An electrical connection between an electrically conductive object and a component of a lightning protection system that is intended to reduce potential differences created by lightning currents is an example of bonding.
True or False

The efficiency of the engine will increase as the sink temperature is lowered. The efficiency of a heat engine is determined by the difference between the input reservoir temperature and the sink temperature.

If the input reservoir temperature remains constant, the efficiency of the engine will increase as the sink temperature decreases.An engine's thermal efficiency is a measure of the work it can do compared to the energy it consumes.

The efficiency of the engine is equal to the amount of work done by the engine divided by the amount of energy consumed by it. It is typically given as a percentage, with the ideal efficiency being 100 percent.Thermal efficiency is influenced by both the input temperature and the sink temperature

. The engine's efficiency increases as the input temperature rises and the sink temperature decreases. The efficiency of the engine decreases as the input temperature decreases or the sink temperature rises.

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A category relationship in the Solmaris Condominium Group database would be "Location to Service Category."

This relationship would involve the association between the location of a specific condo unit and the types of services that are available in that location. For example, a condo unit located on the beachfront may have different service categories available, such as beach access, swimming pool access, and concierge services, compared to a condo unit located in a downtown area that may have different service categories available, such as access to public transportation, shopping, and restaurants. By defining this relationship in the database, it allows for more efficient searching and filtering of condo units based on desired service categories, as well as providing valuable information to owners and potential renters.

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To define and instantiate an object named calc of type Calcululator is: Calculator calc = new Calculator();

This calls the default constructor (ctor) of the Calculator class to initialize the calc object. A new object named calc is created, and it is of the type Calculator. It is then initialized by calling the constructor, which outputs the message "Calculator created" to the console. The Constructor script tag is used to encapsulate the code, and the type attribute is set to  text/javascript to indicate that the code within the tag is JavaScript code.

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Aerospace Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Biotechnical Engineering, and Computer Engineering. All of the above options are examples of Engineering disciplines.

        Engineering is a subject that involves the application of mathematical and scientific principles to design and develop systems that benefit society.

        Engineering is a broad subject with a wide range of subfields, each with its distinct field of study and applications. These subfields, also known as engineering disciplines, include chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and so on.

The following are examples of engineering disciplines:

         Aerospace engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, Materials engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, Mechanical engineering, biotechnical engineering, and computer engineering

         So, the answer is all of the above-given options are examples of Engineering disciplines.

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Answer:

all of the above

Explanation:

The correct answer is B. Evaluation of the training program's results. The instructional design process is a systematic approach to designing effective training programs.

The process consists of several stages, including needs assessment, designing learning objectives, creating instructional materials, and delivering the training program.

Evaluation involves assessing the effectiveness of the training program in achieving its intended outcomes. This includes determining whether the learning objectives were met, assessing the participants' knowledge and skills before and after the training, and gathering feedback from the participants about the training experience.

The evaluation process helps to determine the success of the training program and identify areas for improvement in future training programs. By conducting a thorough evaluation, organizations can ensure that their training programs are effective, efficient, and impactful in helping employees acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their jobs successfully.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

it is for beneficial to use as it is but based on the conditions it is better to scale down

One hour later, the following will be stored in the river reach: Storage is equal to initial storage plus any changes. Storage equals 20,000 m3 plus 10,800 m3 Storage. Hence, the river reach storage one hour later will be 30,800 m3.

The storage unit needs to be changed from hectares to cubic metres:

2 hectares equals 2 × 10,000 m2 x 1 m, which equals 20,000 m3.

Next, we can determine the total amount of input and outflow during the hour:

Total Inflow = 21 m3/s times 3600 seconds equals 75,600 m3

Total Outflow equals 18 m3/s x 3600 seconds, or 64,800 m3.

We may determine the change in storage using the continuity equation as follows:

Total Inflow - Total Outflow equals Change in Storage.

Storage Change = 64,800 m3 - 75,600 m3

Storage Change = 10,800 m3

One hour later, the following will be stored in the river reach:

Storage is equal to initial storage plus any changes.

Storage equals 20,000 m3 plus 10,800 m3 Storage.

Hence, the river reach storage one hour later will be 30,800 m3.

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If a researcher thought cohort effects would be a problem in their study, the researcher should avoid using a cross-sectional design.  The correct answer is A.

