a) There are three nucleotide in each codon, and each of these nucleotides can have one of four different bases. How many possible unique codons are there?
b) If DNA had only two types of bases instead of four, how long would codons need to be to specify all 20 amino acids?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

There are 64 possible codons to be specified for, If we have three nucleotides with 4 bases the set of all combinations can encode

4x4x4 = 64 amino acids

This will give 64 different combinations of four nucleotides

If we have 2 bases with 4 nucleotide we have a possibility of having 16 codons specifying for 20 amino acid.

If we have 2 nucleotides with 4 bases the set of combination is

4×4 = 16 amino acids of four nucleotides


Related Questions

Each of two parents has the genotype blue/brown​, which consists of the pair of alleles that determine eye color​, and each parent contributes one of those alleles to a child. Assume that if the child has at least one blue ​allele, that color will dominate and the​ child's eye color will be blue. a. List the different possible outcomes. Assume that these outcomes are equally likely. b. What is the probability that a child of these parents will have the brown/brown ​genotype? c. What is the probability that the child will have blue eye color​?

Answers

Answer:

See the answer below.

Explanation:

Let the allele for eye color be represented by A. Blue is dominant over brown eye color, hence, blue allele would be A while brown eye allele would be a.

Two parents have the genotype blue/brown which is equivalent to Aa.

                   Aa    x    Aa

    AA               2Aa                aa

 blue eyes     blue eyes         brown eyes

a. Different possible outcomes: AA blue eyes, Aa blue eyes, and aa brown eyes.

b. Probability of a child from the cross having brown/brown (aa) genotype = 1/4 or 25%

c. Probability that the child would have blue eye color = 3/4 or 75%

Give five differences in the alimentary canal of flatworms earthworm and cockroaches

Answers

Answer:

Animals are adapted to the complex chain food since when they were no manufactured to the their food system. Without breakdown this complex food chain can not digest without breakdown.

Explanation:

Earthworm alimentary canal:

Earthworm have a segmentation of well developed characteristics of all animals. The alimentary canal of earth worm as well as flatworm consists of buccal cavity, mouth, esophagus, crop, intestines', gizzard, and anus. The digestion occur extracellular that means the digestion occur outside the cells. Cockroach is an omnivores. It ranging from starchy to the sweet things to the paper and clothes etc. It suits its diet. Its alimentary canal consists of Foregut, midgut and the hindgut. Both are different in their structure as well as in their alimentary canal.

Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes for oxidizing small organic molecules with the formation of hydrogen peroxide are Group of answer choices

Answers

Answer:

peroxisomes

Explanation:

The peroxisomes represent one of the organelles of the cell. They are usually small and characterized by membrane-bound vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes.

The enzymes in peroxisomes are involved in the oxidation of organic molecules - a process that leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The later is further converted to water and oxygen by the constituent catalase enzyme of the peroxisomes. Fatty acids are also oxidized in peroxisomes but instead of hydrogen peroxide, acetyl groups that are utilized in other biosynthetic reactions are produced.

what is meant by oesophagus

Answers

Answer:

The oesophagus (gullet) is part of the digestive system, which is sometimes called the gastro-intestinal tract (GI tract). The oesophagus is a muscular tube. It connects your mouth to your stomach.

Answer:

the part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach. In humans and other vertebrates it is a muscular tube lined with mucous membrane

Very small changes in the solute concentrations in the various fluid compartments cause water to move from one compartment to another, which alters blood composition and blood pressure. How do the following physiological changes affect blood pressure?

a. Decrease water reabsorption
b. Decrease peripheral resistance
c. Vasodilation
d. Decrease salt intake
e. Decrease blood volume
f. Vasoconstriction
g. Increase peripheral resistance
h. Increase salt intake
i. Increase blood volume
j. Increase water reabsorption

Answers

Answer:

a. Decrease water reabsorption : decrease blood pressure.

