An atom in the ground state has a collision with an electron, then emits a photon with a wavelength of 1240 nm. What conclusion can you draw about the initial kinetic energy of the electron

Answer:

6.9kgm²

Explanation:

For an axis through the center of the rectangle, I = m[(w²+L²)/12

Using the parallel axis theorem, the added value of I = mR² = m[(w²/4 + L²/4]

Adding the 2 expressions,

I = (m/3)*(w²+L²)

I =6.95 kg∙m²

Answer:

317.22

Explanation:

Given

Circular platform rotates ccw 93.1kg, radius 1.93 m, 0.945 rad/s

You 69.7kg, cw 1.01m/s, at r

Poodle 20.2 kg, cw 1.01/2 m/s, at r/2

Mutt 17.7 kg, 3r/4

You

Relative

ω = v/r

= 1.01/1.93

= 0.522

Actual

ω = 0.945 - 0.522

= 0.42

I = mr^2

= 69.7*1.93^2

= 259.6

L = Iω

= 259.6*0.42

= 109.4

Poodle

Relative

ω = (1.01/2)/(1.93/2)

= 0.5233

Actual

ω = 0.945- 0.5233

= 0.4217

I = m(r/2)^2

= 20.2*(1.93/2)^2

= 18.81

L = Iω

= 18.81*0.4217

= 7.93

Mutt

Actual

ω = 0.945

I = m(3r/4)^2

= 17.7(3*1.93/4)^2

= 37.08

L = Iω

= 37.08*0.945

= 35.04

Disk

I = mr^2/2

= 93.1(1.93)^2/2

= 173.39

L = Iω

= 173.39*0.945

= 163.85

Total

L = 109.4+ 7.93+ 36.04+ 163.85

= 317.22 kg m^2/s

Answer: The properties of magnets are used to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields pull and push electrons. Moving a magnet around a coil of wire, or moving a coil of wire around a magnet, pushes the electrons in the wire and creates an electrical current.

Answer:

The answer is A

Explanation:

Answer:

implausible or untestable scientific claims

Answer:

The box will cover a distance of 0.9199m before coming to rest

Explanation:

We are given;

Angle of tilt; θ = 12°

Speed of sliding down; u = 1.5 m/s

Coefficient of kinetic friction; μ = 0.34

We are told that the box is sliding down an incline tilted at a 12° angle above horizontal.

Thus,

The components of the weight of the block would be;

Fx = mg sinθ = mg sin 12

Fy = mg cosθ = mg cos 12

For, the normal force on the block, it will be counter balanced by the Y component of weight of block and so we have;

Normal force; Fn = mg cos 12

Now formula for the frictional force would be given by;

Ff = μmg cos 12

So, Ff = 0.34mg cos 12

So, the net force along the inclined plane is;

Fnet = Fx - Ff

Fnet = mg sin 12 - 0.34mg cos 12

Where Fnet = mass x acceleration.

Thus;

ma = mg sin 12 - 0.34mg cos 12

m will cancel out to give;

a = g sin 12 - 0.34g cos 12

a = 9.81(0.2079) - 0.34(9.81 × 0.9781)

a = -1.223 m/s²

According to Newton's equation of motion, we have;

(v² - u²) = 2as

s = (v² - u²)/2a

Final velocity is zero. Thus;

s = (0² - 1.5²)/(2 × -1.223)

s = -2.25/-2.446

s = 0.9199 m

Thus, the box will cover 0.9199m before coming to rest

Answer:

8.28 V

Explanation:

Using,

N2/N1 = V2/V1.................. Equation 1

Where N2/N1 = Turn ratio of the transformer, V1 = primary/input voltage, V2 = output/secondary voltage

make V2 the subject of the equation

V2 = (N2/N1)V1............ Equation 2

Given: N2/N1 = 2:29 = 2/29, V1 = 120 V

Substitute these values into equation 2

V2 = (2/29)120

V2 = 8.28 V

Hence the rms output voltage of the transformer = 8.28 V

Answer:

n= speed of light in vacuum/ speed of light in the other medium.

Explanation:

If light is moving from medium 1 into medium 2 where medium 1 is vacuum (approximated to mean air) and we are required to find the velocity of light; then we can confidently write;

n= speed of light in vacuum/ speed of light in the other medium.

