therefore, the mutation in the receptor site Variant 1-Type cells explains the significant variation in the values between the Variant 1-Type cells and the Wild Type cells. The data in the experiment shows that different pheromones resulted in differing amounts of cell differentiation in the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This further suggests that the mutation affected the receptor site, not the pheromones, as the pheromones could still bind in some cells and the differences in the pheromones were not lost. The data indicates that the receptor sites of Variant 1-Type cells were changed by a mutation, creating a significant difference between the number of differentiated cells in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
Ligands are called signaling molecules because they bind to receptors and carries information.
A) The signaling molecule in the model is the pheromone. It binds to the receptor to generate a cellular response in the yeast system. It inhibits the growth of yeast cells and secretes shmoo.
Receptors are important in cell differentiation as they bind with receptors and create shmoo via the transduction pathway.
In the absence of a receptor, the transduction pathway will not occur and shmoo will not be produced.
Signaling molecules having specific shapes and sizes can only bind to receptors.
B) In the above experiment, a dependent variable is the number of cells differentiated. The number of cells differentiated depends on its exposure to pheromones.
The application of pheromones and the sample size of cells were in control by the experimenters. The yeast cell types were exposed to Variant 1-created, Variant 2-created and Wild Type-created pheromones equally.
This helped the researchers in determining the rate of mating without any influence of other factors.
C) Chi-square can be used to evaluate the number of variant 1 type cells with that from wild type.
The observed data includes variant type 1 cells and the expected data includes the wild type cells.
[tex]\rm Chi - square = \dfrac{( Observed - Expected \:values)^{2}}{ \:Expected \:values}[/tex]
The required value with a 95% certainty for the three types is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is greater than that of critical values.
This shows the difference in the mating of variant and wild type varieties. It also repudiates the null hypothesis.
D) The mutation likely occurred on the receptor site of the variant type that changed the shape of the site binding.
The change in the receptor site will inhibit the pheromones from binding. This will affect the cell differentiation and transduction pathway.
Therefore, mutation on the receptor site indicated the variant and the wild type have different cell differentiation and mating rates. The mutation is responsible for the varied data and not pheromones.
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regulation of the cell cycle is dependent on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. the key that allows a cell to progress beyond the restriction point is
The key that allows a cell to progress beyond the restriction point is the phosphorylation of specific proteins (for example RB) by Cdk. The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are able to phosphorylate different substrates.
Cyclins regulate the progression of the cell cycle by their interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).
This binding activates the Cdks, thereby converting them into functional enzymes that phosphorylate target proteins and thus regulate cell cycle progression by bypassing restriction points of the cell cycle.
CDKs can phosphorylate different substrates by transferring phosphate groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to specific amino acidic residues in these substrates.
For example, CDKs phosphorylate Rb proteins and thus regulate their activity during the cell cycle.
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Choose all that apply. Which of the following is true in a comparison of your skin cells to your kidney cells?
1) conduct translation differently
2) contain different DNA
3) contain different chromosome
4) transcribe many different genes
5) conduct replication differently
6) have different transcription factors
7) contain different genes
Given our understanding of the mechanisms behind genetic expression, we can confirm that when comparing skin cells to kidney cells, the only correct option is option 4 which states that the cells "transcribe many different genes".
The human genome encodes for every gene in the human body. This genome sequence is stored in the chromosomes of cells. These chromosomes are identical for every single cell in the human body. Therefore, every cell contains the same DNA, genes, and transcription factors in its chromosomes.
What allows each cell type in the human body the ability to differentiate from one another and complete vastly different functions is the way in which these genes are expressed. Though every cell contains the entire genetic code, only some genes for each cell are transcribed, which results in a different combination of proteins in each cell and leads to the difference between skin and kidney cells (as just one of many examples).
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1 A wound that is deeper than wide, can cause damage to internal organs describes a(n)
A. Laceration
B. Puncture
C. Abrasion
D. Incision
E. None of these
What phase of mitosis is pictured below?
Answer:
Its a Anaphase
because the chromatids of each chromosomes have separated and are moving towards the poles
Which muscle extends the knee, laterally rotates the tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of the femur, and tautens the iliotibial tract to brace the knee when the opposite foot is lifted
The popiletus muscle is the muscle that extends the knee , laterally rotates the tibia.
The popliteus muscle is a little muscle that extends the knee and form muscle the floor of the popliteal fossa. It is part of deep posterior leg muscles, that rotate laterally tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus.
The popliteus muscle extends to the knee joint. It is formed from the femur and the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus, and also extend to the proximal tibia.
The popliteus muscle help to function in an gait cycle by causing the flexion of the extended (“locked”) knee.