b. Decrease peripheral resistance : decrease blood pressure

c. Vasodilation : decrease blood pressure

d. Decrease salt intake : decrease blood pressure

e. Decrease blood volume : decrease blood pressure

f. Vasoconstriction : increase blood pressure

g. Increase peripheral resistance:  increase blood pressure

h. Increase salt intake:  increase blood pressure

i. Increase blood volume : increase blood pressure

j. Increase water reabsorption: increase blood pressure

Explanation:

Total peripheral resistance: This term refers to the resistance offered by the vascular system to the blood flow.  This resistance is a result of the friction between the blood and the vessel's walls. In other words, it is the opposition of the vessels to blood flow. The total peripheral resistance is the summary of all the bloody circuit resistances in the body. Those mechanisms that induce vasoconstriction conduce to an increase in total peripheral resistance, while mechanisms that induce vasodilation provoke a decrease in total peripheral resistance.     Blood pressure: This term refers to the strength applied by the blood against the vessel walls as it flows.  This pressure is determined by the bombed blood strength and the volume as well as by the vessel size and flexibility. Blood pressure changes continuously according to the activity, temperature, diet, emotional state, among others.    Salt ingestion causes an increase in plasmatic osmolarity, stimulates thirst, and hence, water ingestion. Sodium retains water, expanding the blood volume and causing an increase in vessel pressure. The antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin hormone, is released by changes in serum osmolarity or blood volume. Its function is to keep homeostasis and make kidneys conserve or keep water by concentrating urine and by reducing its volume. By these actions, the antidiuretic hormone stimulates water reabsorption, according to the organism´s needs. Kidneys control blood pressure in many ways. If the pressure is elevated, kidneys produce the loss of salt and water, normalizing arterial pressure. But if pressure is low, kidneys conserve water.          

A decrease in muscular activity or damage to neurons that attach to skeletal muscle can lead to a reduction in the size of muscle called

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is atrophy

A purebred tall pea plant is cross-pollinated with a tall, heterozygous pea plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability the offspring inherita
recessive short allele. (I point)
75%
25%
0%
50%

Answers

Answer:

50%

Explanation:

because if you use the box method you see that half receive a short alele.

T     t  

T TT  Tt

T TT   Tt

Food microbiologists are scientists who have a background in both microbiology and food science. They focus on how microbes grow, cause disease, and how they can be identified from food. Their work is of importance to the food industry as it relates to the production, preservation, and spoilage of food; and it is of importance to public health and regulatory agencies due to the many diseases that are related to food intake and consumption. Food microbiologists can have varying backgrounds, including training in veterinary medicine. This scenario is about a food microbiologist who works as a food safety inspector who pays a visit to a cheese manufacturing plant and makes some interesting discoveries!
Part A-Understanding the Role of Microbes in Fermentation The Midwest is known for its contribution to the dairy industry Fermented dairy products include milk, yogurt, and cheese. The fermentation process relies on lactic acid bacteria and pasteurization. Fermentation can vary based on what food is being produced, the type of bacteria used to produce lactic acid, and the time and temperature of pasteurization. It is important to the manufacturer to produce a product that won't spoil before it is packaged and sold and that won't result in disease for those who ingest and enjoy it. Julie, a food inspector for a local Michigan health department is going to a nearby cheese plant for a biannual inspection. When she gets there, she will take a tour of the plant and allow the operators to describe what makes their cheese so special. She will use what she understands about fermentation to inquire about their production practices Please sort the following statements as being true or false regarding fermentation and its role in food production. Please recall the role that microorganisms can play in the production of foods.
1. Fermentation allows for sugars to be broken down
2. Starter cutures are for the growth of pathogens or the food such as bread, vegetables, and n food Some grains, fruits, and
3. Fermentation can be used only to Bacteria ane the only have their own microbes that used in the Correct Statements

Answers

Answer:

Statements 1 is True.

Fermentation allows for sugars to be broken down

Statements 2 and 3 are false.

Starter cutures are for the growth of pathogens or the food such as bread, vegetables, and n food Some grains, fruits, and

3. Fermentation can be used only to Bacteria ane the only have their own microbes that used in the Correct Statements

Explanation:

In microbiology, fermentation is the process where sugars are broken down by the activities of bacteria to produce alcohol and carbondioxide...therefore statement one is true.