Hence;

n= c/v

Where;

n= refractive index of the material

c= speed of light in vacuum

v = speed of light in another medium.

Note that the refractive index is the amount by which a transparent medium decreases the speed of light.

Answer:

The width is [tex]w_c = 0.00252 \ m[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

  The  width of the single slit is  [tex]a = 1.5 \ mm = 1.5 *10^{-3} \ m[/tex]

   The  wavelength is  [tex]\lambda = 420 *10^{-9} \ m[/tex]

   The distance of the screen is  [tex]D = 4.5 \ m[/tex]

Generally the width of the central maximum is  

        [tex]w_c = 2 * y[/tex]

where y is the width of the first maxima which is mathematically represented as

       [tex]y = \frac{\lambda * D}{a}[/tex]

=>   [tex]y = \frac{ 420 *10^{-9} * 4.5}{ 1.5*10^{-3}}[/tex]

=>  [tex]y = 0.00126 \ m[/tex]

So

    [tex]w_c = 2 *0.00126[/tex]

    [tex]w_c = 0.00252 \ m[/tex]

Answer:

the magnitude of the electric field is 1.25 N/C

Explanation:

The induced emf in the cube ε = LB.v where B = magnitude of electric field = 5 T , L = length of side of cube = 1 cm = 0.01 m and v = velocity of cube = 1 m/s

ε = LB.v = 0.01 m × 5 T × 1 m/s = 0.05 V

Also, induced emf in the cube ε = ∫E.ds around the loop of the cube where E = electric field in metal cube

ε = ∫E.ds

ε = Eds since E is always parallel to the side of the cube

= E∫ds  ∫ds = 4L since we have 4 sides

= E(4L)

= 4EL

So,4EL = 0.05 V

E = 0.05 V/4L

= 0.05 V/(4 × 0.01 m)

= 0.05 V/0.04 m

= 1.25 V/m

= 1.25 N/C

So, the magnitude of the electric field is 1.25 N/C

The magnitude of the electric field is 1.25 N/C

But before that the following calculations need to be done.

ε = LB.v = 0.01 m × 5 T × 1 m/s

= 0.05 V

Now

ε = ∫E.ds

here ε = Eds because E is always parallel to the side of the cube

So,

= E∫ds  ∫ds

= 4L so we have 4 sides

Now

= E(4L)

= 4EL

So,4EL = 0.05 V

Now

E = 0.05 V/4L

= 0.05 V/(4 × 0.01 m)

= 0.05 V/0.04 m

= 1.25 V/m

= 1.25 N/C

hence, The magnitude of the electric field is 1.25 N/C

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Answer:

Qsinθ/4πε₀R²θ

Explanation:

Let us have a small charge element dq which produces an electric field E. There is also a symmetric field at P due to a symmetric charge dq at P. Their vertical electric field components cancel out leaving the horizontal component dE' = dEcosθ = dqcosθ/4πε₀R² where r is the radius of the arc.

Now, let λ be the charge per unit length on the arc. then, the small charge element dq = λds where ds is the small arc length. Also ds = Rθ.

So dq = λRdθ.

Substituting dq into dE', we have

dE' = dqcosθ/4πε₀R²

= λRdθcosθ/4πε₀R²

= λdθcosθ/4πε₀R

E' = ∫dE' = ∫λRdθcosθ/4πε₀R² = (λ/4πε₀R)∫cosθdθ from -θ to θ

E' = (λ/4πε₀R)[sinθ] from -θ to θ

E' = (λ/4πε₀R)[sinθ]

= (λ/4πε₀R)[sinθ - sin(-θ)]

= (λ/4πε₀R)[sinθ + sinθ]

= 2(λ/4πε₀R)sinθ

= (λ/2πε₀R)sinθ

Now, the total charge Q = ∫dq = ∫λRdθ from -θ to +θ

Q = λR∫dθ = λR[θ - (-θ)] = λR[θ + θ] = 2λRθ

Q = 2λRθ

λ = Q/2Rθ

Substituting λ into E', we have

E' = (Q/2Rθ/2πε₀R)sinθ

E' = (Q/θ4πε₀R²)sinθ

E' = Qsinθ/4πε₀R²θ where θ is in radians

Answer:

Option B: T ≈ 0.16 μs

Explanation:

We are given;

Mass; m = 6.68 × 10^(-27) kg

Magnetic field;B = 0.80 T

Charge;q = 2e

Now, e is the charge on an electron and it has a value of 1.6 × 10^(-19) C

So, q = 2 × 1.6 × 10^(-19)

q = 3.2 × 10^(-19) C

The period of the circular motion of the alpha particles moving along a in the presence of the magnetic field is given by;

T = 2πm/qB

Where ;

m, q and B are as stated earlier.

