A study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. 3,000 cases and 3,000 controls were enrolled in the study. Among the cases, 1293 had used artificial sweeteners in the past, while 1707 had never used artificial sweeteners. Of the controls, 855 had used sweeteners and 2145 had not.

a. What is the exposure and what is the disease?

Calculate the correct measure and show your work.
How do we interpret this effect estimate?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

A. exposure - use of artificial sweeteners

disease - bladder cancer

In this research artificial sweeteners are used as the exposure that leads to bladder cancer disease.

B.                                 Bladder cancer          No bladder cancer

Artificial sweeteners      1293(a)                       855(b)

No artificial sweeteners  1707(c)                      2145(d)

Total                                3000                        3000

Cases -

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (1293)

-   Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (1707)

Controls

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (855)

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (2145)

Odds ratio or strength of association between exposure and disease

OR= Cases with exposure/cases without exposure= a/c divided by b/d

So, the putting value ad/bc= 1293*2145/855*1707

= 1.9

OR would be 1.9

C. this interprets that there is a 90% increase in the chance of bladder cancer if exposed to artificial sweeteners or people with bladder cancer have a 1.90 times higher odds of using artificial sweeteners compared to controls


Related Questions

Which Ali combination represents a male who has an X-linked recessive disorder

Answers

XrY is the Ali combination that represents a male who has an X-linked recessive disorder

2. Animal Nutrition
Question 1
Give one suitable biological term for each of the following
1. Muscular contractions in the intestine causing the movement of food
2. Food that has a high fibre content.
3. A nutritional disease caused by a person refusing to eat.
4. Physical breaking down of food in the mouth by the teeth
5. Finger-like projections in the small intestine
6. The breaking down of large fat molecules into tiny droplets.
7. Process by which the liver converts excess amino acids into urea.
8. Region of the alimentary canal where most of the water is reabsorbed.
9. Muscular organ connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
10. Valve that controls the entry of food from the stomach into the duodenum,

Answers

1. Muscular contractions in the intestine causing the movement of food.

Peristaltic movement.

2. Food that has a high fibre content.

Fibrous

3. A nutritional disease caused by a person refusing to eat.

Malnutrition

4. Physical breaking down of food in the mouth by the teeth

Mastication

5. Finger-like projections in the small intestine

Villi

6. The breaking down of large fat molecules into tiny droplets.

Emulsification

7. Process by which the liver converts excess amino acids into urea.

Excretion

8. Region of the alimentary canal where most of the water is reabsorbed.

Large intestine

9. Muscular organ connecting the pharynx to the stomach.

Esophagus or Oesophagus

10. Valve that controls the entry of food from the stomach into the duodenum,

Pyloric sphincter

the lacteal is responsible for the transport of
A. Fats
B. Blood
C. Protons
D. carbohydrates​

Answers

Answer:

Lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestines. The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport chyle to the thoracic duct where it is emptied into the blood stream at the subclavian vein.

hope it helps

lacteal transport a. fats

La coordinación nerviosa controla funciones de sensibilidad y respuesta inmediata ante los estímulos recibidos. Una de las funciones primordiales de la médula espinal se concentra en:

a)regular la temperatura corporal
b)controlar el sueño y la vigilia
c)el arco reflejo
d)la memoria

Answers

i think it might be d but have a great rest of your day

Which number is labeling the part of the digestive system that releases acid and mixes the food to break it down?

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

the stomach releases strong acid to digest and break down the food

Me pueden ayudar con la respuesta? Es urgente!

Answers

A: especie

B: gen

C: desarollo

D:

E:deriva genetica

F:población

G:mutuación

no ps no pude con la D-

ARTS :


true. or. false. ​

Answers

Answer:

true false true false true

what is the process of transformation?
infecting bacteria with bacteriophages
adding foreign DNA to a bacterial cell
copying foreign DNA into RNA
causing mutations in viral genetic material

Answers

is this all in the same question?