Starter culture are microorganisms use in diary production for producing yoghurt and cheese. They perform fermentation in diary production.

Mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes typically Mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes typically encode some of the proteins needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, respectively, as well as ribosomal and transfer RNA. encode for ribosomal and transfer RNAs. encode all of the proteins needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. encode some of the proteins needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. are composed of primarily noncoding DNA.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is "encode some of the proteins needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, respectively, as well as ribosomal and transfer RNA".

Explanation:

Most organisms have a mitochondrial or a chloroplast genome in addition to the main genomic sequence located in the cell nucleus. The genes that are located in these organelles' genome include the genes that are used directly in the mitochondrion or chloroplast , including: proteins needed for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis (for instance genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation), respectively, as well as ribosomal and transfer RNA, which serve to the translation of proteins.

Which multicellular clade arose first in the history of life on Earth? View Available Hint(s) Which multicellular clade arose first in the history of life on Earth? Land plants Animalia Fungi Protista

Answers

Answer:

Protista

Explanation:

Protista is the first class of multicellular organism that arose in history. The first of this member is cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria is large group of photosynthetic organism that produce their own food by using light energy from sun and carbondioxide.

The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria-like organisms that lived 3–3.5 billion years ago.

They help to can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.

The multicellular clade that appeared first in the history of life on Earth is ANIMALIA.

The Kingdom Animalia (also known as Metazoa) is a clade that consists of multicellular-heterotrophic organisms, which cannot synthesize their own food.

It has been estimated that the first animals evolved around 800 million years ago.

The first animals that appeared on the Earth were sponges or sponge-like animals.

In conclusion, the multicellular clade that appeared first in the history of life on Earth is ANIMALIA.

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What percentage of the nation’s demand for electricity could be produced in the future by wind energy?

Answers

Answer:

5-10%

hope this is helpful

In ______, Gorter and Grendel extract lipids from blood cells. After evaluating them, they propose membranes are made of a ____________.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer would be - 1925, phospholipid bilayer.

Explanation:

Gorter and Grendel performed an experiment in 1925 to extract lipids from blood cell and after extracting the protein they evaluated red blood cell membrane.

They found out that plasma membrane have two lipid layer and these lipids are made of phospholipids. Phospholipids are phosphate group that are attached with the lipid molecule.

Thus, the correct answer would be - 1925, phospholipid bilayer.

Please i need help !!!☹️

Answers

Answer: C. 9

Explanation:

Gestation refers to the time between when a baby is conceived till the baby is delivered. This is why the period of pregnancy is known as the Gestation Period.

During that time and after the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterus, the baby develops and grows until it is ready to be delivered.

The structure this occurs in is the uterus (womb) which is labelled 9 in the structure above.

The main function of a cell membrane is to allow substances to enter and leave the cell. Which is a correct description of transport through a cell membrane

Answers

Answer:

The question is incomplete, below is the completed question:

The main function of a cell membrane is to allow substances to enter and leave the cell. Which is a correct description of transport through a cell membrane ?

a. Diffusion, or passive transport, occurs when molecules diffuse from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

b. Facilitated transport occurs when proteins that extend through the cell membrane provide a channel through which certain substances can diffuse more rapidly than by passive diffusion.

c. The lipid bilayer opens up and allows the ions or molecules to enter the cell, then closes.

d. Active transport occurs when molecules diffuse from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Answer:

b. Facilitated transport occurs when proteins that extend through the cell membrane provide a channel through which certain substances can diffuse more rapidly than by passive diffusion.

Explanation:

Transport through cell membranes can be broadly classified as active transport or passive transport.

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP for the transportation of substances across the cell membrane.

Option b correctly describes facilitated diffusion, which is a passive-mediated diffusion process, where channels in the cell membrane mainly composed of proteins called transmembrane integral proteins, allow for the movement of certain molecules (mostly polar/hydrophilic) molecules that will not otherwise be transported through simple diffusion because of the hydrophobic nature of the cell membrane.