Plugging in the relevant values, we have;

T = (2π × 6.68 × 10^(-27))/(3.2 × 10^(-19) × 0.8)

T = 0.16395 × 10^(-6) s

This can also be written as;

T ≈ 0.16 μs

Answer:

Yardangs are formed on vertical strata while zeugen on horizontal strata. ... Yardangs are formed on vertical hard/soft layers of rock, while zeugen (this is its plural form) are formed on horizontal bands of hard/soft rocks giving it a more mushroom-like shape. The Great Sphinx of Giza has been sculpted in a yardang

Answer:

if this surface has a higher index than in the medium where the light travels, the reflected wave has a phase change of 180º

Explanation:

When a ray of light falls on a surface if this surface has a higher index than in the medium where the light travels, the reflected wave has a phase change of 180º this can be explained by Newton's third law, the light when arriving pushes the atoms of the medium that is more dense, and these atoms respond with a force of equal magnitude, but in the opposite direction.

When the fractional index is lower than that of the medium where the reflacted beam travels, notice a change in phase.

Also, when light penetrates the medium, it modifies its wavelength

              λ = λ₀ / n

We take these two aspects into account, the condition for contributory interference is

            d sin θ = (m + 1/2) λ

for destructive interference we have

            d sin θ = m λ

in general this phenomenon is observed at 90º

           2 d = (m +1/2) λ° / n

          2nd = (m + ½) λ₀

Answer:

Current, I = 1.23 A

Explanation:

Given that,

Inductance, L = 35 mH

Resistance, R = 12 ohms

Potential difference, V = 18 V

We need to find current 5 ms after the switch is closed. Current in LR circuit is given by :

[tex]I=I_o(1-e^{-t/\tau })[/tex] ....(1)

Here,

[tex]I_o[/tex] is final current

[tex]I_o=\dfrac{V}{R}\\\\I_o=\dfrac{18}{12}=1.5\ A[/tex]

[tex]\tau[/tex] is time constant

[tex]\tau=\dfrac{L}{R}\\\\\tau=\dfrac{35\times 10^{-3}}{12}\\\\\tau=0.00291\ s[/tex]

So, equation (1) becomes :

[tex]I=1.5\times (1-e^{-5\times 10^{-3}/0.00291})\\\\I=1.23\ A[/tex]

So, after 5 ms the current in the circuit is 1.23 A.

Answer:

λ = 5.4196 10⁻⁷m,  λ = 541.96 nm    this is green ligh

Explanation:

The photoelectric effect was explained by Eintein assuming that the light was made up of particles called photons and these collided with the electrons taking them out of the material.

                     K = h f -Ф

where K is the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons, hf is the energy of the light quanta and fi is the work function of the material.

The speed of light is related to wavelength and frequency

                   c = λ / f

                  f = c /λ

we substitute

                K = h c / λ - Φ

for the case that they ask us the kinetic energy of the electons is zero (K = 0)

                 h c / λ = Ф

                λ = h c / Ф

we calculate

                 λ = 6.63 10⁻³⁴  3 10⁸ / 3.67 10⁻¹⁸

                 λ = 5.4196 10⁻⁷m

let's take nm

                lam = 541.96 nm

this is green light

Explanation:

In order of Increasing Wavelength of the Electromagnetic Spectrum :

B) X rays

D) Visible light

A) Microwave

C) Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves in order of decreasing wavelength  is X-rays,visible light,microwaves and radio waves.

The electromagnetic radiation consists of waves made up of electromagnetic field which are capable of propogating through space and carry the radiant electromagnetic energy.

The radiation are composed of electromagnetic waves which are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields . They are created due to change which is periodic in electric as well as magnetic fields.