When investigating a crime scene to determine if a suspect is possibly guilty, police often collect DNA evidence from the scene, such as DNA round in hair. What can police do with this DNA evidence?

Answers

Answer:

the physical sample of Subject's DNA profile will be destroyed immediately, and in no circumstances held any longer than 30 days; any and all data about Subject's genetic profile derived from that physical sample will be deleted immediately, and in no circumstances held any longer than 30 days. they can use the DNA sample to identify a suspect or use it in a court of law.

Explanation:

How do electronegativity, polarity, and ph all relate and effect each other? I know moderators, you will be reported if you give a link or wasteful answer.

Answers

Answer:Electrons in a polar covalent bond are shifted toward the more electronegative atom; thus, the more electronegative atom is the one with the partial negative charge. The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polarized the electron distribution and the larger the partial charges of the atoms.

Explanation:

All of living and noliving things in a particular area

Answers

What are we supposed to answer? There is no question?
That is the definition of an ecosystem


1. Do plants, like animals, have traits that increase their reproductive success? What are some of these
traits?

Answers

Yes, they do. Many plants will have seed pods (like dandelions) that fly away or drop off. This helps distribute the seeds and promotes more plants being grown elsewhere. Another adaptation would be having their seeds inside fruits. This causes other animals to eat it and distribute the seeds that way in their waste.

- The ability of an ecosystem to maintain a steady equilibrium by responding to
internal and external negative feedback systems describes -

Answers

Answer:

Describes ecosystem homeostasis

Explanation:

The light reactions can only occur in the absence of light.
A. True

B. False

Answers

Answer:

false

Explanation:

the light reactant needs light

A functional or physiological adaptation:
A. Is a physical feature of an organism that helps it survive

B. Allows an organism to perform special functions within the body

C. Is a behavior that is taught after birth

Answers

Answer:

A trust me.

Explanation:

are you functional adaption is an adaption that helps an organism survive in a certain environment, typically altered by a physical stimuli, dietary changes, or injury.

Answer:

yes behavior is taught after birth

What is an agricultural subsidy?
Select one:
- A sum of money paid to farmers and agribusinesses by the government to
supplement their income and manage crop supply
-A sum of money paid to farmers and agribusinesses by the government in
exchange for their land and machinery
о
-A bank loan available to commodity crop farmers in case market prices fall

Answers

Answer:

A sum of money paid to farmers and agribusinesses by the government to

supplement their income and manage crop supply

Item 5 What is the role of a generator in producing electricity? The generator stores electrical energy for later use in homes and businesses. The generator spins the turbine to create mechanical energy. The generator transforms the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. The generator reverses the turbine to create electrical energy.

Answers

Answer:

The generator transforms the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy

Explanation:

Electricity generator is a device that is used in generating power supply which can be used in industries, homes and for commercial and private purposes.

It operates by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy for the use in an external circuit. mechanical energy can be obtained from steam turbines, internal combusting energy, gas and water turbines and it can be obtained through the rotating shaft.

The capacity of each generator determines the amount of energy it can supply to a given place.

I NEED HELP PLEASE ANSWER FAST
A population of wolves migrates north in search of food. As the wolves travel, they enter a region that has long, snowy winters. Some of the wolves have an allele that gives them white coats. This makes them better able to sneak up on prey.

1. Which type of wolf is selected for in this new ecosystem?

2. Has genetic diversity helped or hurt the survival of the wolf population? Explain.

Answers

1. White wolfs
2. Yes, wolfs are dying slowly, like all animals but wolfs are for some reason strong animals.

PLS HURRY AND NO LINKS PLEASE
If a long tail is a dominant characteristic, in which case is the characteristic of a long tail definitely expressed?
A when both parents have a long tail
B when neither allele contains instructions for a long tail
C when at least one parent has a long tail
D when at least one allele contains instructions for a long tail

Answers

Answer:

b

Explanation:

Answer:

the correct answer is d i took the test.

Explanation:

help with biology please

Answers

Answer:no

Explanation:picture

Answer:

i think its number 1

hope that helps!