The other options are wrong because:

a. diffusion or simple transport involves the movement of substances from regions of higher to a lower concentration not lower to higher as suggested here.

c. The lipid bi-layer does not allow ions or hydrophilic molecules because it is hydrophobic in nature, and it is not a channel, so it does not open and closes

d. In active transport, transfer of molecules is from regions of lower to higher concentration and not higher to lower concentration as suggested here.

I need help with this

Answers

Answer:

I know the answer

Explanation:

Yes

Yes

Yes

The total number of organisms an ecosystem can support is its tolerance range.

true or false

Answers

Answer:

false

Explanation:

the total number of organism an ecosystem can support is its trying capacity

Answer:

false

Explanation:

i just took the test.

Describe your plan to preserve the biodiversity of the town's lake. Make sure to include the materials that you would need for your plan to work and how you would scale it up to test it.

Answers

Answer:

10 Ways to Protect and Conserve Biodiversity

Government legislation.

Nature preserves.

Reducing invasive species.

Habitat restoration.

Captive breeding and seed banks.

Research.

Reduce climate change.

Purchase sustainable products.

6. Members of the kingdom "Protista" are classified
into
A two domains.
C three species.
B three domains.
D three kingdoms.

Answers

Answer:

C.

Explanation:

Domain is above Kingdom, so it cannot be A or B. Protista is a Kingdom, so it cannot be D. Therefore it must be C.

Members of the kingdom "Protista" are classified as "C" three species.

Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants.

What are the characteristics of Protista?They are eukaryotes.Most have mitochondria.They can be parasites.They all prefer aquatic or moist environments.

Thus, option "C" is correct.

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During the 1800's, what country was a leader of world exploration and placed at the center of most maps?
A. Britain
B. Spain
C. Morocco
D. USA

Answers

Answer:

B. Spain

Explanation:

Portugal and Spain are the western European nations that were the primary players in the age of discovery in 18th century. Under the leadership of prince henry the navigator. With the spread of missionary activities, Christianity becomes the world's largest religion. Exploration of the Americas and other nations started from this place.

What physical traits were favored in the peppered moth AFTER the Industrial Revolution?

Answers

Answer: Their skin color was dark which made the moths blend in. During the Industrial Revolution, the soot from factories caused the trees to become black. The light colored moths became easier to kill because they could not blend into their environment.

Explanation:

_________ is (are) the product of Transcription, and the starting material of Translation. A. tRNA B. Amino Acids C. mRNA D. Ribosomes

Answers

Answer:

C. mRNA

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, we may remember that when DNA is undergoing transcription a specific sequence is copied via the RNA polymerase in order to produce the messenger RNA which is subsequently used as the starting material of translation for the protein synthesis as shown on the attached picture. Thereby, answer is C. mRNA, since the transcription process produces it and then, for the translation process, it contains the codons which promote the formation of polypeptides (proteins) via the connection of the anti-codons contained in the tRNA which also provide the amino acids for the polypeptides formation.

Regards.

Which of the following is responsible for the conversion of covalently closed circular DNA to supercoiled DNA of the plasmid of: a) endonuclease b) DNA gynase c) topa isomerase d) exonuclease

Answers

Answer:

DNA gyrase

Explanation:

DNA gyrase is a bacterial enzyme that plays an important role in catalyzing the negative supercoiling of circular chromosomal DNA. This enzyme belongs to a class of enzymes called topoisomerases which play a major role in transitioning of DNA structure. DNA gyrase conversion of covalently closed circular DNA to supercoiled DNA is ATP-dependent.

The importance of DNA gyrase cannot be overemphasized, because for DNA synthesis to occur, the DNA must have a single-stranded template, hence, DNA gyrase play an important role in unwinding the double-stranded DNA for replication. It has the ability to introduce negative supercoils and relax positive supercoils prior to replication.

Which conclusion can be drawn from the experimental observation that a single strand of DNA contains 2100 dA residues and 1800 dT residues?