In vacuum ,all the electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed that is with the speed of air.The position of an electromagnetic wave in an electromagnetic spectrum is characterized by it's frequency or wavelength.They are emitted by electrically charged particles which undergo acceleration and subsequently interact with other charged particles.

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Answer:

The highest percentage of change corresponds to the thinnest rod, the correct answer is a

Explanation:

For this exercise we are asked to change the length of the bar by the action of a force applied along its length, in this case we focus on the expression of longitudinal elasticity

               F / A = Y ΔL/L

where F / A is the force per unit length, ΔL / L is the fraction of the change in length, and Y is Young's modulus.

In this case the bars are made of the same material by which Young's modulus is the same for all

              ΔL / L = (F / A) / Y

the area of ​​the bar is the area of ​​a circle

               A = π r² = π d² / 4

               A = π / 4 d²

we substitute

              ΔL / L = (F / Y) 4 /πd²

changing length

               ΔL = (F / Y 4 /π) L / d²

The amount between paracentesis are all constant in this exercise, let's look for the longitudinal change

a) values ​​given d and 3L

               ΔL = cte 3L / d²

               ΔL = cte L /d²  3

To find the percentage, we must divide the change in magnitude by its value and multiply by 100.

                ΔL/L % = [(F /Y  4/π 1/d²) 3L ] / 3L 100

                ΔL/L  % = cte 100%

b) 3d and L value, we repeat the same process as in part a

               ΔL = cte L / 9d²

               ΔL = cte L / d² 1/9

               ΔL / L% = cte 100/9

               ΔL / L% = cte 11%

c) 2d and 2L value

               ΔL = (cte L / d ½ )/ 2L

               ΔL/L% = cte 100/4

               ΔL/L% = cte 25%

d) value 4d and L

               ΔL = cte L / d² 1/16

                ΔL/L % = cte 100/16

                ΔL/L % = cte 6.25%

The highest percentage of change corresponds to the thinnest rod, the correct answer is a

Answer:

λ = 428.6 nm

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, we must remember that the Young's double slit experiment is described by the expression :

d sin θ = m λ

For constructive interference , and:

d sin θ = (m + ½) λ          

For destructive interference , whereas d accounts for the distance between the slits, λ for the wavelength and m for an integer that describes the order of interference . Thus, for the given angle 30º, the distance between the slits is 3.00 μm or 3.00 10⁻⁶ m and the order of interference is 3; we therefore use the destructive interference equation  to compute the wavelength as shown below:

λ = 3x10⁻⁶ sin (30) / (3 +1/2)

λ = 4.286 10⁻⁷ m

Or in manometers:

λ = 428.6 nm

Best regards.

Answer:

The power of the eye is 51.64 diopters

Explanation:

The power of the eye is given by;

[tex]P = \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} +\frac{1}{d_i}[/tex]

where;

P is the power of the eye in diopter

f is the focal length of the eye

[tex]d_o[/tex] is the distance between the eye and the object

[tex]d_i[/tex] is the distance between the eye and the image

Given;

[tex]d_o[/tex] = 61.0 cm = 0.61 m

[tex]d_i[/tex] = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m

[tex]P = \frac{1}{d_o} +\frac{1}{d_i} \\\\P = \frac{1}{0.61} + \frac{1}{0.02} \\\\P = 51.64 \ D[/tex]

Therefore, the power of the eye is 51.64 diopters.

The power P of the eye when viewing an object 61.0 cm away is 51.639D

The power of a lens is a reciprocal of its focal length and it is expressed as:

[tex]P=\frac{1}{f}[/tex]

According to the mirror formula

[tex]\frac{1}{f} =\frac{1}{d_i} +\frac{1}{d_0}[/tex]

where

[tex]d_i[/tex] is the distance from the lens to the image = 61.0cm = 0.61m

[tex]d_0[/tex] is the distance from the lens to the object = 2.00cm = 0.02m

[tex]P=\frac{1}{f} =\frac{1}{0.02} +\frac{1}{0.61}\\P=50+1.639\\P=51.639D[/tex]

Hence the power P of the eye when viewing an object 61.0 cm away is 51.639D

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Answer:

The rms current in the circuit is 3.513 A

Explanation:

