Answer:
The supply will decrease.
Explanation:
The supply will decrease because the application of taxes will make selling costly. Thus, when cost increases then producers supply less. Therefore, less quantity will be supplied in the market when tax is imposed and this will increase the prices of products.
g The price elasticity of gasoline demand in the United States is 0.4 If the price of gasoline rises by 8 what is the expected change in the quantity of gasoline demanded in the United States Group of answer choices 5 20.0 3.2 3.2 5
Answer: 3.2
Explanation:
The price elasticity of demand shows the change in quantity demanded of a good in response to a change in its price.
Price elasticity of demand = Change in quantity demand / Change in price
0.4 = Change in quantity demanded / 8
Change in quantity demanded = 0.4 * 8
= 3.2
The board of directors declared cash dividends totaling $160,000 during the current year. The comparative balance sheet indicates dividends payable of $43,200 at the beginning of the year and $38,900 at the end of the year.
Required:
What was the amount of cash payments to stockholders during the year?
Answer: $164,300
Explanation:
Cash payments to stockholders shows the total amount that the shareholders of a company got during the year. It includes the money owed to them at the start of the year in addition to cash paid during the year.
= Beginning dividends payable + Dividends for the year - Ending dividends
= 43,200 + 160,000 - 38,900
= $164,300
What is the best candle brand for the cost performance?
Answer:
Yankee candle
Explanation:
RST Company produces a product that has a variable cost of $6 per unit. The company's fixed costs are $30,000. The product sells for $10 per unit. RST desires to earn a profit of $20,000. The sales level in units to achieve the desire profit is A company that sells multiple types of products has a selling price per composite unit of $150, variable cost per composite unit of $50 and total fixed costs of $25,000. The contribution margin per composite unit is:__________
Answer:
The correct answer is "12,500 units" and "$100 per unit".
Explanation:
Given:
Selling price,
= $10 per unit
Variable cost per unit,
= $6 per unit
Fixed cost,
= 30,000
Desired profit,
= 20,000
Now,
The contribution margin per unit will be:
= [tex]Selling \ price - Variable \ cost[/tex]
= [tex]10-6[/tex]
= [tex]4[/tex] ($) per unit
The required units will be:
= [tex]\frac{(Fixed \ cost+Desired \ profit)}{Contribution \ margin}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{30000+20000}{4}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{50000}{4}[/tex]
= [tex]12,500 \ units[/tex]
Now,
The contribution margin per composite unit will be:
= [tex]Selling \ price-Variable \ cost[/tex]
= [tex]150-50[/tex]
= [tex]100[/tex] ($) per unit
1. Sharon, a newly engaged woman, saw an advertisement in a bridal magazine for a beautiful pearl necklace priced at $69.99 from Precious Jewelry. She thought the necklace would be a wonderful present for her bridesmaids, so she ordered 5 necklaces from Precious Jewelry. After a few weeks, Sharon received a letter, along with her returned check from Precious Jewelry. The letter stated that the jeweler was sorry they could not fill her order because they had been overwhelmed with so many requests that their supply of necklaces ran out very quickly.
a. List the 3 elements of an offer and describe each (in your own words).
b. Did Precious Jewelry make an offer when they placed the ad in the magazine? Did Sharon make an offer when she placed the order? Why or why not?
c. What will be the likely outcome if Sharon sues Precious Jewelry to force them to fill her order? Explain your answer.
Answer:
a. The three elements which make an offer valid are communication, commitment, and definite terms. The communication of an offer happens between the offeror and the offeree and not with the general public, as depicted by the ad. Commitment in an offer requires that Sharon and Precious Jewelry are identified as the involved parties and are committed to enter a valid contract. Definite terms require no ambiguity.
b. Precious Jewelry did not make an offer when it placed the ad in the magazine. The ad was an invitation to treat. Sharon initiated the offer when she ordered for the jewelries. At this point, Precious Jewelry could accept or reject the offer, depending on its capacity.
c. If Sharon sues Precious Jewelry to force it to fill her order, she does not have the good standing required to enforce specific performance of a contract because there is no basis for the existence of a contract between her and Precious Jewelry. Moreover, Sharon’s offer was never accepted by Precious Jewelry and there was no consideration.
Explanation:
A valid contract will exist between Sharon and Precious Jewelry when the five elements of a contract are present. These include valid offer, acceptance, mutual consent (or assent), consideration, and legality (including the capacity of the contracting parties).
(Select all that apply) Maria is researching social media usage in her company for a marketing meeting later in the month. What should she consider as she chooses sources to read and/or include
Answer:
Hello,
this question above appears to be missing options from which one is to select from. In the absence of those, an alternative approach would suffice.
When considering sources for research, Maria should take she must consider sources that meet the following requirements:
DepthObjectivityCurrency of SourceAuthorityPurposeExplanation:
Depth: A source with just a simple cursory overview may not suffice. It is pertinent to elect a source that treats the subject matter in sufficient depth and which uses data to support its position on the topic she is researching Objectivity: If any source takes a biased position on the topic Maria is researching, then it is not a good source. Maria wants to ensure that the author of the source has not taken a position that does not have a balanced view. If any source is not properly cited it should not count.The currency of source: Simple logic requires that a source that is more up-to-date should be preferred above one that is dated. The rule of thumb requires that where possible, sources cited should not be older than 3 years.Authoritative: The more qualified an Author is in the field under consideration, the more reputable the company it works for, the more authoritative that source is considered to bePurpose: Sometimes a text may contain several sub-topics which build up to buttress its primary purpose. Sometimes, these sub-topics may deviate slightly from the main topic. To cite from the sub-topics because it aligns with her work would be a mistake on Maria's part. For example, if she cites from a research proposal whose main topic is Photo Journalism in the Wild West, but which references or the importance of social media in one of its paragraphs, that citation would not be considered adequate because the purpose of the main body is not specific to her work.Cheers
The table below pertains to a small agricultural economy where the typical consumer's basket
consists of 10 pounds of apples and 20 pounds of oranges. If 2017 is the base year, then the CPI
for 2018 was?