Answers

a. There must have been some loss of material in the extraction because the number of dA and dT residues must be the same.

b. This is a palindromic sequence.

c. There must be 2100 dT and 1800 dA residues on the complementary strand.

d. This must be prokaryotic DNA

e. None of these

Answer:

c. There must be 2100 dT and 1800 dA residues on the complementary strand.

Which of the following statements is true?
An atom consists of protons, electrons, and
neutrons.
An atom consists of protons and neutrons.
An atom consists of electrons bonded to one
another.
An atom consists of protons bonded to one
another.

Answers

Answer:

An atom consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Explanation:

The atom of an element is its smallest indivisible particle that retains its chemical properties. Atom is the fundamental and basic unit of matter.

The structure of an atom is made up of a positively charged PROTON, a neutrally charged NEUTRON (both contained in the nucleus) and a negatively charged ELECTRON that surrounds the nucleus. These three particles are called sub-atomic particles. The arrangement and number of these sub-atomic particles determine the properties of the atom.

First Question, A, An atom consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Second Question, B, A nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.

edge

All of the following statements concerning homeotic genes is correct except Group of answer choices They are responsible for determining the general body plan. They act as master control genes. They code for DNA-binding proteins. They are highly variable across species the animal kingdom.

Answers

Answer:

They are responsible for determining the general body plan.

They act as master control genes.

They code for DNA-binding proteins.

Explanation:

The homeotic genes are master regulators in development found both in animals and plants. In animals, Homeobox (HOX) genes encode for transcription factors containing a DNA binding domain of 60 amino acids which is evolutionarily conserved in species ranging from Drosophila to humans. In plants, MADS-box homeotic genes encode for proteins containing a conserved DNA-binding domain (in this case, referred to as MADS-box of 60 amino acids), which is capable of controlling developmental pathways in a similar mode to Hox genes in animals. Moreover, it is important to note that MADS-box genes are conserved not only in plants but also in other phyla including animals, fungi and protists.

It works because your brain creates images from dots. That’s how you can watch shows that you like a whole lot.

Answers

Answer:

The fovea works because your brain creates images from points.

Explanation:

The fovea is located in the center of the eye's retina. It is the structure capable of capturing stitches from what you are viewing and sending those stitches to the brain, which will "stitch" all stitches together and form an image. In summary, the fovea is able to project an image to the brain through pieces of the image, it is formed by cones that allow the transmission of light to the photoreceptors of the eyes.

The fovea works since your brain makes pictures from points.

Brain

The fovea is found within the center of the eye's retina.

It is the structure able of capturing stitches from what you're seeing and sending those fastens to the brain, which can "fasten" all fastens together and frame an picture.

The fovea is able to venture an picture to the brain through pieces of the picture, it is shaped by cones that permit the transmission of light to the photoreceptors of the eyes.

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Is this statement true or false?

A hypothesis is a lucky guess.

Answers

True because it can either be wrong or right

Answer:

false!

Explanation: i took the test

g In humans and higher primates, _____ is the final product of purine base catabolism and is excreted in urine. However, its inadequate excretion is a cause of a disease called ______

Answers

Answer: Humans and greater primates excrete water, broken down proteins and Urea. Many things cause unusual urine, Urea gives urine its yellow color a lack of urea can mean kidney failure. however it's hard to tell a lack of urea by just looking at urine as drinking excessive amounts of water turns the color clear and drinking caffeine turns the color reddish or brown so lab testing must be done

The dark bands seen under the microscope in a skeletal muscle fiber are concentrations of actin protein called l-bands . It is true or false.

Answers

Answer:

it is false

Explanation:

it appears as light bands under microscope

Answer:

false

Explanation:

because dark band seen under the microscope in a skeletal muscle fiber are concentration of actin protein  are known as A bands because they are anisotropic when viewed with polarized light

Shell coiling in some snails has been found to be determined by the genotype of the snail's mother, rather than its own genotype. This is termed:

Answers

Answer:

maternal effects

Explanation:

The correct answer would be maternal effects.

