Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution.
What is Homoplasy?
A shared trait between two or more animals that did not develop from a common ancestor is known as homoplasy. The opposite of a homology, in which two or more creatures share a common origin and the genes that gave rise to the trait, is a homoplasy. When two very distinct animal groups evolve to do the same activity, it is known as homoplasy. This is referred to as convergence or convergent evolution. An analogous characteristic is another name for a homoplasy trait. Examining some examples is the most effective technique to grasp what constitutes and does not constitute a homoplasy.
The characteristic of wings makes homoplasy the simplest to comprehend. Although wings have developed in many different forms and materials throughout the animal kingdom, flight remains their primary purpose. Wings have evolved in a variety of insects, birds, and bats. Every time, the feature developed apart from the other groups. Without a doubt, the closest living relative of birds, bats, and insects lacked wings. All lineages developed flight as a result of a comparable pressure that resulted from the lineages' diverging, or moving in different directions.
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The illustration draws an analogy between the way energy drives matter to cycle in an ecosystem and the way water causes a waterwheel to turn. Give an example of another analogy that could be used to show the relationship between energy and the cycles of matter.
The comparison between how energy drives matter to circulate in an ecosystem and how the wind drives a windmill can also be used to illustrate how energy and the cycle of matter are related. The wind powering the windmill causes its blades to spin in a circle. Energy propels matter through the ecosystem in a similar way that wind propels a windmill.
Do materials really move through ecosystems in cycles?Between soil and the air, as well as between organisms as they live and die, matter cycles. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem alternate between living and nonliving components on a regular basis.
The following sections of this concept focus on four specific biogeochemical cycles: the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
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what are male gametes called
Answer: sperm
Explanation:
Male gametes are also called sperm
FILL IN THE BLANK. a value-returning statement must have a(n) ____ statement. question 11 options: logical void return assignment
A value-returning statement must have a return statement.
what is return statement?
The function from which it was called receives the execution flow back in the return statement. There is no requirement that conditional statements be used with this sentence. The moment the statement is executed, the program's flow immediately halts and returns control to the caller. A non-void function must return a return value; a void function's return statement may or may not return anything.
Using a return statement in a function with a void return type: Now the issue of what happens if a return statement is contained within a void return type function arises. Since we are aware of this, we can conclude that a function declaration for which the return type is void will not have a return statement.
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correctly label the following parts of the large intestine.
Answer:
ok
Explanation:
Davion is in the clinic for a check up. At birth, you diagnosed him with Treacher-Collins Syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects the development of the bones and other tissues in the face. TCS is believed to be caused by a change in the gene on Chromosome 5, which affects facial development. About 40% of the time, one parent has Treacher Collins Syndrome. If the parents of the affected child are not affected by the syndrome, the chances of a sibling having Treacher Collins are minimal. Which organelle in the cell is responsible for Davion's inheritance of this genetic disease?
According to the research, the correct answer is ribosomes. The organelle in the cell that is responsible for Davion's inheritance of this genetic disease called Treacher-Collins Syndrome is ribosome.
What is Treacher-Collins Syndrome?It is a syndrome considered polyformative when multiple malformations are found, it has an abnormal craniofacial development pattern, and it is caused by a mutation of the chromosome that codes for the protein melasa.
In this sense, the protein melase is involved in ribosomal biogenesis, that is, it is involved in the transcription of the ribosomal DNA gene, as an important component of cell organelles called ribosomes, rRNA is essential for protein assembly.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, Ribosome mutations of the protein melasa have been associated with Treacher Collins syndrome.
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Which statement best explains why a soybean plant must generate glucose?
to better absorb sunlight.
O to produce lactic acid.
O to synthesize important alcohols.
O to replenish ATP in the cell
The statement that best explains why a soybean plant must generate glucose is to replenish ATP in the cell (option D).
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the metabolic process by which cells of green plants synthesize food in the presence of sunlight.
During the photosynthetic process, plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (glucose) and waste oxygen using solar energy.
The glucose molecule is used to synthesise ATP (energy molecules) needed by the plants for their metabolic activities.
Therefore, the replenishment of energy in the cell is the reason why a soybean plant must generate glucose.
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1. Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. all of the above
2. Which description is an example of a phenotype? a. A certain duck has a blue beak. b. A mutation occurred to a flower. c. Most cheetahs live solitary lives. d. both a and c
3. Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution? a. Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. b. Worms and snakes both move without legs. c. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly. d. all of the above
4. Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? a. Flood causes the formation of a new lake. b. A storm causes several large trees to fall down. c. A mutation causes a new trait to develop. d. An injury causes an organism to seek out a new food source.