The cross-sectional design is a research design in which data is collected from participants at one point in time. The cross-sectional design is inappropriate for researching cohort effects since it focuses on collecting data from different individuals at a single point in time instead of following a particular cohort over time.

The longitudinal design is a research design that follows a single group of individuals over time. The longitudinal design is a suitable research design for studying cohort effects because it focuses on tracking the development and behavior of a particular cohort over time.  Experimental and correlational designs are used in various types of research studies, such as studying the relationship between variables, assessing the efficacy of interventions, and identifying causal relationships. These designs may or may not be appropriate for studying cohort effects.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

"

Correct question

if a researcher thought cohort effects would be a problem in their study, the researcher should avoid using a design.

A- cross-sectional

B- longitudinal

C- experimental

D- correlation

"

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The formatting flag that indicates that floating-point values should be output with a thousands separator is the comma (,) flag. Thus, Option C is correct.

A floating-point number is a numerical data type that contains a decimal point (fractional part) and an exponent (exponential notation). These values are saved as base-2 numbers in the memory of the computer. The term "floating-point" refers to the fact that the decimal point can be put at any location (i.e., it can "float"), which provides the number with a greater range than other numerical data types.

Floating-point numbers are represented in computers using IEEE 754 standard floating-point arithmetic. Floating-point numbers are commonly used to represent real numbers in scientific and engineering applications. They are stored in a fixed amount of memory and have a limited precision, which can lead to rounding errors in calculations.

It is important to understand the limitations of floating-point arithmetic when working with numerical data in computer programming.

Option C holds true.

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(a) To find the magnitude and phase of the complex number z = 1 + jω:

Magnitude:

|z| = sqrt(1^2 + ω^2) = sqrt(1 + ω^2)

Phase:

φ = arctan(ω/1) = arctan(ω)

To plot the magnitude and phase as a function of ω, we can use a graph with ω on the x-axis and the magnitude or phase on the y-axis. The magnitude will increase as ω increases, while the phase will increase from 0 to π/2 as ω increases from 0 to infinity.

(b) To find the magnitude and phase of the complex number z = 1 + jω^-1:

Magnitude:

|z| = sqrt(1^2 + (1/ω)^2) = sqrt(ω^-2 + 1)

Phase:

φ = arctan(1/ω) = 1/ω

To plot the magnitude and phase as a function of ω, we can use a graph with ω on the x-axis and the magnitude or phase on the y-axis. The magnitude will decrease as ω increases, approaching 1 as ω approaches infinity. The phase will approach 0 as ω increases from 0 to infinity.

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The statement" A buffer overflow attack abuses a program's lack of length limitations on the data it receives before storing the input in memory, which can lead to arbitrary code execution" is True.  

This is a security vulnerability that exists when a program doesn't restrict the amount of data being written to a fixed-length buffer. When too much data is written, it causes the system to crash. Buffer overflows are caused by coding errors and they can be prevented by validating input, setting buffer length limits, and checking boundary limits. In buffer overflow, the buffer is flooded with more data than it can handle.

This results in data being written to parts of memory that aren't meant to hold the data, which can cause the program to crash or execute code arbitrarily. This attack can be executed via a variety of means, including malicious input data and viruses. Therefore, it is essential to protect against buffer overflow vulnerabilities by properly validating input and restricting the amount of data written to a fixed-length buffer.

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The maximum transverse shear stress is 25.46 psi.

The maximum transverse shear stress, in psi, of a 1/4-8 lead screw with a shear force of 10 lbs can be calculated using the following equation:

Shear Stress (psi) = Shear Force (lbs) x 0.323 x (Threads per Inch).

The maximum transverse shear stress can also be determined by using the formula of [tex]\tau_{max} = (F_s * r) / I,[/tex]

where [tex]F_s[/tex] is the shear force, r is the radius, and I is the moment of inertia of the shaft.

The moment of inertia of a solid circular shaft can be determined by the formula of [tex]I = (\pi * r^{4} ) / 4[/tex].

Here, the diameter of the lead screw is 1/4-8, which means the radius is 1/8 inches. The shear force is given to be 10 lbs.