The maternal effect is a genetic phenomenon that is characterized by an organism having the phenotypic expression that is compatible with the genotype of its mother irrespective of the organism's genotype itself.

This condition often occurs as a result of the mother supplying messenger RNA or protein to the egg that results in the formation of a zygote/embryo. Consequently, the genome of the mother dictates the functionality of the molecule in such offspring.

Other Questions
pLZZ i really need help my assignment past due and i just have one more question, please thankyou!!!!!!!! Determine the magnitude of the force that must be applied to a wooden block whose weight has a magnitude of 8N, so that it acquires an acceleration of 0.5 m / s Ben works at a small advertising agency as a graphic artist. Ben enjoys his job because the company allows employees to have flexible schedules and to telecommute when necessary. Which of the following best describes this type of employee compensation? A) indirect financial compensation B) direct financial compensation C) nonfinancial compensation D) required compensation Why is sustainable agriculture so important? A. has lower-cost food, reducing poverty rates B. has higher production rates compared to conventional methods C. preserves the ecological system D. produces foods higher in nutritional value E. meets the requirements of a growing population 1019 Solve the simultaneous equations.You must show all your working.x = 7 3yx2 - y2 = 39 What does it was now midnight, and my task was drawing to a close. Mean? Which of the following statements is incorrect? Group of answer choices Though African cultural influences dominate in the Caribbean portion of Middle America, Amerindian traditions survive on the mainland. Trinidad is considered one of the Greater Antilles. Anthropologists commonly refer to the Middle America culture hearth as "Mesoamerica." Many Central Americans do not consider Panama to be a part of their region. A methods and measurements analyst for Timepiece, Inc., needs to develop a time standard for the task of attaching a watch to a wristband. How many observations should be made if he wants to be 95.44 percent confident that the maximum error in the observed time is one second solve for x 15x + 6 = 10x + 21 In the 1500s, the Catholic Church believed that the Bible should be translated into all languages, so everyone could read it. sold at a high price, so only the wealthy could have access to it. kept in its original Latin, so only priests and scholars could read it. updated and revised, so everyone could relate to it. Children walking on the sidewalk, a person sitting in a parked car, and a parking lot with vehiclesentering and exiting indicate aA. construction zone.B. railroad crossing.C. school zone.D. none of the above At a department store, you adjust the mirrors in the dressing room so that they are parallel and 6.2 ft apart. You stand 1.8 ft from one mirror and face it. You see an infinite number of reflections of your front and back.(a) How far from you is the first "front" image? ft (b) How far from you is the first "back" image? ft how do you figure out ratios? the problem is 12 quarters to 34 dollars. thanks he Boston public school district has had difficulty maintaining on-time bus service for its students. Suppose the district develops a new bus schedule to help combat chronic lateness on a particularly woeful route. Historically, the bus service on the route has been, on average, 10 minutes late. After the schedule adjustment, the first 36 runs were an average of eight minutes late. As a result, the Boston public school district claimed that the schedule adjustment was an improvement using a two tailed teststudents were not as late. Assume a population standard deviation for bus arrival time of 10 minutes. The test statistic is 1.20 based on this and an alpha of .05 which of the following statements is not correct? In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Woodman is taken to the Throne room to meet Oz. What does he see?O A. The room was empty; there was just a recorded voice.B. A woman with long green hairC. A beast the size of an elephant with five eyesD. A short man dressed in green, wearing a crown When did Captain cook discover Australia A customer opens a new margin account with the following position: Long: 1,000 XYZ Cmn Mkt Value: $20,000 Debit: $10,000If the market value rises to $22,000, how much SMA is created? Summary should be made up of which of the following A. Important details and interesting detailsB. Main idea and important details C. Main idea and writers thoughts and feelingD. Important details and writers opinion Which is true of "Paul Reveres Ride"? a It is a firsthand history of the start of the American Revolution. b It was the first short story in American History. c It was the first uniquely American novel. d It is a poem that inspired American patriotism. Based on the data table below, which number would be the BEST choice for the top number of the scale on the vertical axis of a scatter plot showing this data?