Given;

angular frequency of the inductor, ω = 363 rad/s

maximum voltage of the inductive AC, V₀ = 169 V

Inductance of the inductor, L = 0.0937 H

Inductive reactance is given by;

[tex]X_L = 2\pi f L= \omega L[/tex]

[tex]X_L = 363 *0.0937\\\\X_L = 34.0131 \ ohms[/tex]

The rms voltage is given by;

[tex]V_{rms} = \frac{V_o}{\sqrt{2} } \\\\V_{rms} =\frac{169}{\sqrt{2} } \\\\V_{rms} = 119.5 \ V[/tex]

The rms current in the circuit is given by;

[tex]I_{rms} = \frac{V_{rms}}{X_L} \\\\I_{rms} = \frac{119.5}{34.0131} \\\\I_{rms} = 3.513 \ A[/tex]

Therefore, the rms current in the circuit is 3.513 A

The question is not complete so i have attached it.

Answer:

The light source is 2 cm from the bottom of the lamp

Explanation:

From the attached image, we can see that the parabola opens up with its vertex at the origin.

Now, the standard form of equation for a parabola is:

x² = 4ay

Looking at the parabola in the attachment, the top right edge of the lamp has a coordinate of (12,18)

Thus, we have;

12² = 4a(18)

144 = 72a

a = 144/72

a = 2

Looking at the parabola again, the line of symmetry is at x = 0

Thus, axis of symmetry is at x = 0.

Thus, focus is at (0, 2)

So, if the light source is placed at the focus, the distance of the light source from the bottom of the lamp is 2 cm

The distance of the light source from the bottom of the lamp is 2 cm.

The given parameters;

Apply standard parabola equation to determine the distance of the light source from the bottom of the lamp;

[tex]x^2 = 4ay\\\\12^2 = 4a(18)\\\\144 = 72 a\\\\a = \frac{144}{72} \\\\a = 2 \ cm[/tex]

Thus, the distance of the light source from the bottom of the lamp is 2 cm.

"Your question is not complete, it seems to be missing the following information";

the top right edge of the lamp has a coordinate of (12,18)

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Answer:

Explanation:

Given data

mass of canister= 3.4 kg

force acting on canister= 3 N

initial velocity u= 2.5 m/s

final velocity v= 4.8 m/s

The work done on the canister is the change in kinetic energy on the canister

change in [tex]KE= Kfinal- Kinitial[/tex]

K.E initial

[tex]Kintial= \frac{1}{2} mv^2\\\\Kintial= \frac{1}{2}*2*2.5^2\\\\KInitial= \frac{1}{2} *2*6.25\\\\Kinitial= 6.25J[/tex]

K.E final

[tex]Kfinal= \frac{1}{2} mv^2\\\\ Kfinal= \frac{1}{2}*2*4.8^2\\\\ Kfinal= \frac{1}{2} *2*23.04\\\\ Kfinal= 23.04J[/tex]

The net work done is [tex]KE= Kfinal- Kinitial[/tex]

[tex]W net= 23.04-6.25= 16.79J[/tex]

Answer:

The correct option is  d

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

     The  electric potential is  [tex]V = 3000 \ V[/tex]

      The  power is  [tex]P = 60 \ W[/tex]

      The  charge delivered is  [tex]q = 3nC = 3.0 *10^{-9} \ C[/tex]

Generally the power generated is mathematically represented as

         [tex]P = I V[/tex]

=>      [tex]I = \frac{P}{V }[/tex]

=>       [tex]I = \frac{60 }{3000 }[/tex]

=>     [tex]I = 0.02 \ A[/tex]

This  current flow is mathematically represented as

           [tex]I = \frac{q -q_o}{\Delta t }[/tex]

Where [tex]q_o[/tex] is the charge delivered at t=0 s which is 0s

     So

             [tex]0.02 = \frac{ (3.0 *10^{-9}) -0 }{t - 0 }[/tex]

               [tex]t = 1.50 *10^{-7 } \ s[/tex]

               [tex]t = 150 *10^{-9 } \ s[/tex]

Given that,

Central maximum = 1 cm

Distance from the window shade to the wall =4 m

We know that,

The visible range of the sun light is 400 nm to 700 nm.