[tex]\tau_{max} = (F_s * r) / I,[/tex]

[tex]\tau_{max} = (10 * \frac{1}{8} ) / (\pi* \frac{1}{8})[/tex]

[tex]\tau_{max} = 25.46\ psi[/tex]

Therefore, the maximum transverse shear stress in psi of a 1/4-8 lead screw with a shear force of 10 lbs is 25.46 psi.

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Security engineers should recommend implementing data-centric security solutions such as encryption, tokenization, and access control.

Access control is a process which limits access to authorized individuals only. All of these measures can help protect data from unauthorized access and ensure data security. As a security engineer, the following solutions should be recommended to enforce data-centric security:encryption, tokenization, and access control.

Data-centric security is a strategy for data security that emphasizes data itself rather than the network, system, or application protectingit.It makes data the focal point of any security program, with access to data restricted to authorized persons or processes.

Data-centric security ensures that data is encrypted, tokenized, and access-controlled, providing for the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data.In this case, the security engineer should recommend solutions that would enforce data-centric security.

The following are some of the solutions that can be used:1. Encryption: Encryption is the process of transforming plaintext into ciphertext using cryptographic algorithms to secure the data.The use of encryption ensures that the data is unreadable by unauthorized persons or processes, ensuring confidentiality.

Tokenization:Tokenization is the process of substituting sensitive data with a non-sensitive equivalent token. The sensitive data can only be retrieved through the tokenization process, which is done by authorized persons or processes.

Tokenization ensures that the sensitive data is not exposed, ensuring confidentiality.3. Access ControlAccess control is the process of granting or denying access to a resource. Access control ensures that only authorized persons or processes are granted access to the data, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Therefore, the security engineer should recommend encryption, tokenization, and access control solutions to enforce data-centric security. These solutions ensure that data is confidential, available, and integral.

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The statement that is true concerning the electric forces on q1 is option D. stack f12 with ⇱ (rightwards harpoon with barb upwards) on top is to the left and stack f13 with ⇱ (rightwards harpoon with barb upwards) on top is to the right.

According to Coulomb's law, the electric force between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Also, the force acting on one charged particle is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force acting on the other charged particle.

Considering the electric forces on q1, two other charges Q2 and Q3 are acting on q1. If the force acting on q1 by Q2 is represented by F12 and that of Q3 is represented by F13, then; F12 is the force acting on q1 by Q2 and is directed towards the left.

F13 is the force acting on q1 by Q3 and is directed towards the right.

Therefore, the statement that is true concerning the electric forces on q1 is option D, "stack f subscript 12 with rightwards harpoon with barb upwards on top is to the left and stack f subscript 13 with rightwards harpoon with barb upwards on top is to the right."

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Force in lbf required to lower the screw = 45.9

Force in lbf required to lower the screw given the R is 7 in long, 1.0 in diameter screw with a pitch p = 0.130 in, where Q is 14 lbf of force and the coefficient of friction is 0.40 can be determined as follows:The pitch is defined as the distance between the same two points on successive threads.

We will make use of the formula given below to find out the force required to lower the screw by using the concept of worm drive.

tan Φ=frictional force/perpendicular force (p/πd)

Φ= inverse tan (frictional force/perpendicular force (p/πd))

Where, Φ is the helix angle of the worm, and d is the diameter of the screw

Substitute the values in the above formula.

tan Φ=0.4 / (0.130/π×1)

Φ = inverse tan (0.4 / (0.130/π×1))

= 19.08 degrees

Tangential force, F = Q/sin Φ

F = 14 / sin 19.08

F = 45.9,  lbf

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The correct option is B. Code fragment B runs faster than code fragment A.

 Code fragment A: for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)sum += list.get(i);Code fragment A uses a traditional for loop to iterate through each element in the list. In every iteration, it retrieves an element from the list using the get() method and then adds it to the variable sum. This is a slow operation because retrieving an element from the list using the get() method has a time complexity of O(n), which is proportional to the size of the list.

As a result, this loop runs n times, resulting in a time complexity of O(n^2).Code fragment B: for (int i: list)sum += i;Code fragment B uses a for-each loop, which is more efficient than the traditional for loop used in code fragment A. In this loop, each element in the list is retrieved directly, and there is no need to use the get() method. As a result, this loop only runs n times, resulting in a time complexity of O(n).This loop is therefore more efficient than the first one because it runs in O(n) time. So, code fragment B runs faster than code fragment A.