5. What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance? a. One leads to allopatric speciation, whereas the other leads to sympatric speciation. b. One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment. c. One depends on a genetic mutation occurring, and the other does not. d. One involves closely related organisms, and the other involves only individuals of the same species.
6. Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? a. lower rate of mutation b. longer distance between divided groups c. increased instances of hybrid formation d. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population
7. What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid? a. the number of chromosomes b. the functionality of the chromosomes c. the source of the extra chromosomes d. the number of mutations in the extra chromosomes
8. Which reproductive combination produces hybrids? a. when individuals of the same species in different a. geographical areas reproduce b. when any two individuals sharing the same habitat reproduce c. when members of closely related species reproduce d. when offspring of the same parents reproduce
9. Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members? a. It does not share its habitat with related species. b. It does not exist out of a single habitat. c. It does not exchange genetic information with other species. d. It does not undergo evolutionary changes for a significant period of time.
10. Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier? a. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. b. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. c. Two species of birds display different mating dances. d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.
11. Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring? a. reinforcement b. fusion c. stability d. punctuated equilibrium
12.Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium? a. a division of populations b. a change in environmental conditions c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals d. a large number of mutations taking place at once
All of the above
What is natural selection?
One method of evolution is natural selection. More environment-adapted organisms are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that contributed to their success. Over time, species change and diverge as a result of this process.
As a result of natural selection, reproductive individuals pass on genetic changes that are advantageous to their progeny's survival. New creatures are created as a result, and they have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing. For instance, giraffes have an advantage over other species because of their long necks, which have evolved to allow them to eat leaves that other species cannot. Longer-necked individuals were able to reproduce and pass on their trait to the next generation because they had access to better food sources. Shorter-necked individuals would be less likely to survive and pass on their genes as a result of having less food availability.
The plant that grows larger has seeds adapted to the environment, which proliferate more readily than seeds from other plants.
One of the two fish species that consume the same food is more adapted and can thus gather more food.
Favorable male lions will be able to compete with other male lions for female mates and will be preferred over them because of their superior adaptation and physical characteristics.
Natural selection, also referred to as "survival of the fittest," is a phenomenon in which organisms that are best adapted to a particular environment are chosen while inferior organisms are weeded out.
In all three cases, biological evolution will take place as a result of selection favoring organisms that are better adapted to their surroundings and capable of competing with other species for survival.
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the heritability of intelligence refers to
Answer:
Heritability of intelligence refers to: the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics.
Explanation:
Which statement best compares bacteria and fungi?
A. Bacteria and fungi always cause infectious diseases.
B. Bacteria are living organisms, whereas, fungi are not.
C. Both bacteria and fungi rely on living organisms to reproduce and survive.
D. Most bacteria and fungi are harmless and may be beneficial to other living things.
What is the function of glucagon
Glucagon counteracts the actions of insulin by by increasing blood glucose levels.
What is glucagon?Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It increases concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream. It is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication to treat a number of health conditions.
Insulin is also produced from the pancreas and it's function is to regulate the level of blood glucose in the blood stream. As alpha cell produces glucagon, beta cells produces insulin.
The main function of glucagon is to counter the effect of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production which will increase the blood glucose level.
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Which of the following is a description of trait of an area with a low carrying
capacity?
A. Most people have refrigerators in their homes.
B. Homes are large and have few people in them.
C. Food is usually shipped in from far away.
D. People spend hours each day collecting water.
The description of trait of an area with a low carrying capacity is that people spend hours each day collecting water. This is because of scarcity of water as the area is running low on carrying capacity.
What is carrying capacity?We know that the environment was not designed to support the existence of an unlimited number of individuals. There is a definite of number of individuals that can be supported by a given environment.
The number of individual organisms that can be supported by a given environment is what we call the carrying capacity of the environment. Now we know that as long as the environment has not exceeded the carrying capacity, the resources would remain sufficient for individuals in the environment.
The resources in an environment would become scarce and difficult to get if the carrying capacity is low.
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Answer:
D. people spend hours each day collecting water
Explanation:
i just did this
an economy with an expansionary gap will, in the absence of stabilization policy, eventually experience a(n) FITB in the price level, leading to a(n) FITB in output.
An economy with an expansionary gap will, in the absence of a stabilization policy, eventually experience an increase in the price level, leading to an increase in output.
What is an expansionary gap?Actual production surpasses potential output in an expansionary gap. In other words, as measured by real GDP, the economy is currently working over its long-run capacity.