A mammal's red blood cells produce the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen through the bloodstream. Its hair follicle cells do not produce hemoglobin. Which statement is true about these differences? A) The red blood cells contain different genes than the hair follicle cells, causing the cells to differentiate B) The red blood cells contain DNA, but the hair follicle cells do not C) A red blood cell and hair follicle cell have the same genes, but they are expressed differently D) The hemoglobin is produced from recombinant DNA, which is only found in red blood cells

Answers

Answer:

C) A red blood cell and hair follicle cell have the same genes, but they are expressed differently

Explanation:

All cells of a living organism contain the same genetic sequence i.e. they contain the same set of genes, however, differences in the expression of these genes may occur. This is responsible for the different specific roles or functions played by organs of the body system.

The expression of a gene refers to the process by which a gene is transcribed and translated into a protein molecule, which is responsible for traits in the body. Genes are expressed differently in order for certain cells to function differently and specifically. For example, difference in expression of genes is responsible for the ability of red blood cells to produce hemoglobin and the inability of hair follicle cells to, even if they contain same genes.


Which is an example of an ecosystem change that resulted from human activity?

Answers

Answer:

Your welcome! :)

Explanation:

An example is:

Deforestation occurs when a forest or stand of trees is removed, converting the land to a nonforest use. This changes the ecosystem drastically and results in a dramatic loss of biodiversity.

♡♡♡

Answer:

chaparral shrublands turning to grass due to frequent fires

Explanation:

I just took the quiz and it's right

A population of beach mice have been
introduced to a new disease. This
disease has killed off most of the
population. Some mice in the
population were better suited and
survived the disease, living to
reproduce. The population over time
has grown resistant to the disease.
This is an example of?
(1 Point)
*
Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
Selective Breeding

Answers

It is natural selection. Try to remember from those three selections that natural is where the animal does it by itself. The other two are where humans interfere with it.

Individual bones are organs.
A. True

B. False

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Because they are made out of tissues

27. Which statement best describes a chromosome?
A) It is a gene that has thousands of different
forms.
B) It has genetic information for traits of an
organism that is contained in DNA.
C) It is a reproductive cell that influences more
than one trait.
D) It contains hundreds of genetically identical
DNA molecules for one trait.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Chromosomes are structures composed of DNA that, in turn, carry the genes of a living being, responsible for defining the physical characteristics of each individual. Chromosomes are involved in the nucleus of cells that make up a living being.

Why do scientists only test one independent variable in an experiment?

Answers

To not getting confusing results. By isolating one variable scientists can conclude the results of the experiment were directly impacted by the variable they changed and nothing else.
Testing only one variable at a time helps you look at the results of your experiment and to see how much a single change affected the result.

Any reaction that is not intended is called

Answers

the free encyclopedia. A paradoxical reaction or paradoxical effect is an effect of a chemical substance, typically a medical drug, that is opposite to what would usually be expected. An example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication.

The chemical substances in our environment to which we respond can be called?
A. stimuli
B.impulses
C.responses
D.sense cells

Answers

A. Stimuli

WHAT IS STIMULI?

A stimuli is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change.The changes in the environment to which living things respond are called stimuli. The living things show response to external stimuli such as heat, light , touch, sound, smell, taste, water and chemicals.It can be internal or external both.When diverse organs works collectively in a scientific way to supply a reaction to the stimulus, this is known as coordination.Stimuli is essentially anything that triggers a receptor for one of those senses.

You can understand this with an example that would be the receptors on our skin which sense a stimulus like pain. Sense organs contain groups of receptors that respond to specific stimuli.

Learn more:

https://brainly.com/question/20117556

help with the graph

Answers

if you had it in Spanish

Question 4 of 10
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
O A. To break down food into molecules of nutrients
B. To collect wastes made by cells and remove them from the body
O c. To carry nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells
O D. To protect the body from pathogens that can cause infection
SUBMIT

Answers

The answerrrrr is B :)(
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