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Answer:

False

Explanation:

the call to the base class constructor (super) must always be the last action taken in a constructor definition.' is false

The program's primary section encourages the user to utilise the input feature to enter the monthly expenditures for each expense. The showExpenses function is then used to calculate and display the total expenses using the values the user entered as inputs.

Here is a Python application that requests the user to enter the monthly costs associated with driving a car and computes the sum of those monthly and yearly prices:

loan, insurance, petrol, oil, tyres, and maintenance expenses:

loan + insurance + petrol + oil + tyres + maintenance = total monthly cost

print("Total monthly cost: $", total monthly cost); total annual cost = total monthly cost * 12

"Total annual cost: $" printed after total annual cost

# Get user input

loan = float("Enter your monthly loan payment here: ");

Insurance is equal to float(input("Enter monthly insurance cost: "))

Oil equals float(input("Enter monthly oil cost: ")) and gas equals float(input("Enter monthly gas cost: "))

Maintenance is equal to float(input("Enter monthly maintenance cost: ")) + float(input("Enter monthly tyre cost: "))

# Call the function showExpenses

The showExpenses function in this programme takes six arguments to represent the monthly costs of loan payments, insurance, gas, oil, tyres, and maintenance. The arguments are loan, insurance, gas, oil, tyres, and maintenance. The program's primary section encourages the user to utilise the input feature to enter the monthly expenditures for each expense. The showExpenses function is then used to calculate and display the total expenses using the values the user entered as inputs.

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Among the given input controls, the completeness check is the input control that will need to examine a record to determine the control is effective or not.

The correct answer is C) Completeness Check.

Input controls are the measures taken by organizations or individuals to verify that data input into a system is accurate, complete, and appropriate. Data input errors, omissions, or unauthorized modifications are prevented by the use of input controls. A completeness check is a type of input control. It ensures that all required fields are completed and that the input data is complete. Completeness checks evaluate each record to see whether it contains all the necessary data, as well as whether each field's value is valid. Completeness checks are a good tool for detecting data entry omissions.

Therefore, the given input control, completeness check will need to examine a record to determine whether the control is effective or not. Hence, the correct answer is the Completeness check.

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To determine the slope at point A and the displacement at point C using the conjugate beam method, we must first determine the displacement of the entire beam. The equation for the displacement can be written as

 [tex]u(x) = EI\times [C1 \times sinh\frac{x}{L}]\\[/tex] + [tex]C2 \times cosh\frac{x}{L}\times[EI + WL 4][/tex],  

Where C1 and C2 are constants that are determined by boundary conditions. The boundary conditions  are

u(0) = 0 and M(L) = 0

where L is the length of the beam. By solving for C1 and C2, we can substitute them into the displacement equation to find the displacement of the entire beam.

Once the displacement equation is known, we can calculate the slope at point A and displacement at point C by taking the derivatives of the displacement equation.

The slope at point A is given by d u(x)  and the displacement at point C is given by u(C).

By using the conjugate beam method and the given boundary conditions, we can calculate the slope at point A and the displacement at point C of the beam.
Slope at A : When calculating the slope at A, it's critical to use the moment equation that relates to point A. By using the beam segment BD as the conjugate beam and applying the moment equation, we can find the slope at A.
The moment equation is M = EI(d2y x dx 2). After applying the boundary condition for moment, we can get the slope at point A.
Displacement at C: The displacement of a beam at a specific point can be determined using the same method.

To determine the displacement at point C, we must first determine the conjugate beam segment and then apply the moment equation that relates to point C.

The displacement equation is w(x) = EI(dy x dx)    

The integral of this equation should be used to determine the displacement at point C.

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Note- The correct question would be

Use the conjugate beam method and determine the slope at B and the displacement at C of the beam. "El" is constant.

Tech B is correct. When taking a resistance reading on a lightbulb, the Digital Multimeter (DMM) must be hooked up to each side of the lightbulb with the switch turned on. This is because in order for the DMM to measure the resistance of the lightbulb, there must be a complete circuit with current running through it.  

To measure the resistance of the lightbulb, the DMM needs to measure the voltage drop across the bulb. This voltage drop can only be measured if there is a current flowing through the lightbulb.

So, when the switch is turned on, the current is flowing through the lightbulb, allowing the DMM to measure the voltage drop across it and, in turn, the resistance.  