A stabilization strategy aims to reduce volatile fluctuations in the economy's total production, as measured by the nation's GDP, as well as surges in inflation or deflation. Stabilization of these elements often leads to stable employment levels.
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Which one of the following pairs of people has the exact same genome?
A. Father and son
B. Mother and daughter
C. Identical twins
D. Fraternal twins
E. None of the other answer options is correct
Identical twins share the same genome because they result from a first zygote division into two identical cells that develop independently. C) Identical twins have the exact same genome.
What are identical twins?
Identical twins emerge after the division of an ovule fertilized by a sperm cell. This is, fertilization occurs first, and then the division of the diploid cells.
The fertilized diploid cell suffers a division, separate, and two identical cells are created carrying the same genetic material. Each of them will then suffer successive mitosis and develop a new individual.
As a result, identical twins always have the same genome and the same sex. The genetic sequences in the identical twins' genome are almost identical and minimum.
These identical twins are also known as monozygotic twins and are said to be natural clones.
Option C. Identical twins have the exact same genome.
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Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation
replicates DNA
transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation
transfers DNA vertically, to new cells
transcribes DNA to RNA
Answer: B
Explanation:
Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation. So, the correct option is B.
What is Conjugation?Bacterial conjugation is defined as the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or a bridge-like connection between two cells that occurs through a pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria.
The donor bacterium contains a DNA sequence known as a fertility factor or F-factor that allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. does for. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together in which the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium.
Thus, Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation. So, the correct option is B.
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The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
A. Muscularis mucosae
B. Serosa
C. Adventitia
D. Lamina propria
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the Lamina propria (Option D).
What are the capillary blood vessels?The capillaries are small vessels capable of transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body in order to perform cellular respiration, which is fundamental to obtaining energy in the form of ATP.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the small capillary blood vessels that lie in the lamina propria and other tissues in the body are required to transport both oxygen and nutrients.
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why do we need to label the membrane
t24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of balb- and harvey-msv transforming genes
A transforming gene isolated from T24 human bladder carcinoma cells is closely related to the BALB murine sarcoma virus (MSV) onc gene (v-bas).
The 1.2-kbp polyadenylated transcript that this transforming gene produces, which contains v-bas-related sequences, is expressed from a 4.6 kilobase pair (kbp) area where it is localized. Moreover, higher amounts of a similar protein were found in T24 cells using antisera that are known to target the immunologically related onc gene products of the BALB- and Harvey-MSVs.
By using restriction enzymes and heteroduplex analysis, it was discovered that the T24 oncogene could not be distinguished from the v-bas normal human homologue. These findings suggest that the normal human v-bas homologue has been activated as a human transforming gene by relatively minimal genetic changes.
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hippoboscidae have wings that will fall off once they reach their final host. we call these wings.
These are deciduous wings.
The principal characteristic of the fowl's wings is to provide them with the potential to fly. All birds have two wings, however, that does not mean flying.
Each of the wings includes a thin membrane supported by using a system of veins. The membrane is shaped by way of layers of integument carefully apposed, while the veins are fashioned where the 2 layers stay separate; now and again the lower cuticle is thicker and extra heavily sclerotized underneath a vein.
There are 4 preferred wing shapes that are not unusual in birds: Passive soaring, energetic hovering, elliptical wings, and high-speed wings.
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Which condition would be most likely to turn off this abnormally active signaling pathway?.
Conditions that may turn off abnormally active signaling pathways are the addition of a drug that prevents the final kinase from interacting with its target protein in the nucleus.
The MAP kinase pathway is a series of proteins in cells that link signals from receptors on the cell surface to DNA in the cell nucleus. Signaling begins when growth factors bind to receptors on the cell surface. The final stage is when the DNA in the cell nucleus has expressed a protein and produces changes in the cell, such as cell division.
The pathway involves several proteins including the MAP kinase which engages by adding a phosphate group to adjacent proteins and acts as an on-and-off switch.
This question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Normal signaling works with a Ras protein acting downstream of a receptor kinase. You examine a cell line in which Ras is always activated even in the absence of a signaling molecule. This causes constant activation of the kinases in the MAP kinase pathway. Which of the following conditions would be MOST likely to turn off this abnormally active signaling pathway?
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lactic acid was generated by the leg muscles after a bunch of hard squats and is now circulating in the blood which of the following is likely to occur as a compensation of this lactic acid buildup
The following are likely to occur as a compensation of lactic acid buildup:
Decreased urinary pHIncreased H+ in bloodIncreased hyperventilationIncreased H+ selectionWhat is lactic acid?