(a). We need to calculate the average wavelength

Using formula of average wavelength

[tex]\lambda_{avg}=\dfrac{\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}}{2}[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]\lambda_{avg}=\dfrac{400+700}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\lambda_{avg}=550\ nm[/tex]

(b). We need to calculate the diameter of the pinhole

Using formula for diameter

[tex]w=\dfrac{2.44\lambda L}{D}[/tex]

[tex]D=\dfrac{2.44\lambda L}{w}[/tex]

Put the value into the formula

[tex]D=\dfrac{2.44\times550\times10^{-9}\times4}{1\times10^{-2}}[/tex]

[tex]D=0.537\ mm[/tex]

Hence, (a). The average wavelength 550 nm.

(b). The diameter of the pinhole is 0.537 mm.

Answer:

The temperature difference [tex]\Delta T = 258.6 \ ^ o\ C[/tex]

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

   The  thickness is [tex]\Delta x = 0.630 cm = 0.0063 m[/tex]

    The  area is  [tex]A = 1.45 *10^{-2 } \ m^2[/tex]

     The rate is  [tex]P = 500 J/s[/tex]

       The  thermal conductivity is  [tex]\sigma = 0.84J[\cdot s \cdot m \cdot ^oC ][/tex]

Generally the rate heat conduction mathematically represented as

       [tex]P = \sigma * A * \frac{\Delta T}{\Delta x }[/tex]

=>    [tex]\Delta T = \frac{P * \Delta x }{\sigma * A }[/tex]

=>     [tex]\Delta T = \frac{ 500 * 0.00630 }{ 0.84 * 1.45 *10^{-2} }[/tex]

=>    [tex]\Delta T = 258.6 \ ^ o\ C[/tex]

Answer:

a. The reactance of the inductor is XL = V₀/I₀

b. The inductance of the inductor is L = V₀/2πfI₀

Explanation:

PART A

Since the voltage across the inductor V₀ = I₀XL where V₀ = e.m.f of voltage source, I₀ = current amplitude and XL = reactance of the inductor,

XL = V₀/I₀

So, the reactance of the inductor is XL = V₀/I₀

PART B

The inductance of the inductor is gotten from XL = 2πfL where f = frequency of voltage source and L = inductance of inductor

Since XL = V₀/I₀ = 2πfL

V₀/I₀ = 2πfL

L = V₀/2πfI₀

So the inductance of the inductor is L = V₀/2πfI₀

A) The reactance XL of the inductor :  [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{I_{0} }[/tex]  

B) The Inductance L of the inductor : [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{2\pi fl_{0} }[/tex]  

A) Expressing the Reactance of the inductor

Voltage across the Inductor = V₀ = I₀XL   ---- ( 1 )

Where :  V₀ = emf voltage ,  I₀ = current

from equation ( 1 )

∴ XL ( reactance ) = [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{I_{0} }[/tex]  

B ) Expressing the Inductance of the Inductor

Inductance of an inductor is expressed as : XL = 2πfL

from part A

XL = [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{I_{0} }[/tex] = 2πfL

∴ The inductance L of the Inductor expressed in terms of V₀, F and I₀

L = [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{2\pi fl_{0} }[/tex]

Hence we can conclude that The reactance XL of the inductor :  [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{I_{0} }[/tex]  and The Inductance L of the inductor : [tex]\frac{V_{0} }{2\pi fl_{0} }[/tex]  .

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Answer:

Study Earth as a whole

Explanation:

ex. oxygen around Earth, layers, formations, temperature, mountains and how they form etc.

Answer:

Geologists study rocks and help to locate useful minerals. Earth scientists often work in the field—perhaps climbing mountains, exploring the seabed, crawling through caves, or wading in swamps. They measure and collect samples (such as rocks or river water), then they record their findings on charts and maps.

Answer:

335206922km

Explanation:

Pls see attached file

Answer:

Increase in frequency of the laser

Explanation:

Because An increase in frequency will result in more lines per centimeter and a smaller distance between each consecutive line. And a decrease in distance between each gratin

Answer:

The critical angle phenomenon.

Explanation:

Critical angle in optics is the smallest angle of incidence of a wave, that will give total reflection of the wave. This phenomenon occurs at the boundary of two medium, where light will normally move from one medium to another.

To prevent light from entering the water, the angle of incidence of the light incident on the water must exceed the critical angle.