If the switch is off, there is no current flowing through the lightbulb, so the voltage drop across it will be zero and the DMM will be unable to measure the resistance of the bulb.

Therefore, Tech B is correct and the DMM must be hooked up to each side of the lightbulb with the switch turned on in order to take a resistance reading.

Both the Technicians have different opinions about the resistance reading on a lightbulb.

Tech A says that a resistance reading on a lightbulb requires the DMM to be hooked up to each side of the bulb, while Tech B says that the DMM should be hooked to each side of the bulb and the switch turned on.

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The transfer function of the given system is Y(s)/R(s) = G1 * (G2 + G3). To find the transfer function Y(s)/R(s) of the given system using Mason's rule.

The forward path is the path that starts from the input R(s) and ends at the output Y(s). In the given system, there is only one forward path, Individual loops are the loops that do not contain any other loops inside them. In the given system, there are two individual loops.

Non-touching loops are the loops that do not share any nodes with each other. In the given system, there are no non-touching loops.

Now, we can apply Mason's rule to find the transfer function Y(s)/R(s). The formula for Mason's rule is:

Y(s)/R(s) = (sum of individual loop gains) / (1 - sum of non-touching loop gains)

Using the above formula, we get:

Y(s)/R(s) = ((G1 * G2) + (G1 * G3)) / (1 - 0)

Y(s)/R(s) = (G1 * (G2 + G3)) / (1)

Y(s)/R(s) = G1 * (G2 + G3)

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The starting address of the array is 0x10010038 so option d is correct.

An array is a collection of elements of similar types, stored in contiguous memory locations. The index (subscript) is a zero-based number that starts at 0 and ends at (size-1).

Array declaration:

int Array A[100];

Array A is the starting address of the array, which is 0x10010000.

Size of an integer is 32 bits, which is 4 bytes. Therefore, the address of element 14 can be calculated as follows:

ArrayA [14] = Array A + (14 x 4 bytes) = 0x10010000 + (14 x 4 bytes) = 0x10010038. The address of element 14 in the given array declaration is 0x10010038. Therefore, option (d) 0x10010038 is the correct answer.

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The address of element 14 in an array in a program is 0x10010038. Here's how to solve it: Given array declaration: int ArrayA[100];Integer size = 32 bits

Starting address of array = 0x10010000To calculate the address of element 14:Since ArrayA is of integer type and occupies 4 bytes of memory, the address of the next element can be calculated as the current address + 4.

Next element address = Current element address + (size of each element)Address of element 14 = Starting address + (13*4)= 0x10010000 + 52= 0x10010034. Hence, the address of element 14 in the array is 0x10010038.

Option D: 0x10010038 is the correct answer.

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Answer:

Explanation: Three-phase power is a three-wire ac power circuit with each phase ac signal 120 electrical degrees apart

Answer: Your welcome!

Explanation:

Encryption is a process of transforming data into code that makes it unreadable to anyone except the intended recipient. It prevents hackers from getting your data by scrambling the data so that it appears to be random and meaningless. The only way to access the data is to decrypt it with an encryption key, which only the sender and the intended recipient should have access to.

This implementation converts all words to lowercase for case-insensitive counting.

Using Javascript and associative arrays, the following code can be used to implement the function calcWordFrequencies():

// Read the user input
var input = prompt("Please enter a list of words, separated by spaces: ");

// Create an associative array to store the words and frequencies
var words = {};

// Split the user input string into words
var wordsArray = input.split(" ");

// Iterate through the words and store the frequencies in the associative array
wordsArray.forEach(function(word) {
 // Check if the word is already stored in the array
 if (words.hasOwnProperty(word)) {
   // Increase the frequency of the word
   words[word]++;
 } else {
   // Set the frequency of the word to 1
   words[word] = 1;
 }
});

// Output the words and their frequencies to the console
for (var word in words) {
 console.log(word + " " + words[word]);
}

This function first prompts the user for a list of words, then splits the input string into an array of words. It then creates an empty object to store the word frequencies, and loops through the words array to update the frequencies object. For each word, it checks if the word is already a key in the frequencies object, and either increments its count or initializes its count to 1. Finally, it loops through the frequencies object and outputs the word-frequency pairs to the console using console.log().

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Current flows into the input terminal of a sinking DC field device.