Red blood cells and muscle cells are the principal producers of lactic acid. When oxygen levels are low, it develops when the body metabolizes carbohydrates for energy.
In the body, lactic acid serves three basic purposes:
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Auxin moves between cells through a process called polar transport. Auxin molecules move from one cell to the next through pin proteins. However, their movement is unidirectional. What accounts for this unidirectional movement?.
Cell-to-cell (from one cell to another and then to the next) carriers (a type of membrane transport protein) are what move auxin molecules between nearby cells, and the direction of the flow is governed by where the carriers are located on the plasma membrane of the relevant cells.
Transport from one cell to the one next to it is accomplished through a somewhat intricate combination of various sub-processes. The so-called chemiosmotic model was developed to describe the process underlying the distinct nature of auxin transport through living cell files of the plant. Ruberry and Sheldrake first postulated the mechanism in the 1970s, and this prophetic forecast was finally realised in the twenty-first century.
The mechanism below explains how auxin is drawn into cells by the so-called acid trap and how it can only leave them when certain carriers are active. These carriers regulate the directionality of the flow from cells and, more generally, the direction of auxin transport through the entire plant body.
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which of the following tactile receptors is found in the dermal papillae? identification of tactile receptors which of the following tactile receptors is found in the dermal papillae? identification of tactile receptors tactile disc ruffini corpuscle free nerve endings tactile corpuscle
Meissner corpuscle or tactile corpuscle is the tactile receptor found in the dermal papillae.
Professor Georg Meissner and Professor Rudolf Wagner initially identified Meissner corpuscles, often referred to as Wagner-Meissner corpuscles or tactile corpuscles, as a subset of mechanoreceptors in 1852. These unique encapsulated nerve terminals transmit low-frequency vibration and fine touch sensations to the central nervous system from the dermal papillae of glabrous skin (CNS). Meissner corpuscles are crucial for somatosensory acuity, particularly in the palmar skin and digital extremities. This has clinical implications for diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and the aging-related deterioration of dermatological tactile sense.
Meissner corpuscles are ellipsoid mechanoreceptors that are situated 150 micrometres superficially within the dermal papillae. The corpuscles have a long axis that is perpendicular to the skin's surface and are between 20 and 40 micrometres in diameter and 80 and 150 micrometres in length. Less than three corpuscles per papilla, with one corpuscle every two to four dermal papillae. The site of genesis affects the receptors' size and density.
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a woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. at a fertility clinic, they discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. the procedure is successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type o. the woman claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type a and her husband has type b. also, neither parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also color-blind. in regard to the baby's color blindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that
Though the parents have blood group A and B , still their son is of blood group and colorblind aswell is possible due to codominance.
What is codominance?
In terms of genetics, codominance is a sort of inheritance in which two distinct expressions (alleles) of the same gene result in distinct features in a person.
Red blood cells with blood type A have a specific antigen (class of protein) on their membrane. Red cells in type B blood have a unique antigen on their membrane, but neither is present in type O blood.
The type O gene is "recessive" because if you only have one copy of the O gene and one copy of the A gene, you will still have A antigens on your cell membranes. You must have two O parent cells in order to belong to group O. However, group O continues to be more prevalent merely because it is the ancestor form.
The X chromosome is where color blindness is most frequently inherited as a recessive trait. In genetics, this is referred to as X-linked recessive inheritance. As a result, men tend to be affected by the illness more frequently than women (8% male, 0.5% female). Males only get one X chromosome, thus even while the recessive trait is present, there isn't another X chromosome that would provide a dominant trait of normal color vision. On the other hand, most female offspring have a propensity to develop into what are known as "carriers," which are people who have the recessive gene (color blindness) as well as the dominant gene (normal color vision), resulting in the expression of the dominant feature.
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Researchers performing __________ insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it. a. lesioning b. esb c. eeg d. pet please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Researchers performing ESB technique insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it.
What does ESB contain in psychology?
Electrical stimulation of the mind (ESB) is a method which includes the creation of a susceptible electric modern into precise places withinside the mind via way of means of the use of more than one microelectrode to use brief pulses of electrical currents supposed to imitate the herbal glide of impulses via the neural pathways.
What contribution do ESBs make to our understanding of the brain?
Electrical brain stimulation (ESB) is useful in a variety of settings, including neurosurgery and experimental research. Neurosurgeons can use this procedure to help doctors determine which brain tissue needs to be removed.
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In an asexual life cycle, cells reproduce by meiosis. fertilization. All of the answer choices are correct. meiosis and fertilization. mitosis.