Therefore, The popiletus muscle is the muscle that extends the knee , laterally rotates the tibia.
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which type of blood vessel drains blood from the glomerulus?
Answer:
the efferent arteriole
Explanation:
Blood is brought to the glomerulus by the afferent arteriole, and after the filtration process, the blood is carried away from the glomerulus by the efferent arteriole.
The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the
Chlorophyll a
a. absorbs mostly orange-red and
blue-violet light.
b. absorbs mostly green light.
c. is an accessory pigment.
d. is responsible for the red color of many
autumn leaves.
a. absorbs mostly orange red and blue violet light
Why can populations of invasive species increase rapidly in new environments
Answer:
they have no preditors in that current enviroment that can or is used to eating them so they just grow with no resistance
Explanation:
Which pathogen poses the greatest risk to a researcher handling non-human primates if they are exposed and infected with the infectious agent:
Answer:
Cercopithecine Herpes virus-1 (B-virus)
Explanation:
Cercopithecine Herpes virus-1 (B-virus) pathogen poses the greatest risk to a researcher handling non-human primates if they are exposed and infected with the infectious agent.
What are pathogen ?pathogens are the biological agent that can cause a disease in another organism upon infecting and causes infectious diseases. ‘Pathogen’ is a or disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and worms.
There are different types of pathogens such as Class 1 pathogen in which the species is not associated with infectious disease. Class 2 are the pathogen species cause disease in humans but not serious and the the preventive methods, treatments are available.
Class 3 pathogens include the species cause serious diseases in humans, but necessary prophylaxis and treatment are available; Class 4 pathogens include the species cause serious human disease and disseminate in the human population with no adequate prophylaxis or therapy exists.
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1. Comparision of DNA sequences among single-celled organisms suggests that eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea than bacteria. The type of evidence is .
The type of evidence is indicating that eukaryotes are more closely related to archaea than bacteria is BIOINFORMATICS. This field of study compares nucleotides (DNA) sequences.
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary discipline that uses computational tools to interpret biological data.
This field of study (bioinformatics) compares nucleotides (DNA) sequences in order to determine the evolutionary level of shared ancestry between species.
For this purpose, bioinformatics uses the linear order of nucleotides in order to compare different species.
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What condition occurs when epidermal cells are created too quickly? a. Acne c. Psoriasis b. Skin cancer d. Chicken pox.
The condition that occurs when epidermal cells are created too quickly is known as psoriasis. In this disease, the cell cycle of skin cells is abnormally accelerated.
Psoriasis is a skin disease associated with itchy patches of thick, red skin, especially in the knees, trunk, and scalp.
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease caused when the immune system attacks healthy skin cells.
Psoriasis is well characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocytes, which are the most prominent type of cell within the epidermis.
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Which group lists the levels of genetic information in order from smallest to largest.
Smallest to Largest:
1. Nucleotide
2. Gene
3. Chromosome
4. Genome
Nucleotide, Gene, Chromosome and Genome is the levels of genetic information in order from smallest to largest.
What is Chromosome?Chromosomes are the thread-like structure made up of protein (histones) and a single molecule of DNA which carries all the genetic information in it. It is located in nucleus.
Human have 23 pairs of chromosomes including pairs of 22 chromosomes (i.e. Autosomal Chromosomes) and 1 pair of Sex Chromosome (XX or XY).
Each pair contain two Chromosomes inheriting from the parents, half from mother and another half from the father.
Each chromosome have a point which is constricted in the middle known as Centromere, which divides chromosomes into two arms i.e. short arm “p” and long arm “q”.
Thus, Nucleotide, Gene, Chromosome and Genome is the levels of genetic information in order from smallest to largest.
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When the lac repressor binds to the lac operator site, RNA polymerase is prevented from transcribing which gene(s)?
The type of fossil fuel made from the remains of ancient plants that lived millions of years ago is A. peat B. coal C. oil D. natural gas E. synfuel
Answer is B coal
Explanation:
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What controls circadian rhythms in humans? Explain how this process works.
What type of molecule controls photosynthesis
Answer:
Chloroplasts, I believe
Explanation:
Given the number of blood vessels in the retina, why do you suppose that you are not able to see them normally
Answer:
You can't see the blood vessels themselves because vision depends on a process that makes it impossible to see things that are stationary with respect to the retina. Light receptors in the retina respond only to changes in light reaching them, not to a steady image.
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why would you not use green light and white light if you wanted to determine the dependence of specific color wavelengths on the rate of photosynthesis?
Given our understanding of the situation, we can confirm that the use of green or white light would not be ideal for the experiment at hand because it will not yield any useful information.