Sinking DC output, often known as sink sourcing, is the opposite of sourcing. It implies that the circuit sinks, or absorbs, a current flowing through it. When a switch is connected between the output of the device and ground, the current flows in this manner. Sinking DC output is used to manage motors, solenoids, and relays that require greater current levels than sourcing devices may supply.

The answer to the question is that current flows into the input terminal of a sinking DC field device. The other options, such as the output terminal of a sinking field device and the input terminal of a sinking output field device, do not apply here. As a result, the correct response is option B: input terminal of a sinking DC field device

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a. The value of R₀ is 1000 Ω.

b. The value of β is 3540 K.

c. The temperature when the current is 5.0 mA is 15.6°C.

a. The value of R₀The value of R₀ can be calculated using the data as follows:

From the given equation, we know that

R = R₀ [β(1/T − 1/T₀)] At T = 25°C = 298 K,

the current is 10.0 mA. Since we are measuring the current through the thermistor when it is connected to a 10.0 V battery, we can calculate the resistance using Ohm's law:

R = V / I = 10.0 / 0.01 = 1000 Ω

Using the resistance R and the temperature T, we can write:

1000 = R₀[β(1/298 − 1/T₀)]

Here, T₀ is the reference temperature, which is 25°C or 298 K. Rearranging the equation, we get:

R₀ = 1000 / [β(1/298 − 1/298)] = 1000 Ω

Therefore, the value of R₀ is 1000 Ω.

b. The value of β If the temperature is raised to 30°C or 303 K, the current increases to 12.5 mA. Using Ohm's law again, the resistance R at 30°C is:

R = V / I = 10.0 / 0.0125 = 800 Ω.

Using this value of R and the temperature T, we can write:

800 = R₀[β(1/298 − 1/303)].

Substituting the value of R₀ from part (a), we get:

β = 298 × 303 / (303 − 298)[1 / 298 − 1 / 303] = 3540 K

Therefore, the value of β is 3540 K.

c. The temperature when the current is 5.0 mA. Using Ohm's law, the resistance when the current is 5.0 mA is:

R = V / I = 10.0 / 0.005 = 2000 Ω

Using this value of R and the value of R₀ calculated in part (a), we can find the temperature as follows:

2000 = R₀[β(1/298 − 1/T)]

Substituting the value of R₀ from part (a) and the value of β from part (b), we get:

T = 1 / {[ln(1000 / 2000)] / 3540 + 1/298} = 15.6°C

Therefore, the temperature when the current is 5.0 mA is 15.6°C.

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The cost should be increased by 50% or 0.5 fraction.

If there are 100,000,000 of these parts in service, how many lives would you predict to be lost?

The cost of this part varies linearly with the cross-sectional area (for the same length part, to double the cross-sectional area requires twice as much steel and twice the cost) The stress experienced by this part varies inversely and linearly with the cross-sectional area (you can imagine part as being in pure tension).

By what fraction would you increase the cost of the part?

The probability of the steel pin to fail, P(f) can be computed by the following formula:

P(f) = P(S> Sy)

Where P(S> Sy) is the probability of stress exceeding the yield stress. The value of P(S> Sy) can be calculated as follows:

Z= (S - μ)/σZ = (60 - 51)/3= 3P(S> Sy) = P(Z > 3) = 0.0013

Z= (S - μ)/σZ = (80 - 51)/5= 5.8P(S> Sut) = P(Z > 5.8) = 0.0000041

The probability of yielding (failure) can be computed as:

P(failure) = P(Sy < S < Sut) = P(S > Sy) - P(S > Sut) = 0.0013 - 0.0000041 = 0.001296

The number of parts in service = N = 100,000,000

Expected number of failures = N * P(failure) = 100,000,000 * 0.001296 = 129,600 lives are expected to be lost

The cost of the part is proportional to the cross-sectional area, A. If we assume the cross-sectional area to be doubled, then the cost will be doubled too.The stress, S is inversely proportional to A.

Therefore if A is doubled, then S will reduce by half (1/2) that is:S1/S2 = A2/A1S2= S1 (A1/A2)S2= 51 ksi (2/1)S2= 102 ksi

The fraction by which we should increase the cost is given as:

(Cost at S1/Cost at S2)= (Area at S1/Area at S2)= (1/2) = 0.5

Therefore, the cost should be increased by 50% or 0.5 fraction.

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