Answer:
k
Explanation:
which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup alveolata? multiple select question. flagella or cilia secondary or tertiary plastids pseudopodia saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery cellulose plates kinetoplasts within a large mitochondrion
Characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata are:
- secondary or tertiary plastids
- saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery
- flagella or cilia
- cellulose plates
In the field of science, Alveolata can be described as a group of protists that are monophyletic or supergroups. Some members of the supergroup Alveolata have secondary or tertiary plastids.
Some of the alveolata also have the ability to move via flagella or cilia. These are hair like projections that help in movement.
Cellulose plates, which means that the cellulose is divided into plates is also an essential feature in some of the Alveolata supergroups.
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then major contribution of forensic entomology to death inestigations is
In situations forensic entomology where insects have attacked a corpse, the main benefit is to assist in determining the PMI.
For what is forensic entomology most known?The use of species identification, known growth rates, and data on insect succession to pinpoint the site and roughly establish the time of the victim's death is the main focus of entomology study and case application in forensic science.
What three things can an entomologist use forensics to determine?Forensic scientists can determine the postmortem index, any shift in the corpse's posture, and the cause of death by observing the insect population and the growing larval stages.
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TRUE/FALSE. single-cell profiling of tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment in advanced non-small cell lung cance
The statement is False, i.e. single-cell profiling of tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Tumor cells can vary in their cellular shape, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential, among other physical and behavioral characteristics. Tumor heterogeneity is the term for this phenomenon. This phenomenon has an impact on tumors both within them and between them (inter-tumor heterogeneity) (intra-tumour heterogeneity). Every time a cell multiplies, whether it be healthy or cancerous, a few mutations are picked up, creating a diverse population of cancer cells. This minor degree of intra-tumor heterogeneity is a clear outcome of the flaw in DNA replication. Because cancer cells vary greatly in their characteristics, creating effective treatment programs is substantially more difficult. But research into recognizing and explaining heterogeneity can help us better understand the origins and progression of disease. This could then serve as guidance for the creation of more complex treatment plans that account for heterogeneity to yield higher efficacy. A population of tumor cells only contains a small subset of cells that are tumorigenic, claims the cancer stem cell paradigm (able to form tumours). These cells, which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into progeny that are not tumorigenic, are known as cancer stem cells (CSCs).
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an earthquake is a _______. group of answer choices chemical hazard physical hazard biological hazard lifestyle hazard cultural hazard
The mainshock is the term used to describe the greatest earthquake.Aftershocks that follow mainshocks are a given.These subsequent, smaller earthquakes take place in the same location as the primary shock.
Why not explain earthquakes?Despite the tectonic plates' constant gradual movement, friction causes them to become impermeable at their edges.It causes an earthquake which releases electrons in waves that pass through the earth's mantle and give rise to the shaking we experience when the stress just on edge exceeds the friction.
One quick answer: How do earthquakes form?Usually, subsurface rock abruptly rupturing and rapid movement along a fault are the causes of earthquakes.The shock waves that shake the earth are brought on by this quick release of energy.
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Calcium is involved in all of the following functions except:
a. Calcium provides energy for cells.
b. Calcium deposits into bones and teeth to provide a rigid structure.
c. Calcium is necessary for blood clotting.
d. Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
e. Calcium is necessary for nerve functioning.
Answer:
A. Calcium provides energy for cells
Explanation:
With the process of elimination, we can rule B, C, D, and E because they are all involved with calcium
B: Calcium is crucial for bone and teeth structure (it’s one of the main components of bone and teeth)
C: One role calcium plays in blood clotting is platelet activation
D: Calcium causes contraction by reacting with regulatory proteins in the muscle, which causes muscle contraction/relaxation
E: Calcium is necessary for nerve functioning because it contributes to providing a depolarizing signal and contributes to synaptic activity
Calcium is involved in all of the functions except Calcium provides energy for cells. So, the correct option is (A).
What is the role of Calcium in the body?Calcium is important for the structure of bones and teeth as it is one of the main components of bone and teeth. It plays a role in blood clotting is platelet activation. Calcium causes contraction by reacting with regulatory proteins in muscles, causing muscle contraction/relaxation.
It is essential for nerve functioning as it contributes to providing a depolarizing signal and contributes to synaptic activity. Calcium deficiency can affect all parts of the body resulting in weak nails, slow hair growth, and fragile, thin skin.
It plays an important role in both neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction. So, calcium deficiency can bring about seizures in people.
Thus, Calcium is involved in all of the functions except Calcium provides energy for cells. So, the correct option is (A).
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