In this experiment, we wish to determine the dependence of specific color wavelengths on the rate of photosynthesis. The use of white light for this experiment will defeat the purpose, given that white is the naturally occurring color of light and the available data on this is vast.
Furthermore, we would not use green colored light because it will not be effective. The effectiveness of the color of light that we decide to use will be based on the absorption rate of the light at a cellular level. Green light is known to not be well absorbed by the chlorophyll of plants and therefore will not be useful.
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when fatty acid metabolism creates more acetyl-coa than can be handled in the citric acid cycle, the excess acetyl-coa is converted into ________.
Answer:
Ketone Bodies
Explanation:
If excess acetyl CoA is created and overloads the capacity of the Krebs cycle, the acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize ketone bodies.
Select all of the choices that are true regarding tides...
Spring tides occur when the gravitational pull of the sun and moon are in line with each other, while neap tides occur when the gravitational pull of the sun and moon are perpendicular to each other
Tides only occur in the ocean
Tidal forces are primarily caused by the moon's gravitational pull
Larger bodies of water have more noticeable tides
Tidal forces are caused by a combination of the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun
Spring tides occur when the gravitational pull of the sun and moon are perpendicular to each other, while neap tides occur when the gravitational pull of the sun and moon are in line with each other
Answer:
a,b,c,e
Explanation:
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When is it important to drink water?
Answer:
d. All of the above
Explanation: correct
Answer:
? why did you post this
Explanation:
_______ are a result of hurricanes, which push massive amounts of water inland, causing severe damage.
Answer:
Warm ocean air rises into the storm
Explanation:
Most of us know that heat rises so when the heat from the ocean rises it adds into the storm and creates a low-pressure area under the clouds which then continues to build heat and the winds reach to around 74 MPH to be classified as a hurricane.
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Why did the developers of deep flight give it that name?
The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.
The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are slow fibers.
Slow fibers have numerous mitochondria that allow you to obtain large amounts of energy aerobically.
Its contraction speed is slow, providing it with high resistance to fatigue, thus maintaining exercise for hours, typical of endurance sports (marathon).They are able to retain a longer duration of exercise at a more constant pace. These fibers are important for endurance triathletes, those who compete in medium and long distance.Therefore, we can conclude that the type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are slow fibers.
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Question 1 of 5
How do stories differ from scientific explanations?
A. Stories avoid presenting bias.
B. Stories are based on evidence.
C. Stories are based on imagination.
D. Stories are always negative.
SUBMIT
what factors do you predict might influence the likelihood of mutations occurring in viruses?
The factors which might influence the likelihood of mutations occurring in
viruses is Spontaneous nucleic acid damage and replication inhibition.
Viruses are pathogenic micro-organisms which mutate rapidly than the
humans do. Its ability to mutate very rapidly inside the host cells is what
makes it unique and deadly.
Factors which might influence mutations in Virus include nucleic acid
damage and replication inhibition. When this occurs, the virus isn't able to
mutate thereby causing less damage to the host.
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Which gas is produced as a result of cellular respiration.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide
Explanation:
What is ONE way in which geologists may utilize GPS and satellite mapping?
A way through which geologists may utilize GPS and satellite mapping is to monitor the changes in the environment.
A global positioning system refers to a network of receiving devices and satellites that are used to determine the location of a particular thing on Earth.
It should be noted that a global positioning system (GPS) and satellite mapping can be used in monitoring changes in the environment. It can also be used to collect accurate field data when mapping or surveying.
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What arctic animals will climate change affect? How will it affect these animals? (Site 1).
Answer: Narwhals, polar bears, and walruses will be affected the most.
Explanation:
Polar bears: The Arctic is warming about twice as fast as the global average, causing the ice that polar bears depend on to melt away. Loss of sea ice also threatens the bear's main prey, seals, which need the ice to raise their young.
Narwhals: The Narwhal's Arctic habitat is highly sensitive to climatic changes that result in increased atmospheric and ocean water temperatures. The Narwhal's annual migration from the north in summer to more southerly overwintering habitats exposes them to sea ice which is constantly expanding and receding. Because of the sea ice rapidly decreasing, narwhals could be exposed to new threats and noises.
Walruses: Habitat loss will be exacerbated for walruses by additional climate-change related factors such as ocean acidification, increased shipping and increasing development in the North, including oil and gas extraction, as well as increased disease and contaminant risks. biggest threat facing walruses is the loss of stable sea ice due to climate change. As a result of less sea ice, walrus are changing their behavior. Walruses feed on the ocean floor in the relatively shallow waters of the continental shelf, where the sea ice itself sustains a rich food web.