Year
Price of Apples
Price of Oranges
2017
$2.0 per pound (Apples)
$2.00 per pound (Oranges)
2018
$1.5 per pound (Apples)
$3.00 per pound (Oranges)
A) 125.0
B) 100.0
C) 95.0
D) 110.0
Answer:
125
Explanation:
Given the table:
Year
Price of Apples
Price of Oranges
2017
$2.0 per pound (Apples)
$2.00 per pound (Oranges)
2018
$1.5 per pound (Apples)
$3.00 per pound (Oranges
Consumer price index is obtained using the formular :
CPI = (Cost of market basket In current period / Cost of market basket in base period) * 100
Current period (2018):
Cost of 10 pounds of apple and 20 pounds of oranges :
($1.5 * 10) + ($3 * 20) = $15 + $60 = $75
Base year (2017)
Cost of 10 pounds of apple and 20 pounds of oranges :
($2 * 10) + ($2 * 20) = $20 + $40 = $60
Hence,
CPI = ($75 / $60) * 100
CPI = 1.25 * 100
CPI = 125
Mantle Publications publishes a golf magazine for women. The magazine sells for $4.00 a copy on the newsstand. Yearly subscriptions to the magazine cost $36 per year (12 issues). In December 2016, Mantle Publications sells 4,000 copies of the golf magazine at newsstands and receives payment for 6,000 subscriptions for 2017. Financial statements are prepared monthly.
a. Indicate the accounts increased or decreased to record the December newsstand sales and subscriptions received.
b. Indicate the accounts increased or decreased for the necessary adjustment on January 31, 2017. The January 2017 issue has been mailed to subscribers.
Answer:
Accounting uses the Revenue recognition principle which means that a business should only recognize revenue when it has provided the service for which it was paid for.
a.
Date Account Title Debit Credit
12/31/2016 Cash $16,000
Sales Revenue $16,000
Working
= 4,000 issues sold for December * $4 per copy
= $16,000
Date Account Title Debit Credit
12/31/2016 Cash $216,000
Unearned Subscription Revenue $216,000
Working
= 6,000 subscriptions * $36 per subscription
= $216,000
b.
Date Account Title Debit Credit
12/31/2016 Unearned Subscription Revenue $18,000
Sales revenue $18,000
Working
= 216,000 * 1/ 12 months
= $18,000
Assume that the price of the sub sandwiches is $4 and the price of tacos is $2. When Harry's income is $14 he buys two Italian sub sandwiches and three tacos. The last column lists the values of the marginal utility per dollar for tacos when the price of tacos decreases to $1. Complete this statement: As a result of the change in price, the marginal utility of each taco Harry consumes increases and:__________
a. the substitution effect of the price change will cause Harry to buy more tacos if they are a normal good, and fewer tacos if they are an inferior good.
b. the substitution effect will cause Harry to buy another sub because his purchasing power has increased.
c. the substitution effect of the price change will cause Harry to buy more tacos and fewer subs.
d. the substitution effect will cause Harry to buy fewer tacos.
Answer:
c. the substitution effect of the price change will cause Harry to buy more tacos and fewer subs.
Explanation:
Since the price of tacos decreased, subs became relatively more expensive. The substitution effect occurs when a consumer (Harry in this case) changes his consumption habits because the price of the goods changes. In this case, tacos become cheaper, and therefore, Harry will obtain more utils per dollar.
A computer manufacturer is producing a one-of-a-kind innovation called Innovel, a cloud computing software that helps navigate Internet content. While making the channel decision and finalizing the distribution arrangement, the manufacturer is keen on limiting the distribution of Innovel and gives only Techaven Inc. the rights to sell Innovel in that region. Techaven is known for its unique facilities and specialized inventories. In this case, the manufacturer is using the ________ arrangement of distribution.
Answer: exclusive
Explanation:
Exclusive distribution occurs when a manufacturer authorizes only one distributor to sells its product within a particular region. It should be noted that this distribution arrangement is typically used for premium and exclusive products.
Since the manufacturer is keen on limiting the distribution of Innovel and gives only Techaven Inc. the rights to sell Innovel in that region, the this is an exclusive arrangement of distribution.
Your first morning in your new office, you reflect on what type of manager and leader you hope to be. Which of the following best reflects what you believe about employees and how they can best be led?
a. Employees are more loyal and productive if they feel that their leader is admirable, caring, and ethical.
b. Employees’ behavior can be shaped and motivated, not only by rewarding good behavior but also by penalizing bad behavior.
c. Employees need to be discouraged from bad behavior.
d. They work harder when they know that failure has consequences.
Answer:
a. Employees are more loyal and productive if they feel that their leader is admirable, caring, and ethical.
Explanation:
Leadership can be defined as a process which typically involves motivating, encouraging and inspiring employees working under an individual to be innovative and create positive changes that will foster growth and enhance the success of a business firm or company in the future.
A leader can be defined as an individual who is saddled with the responsibility of controlling, managing and maintaining a group of people under him or her. Some types of power expressed by leaders are referent power, legitimate power, coercive power, etc.
Generally, leaders use their powers to get other people to follow them. Some forms of power result from a formalized position in the organization while others are derived from personal characteristics or knowledge.
Basically, when a leader possesses and favors referent power (strong interpersonal relationship skills with subordinates), he or she would have a strong and productive working relationship with his subordinates (employees) because it encourages loyalty.
Hence, employees are more loyal and productive if they feel that their leader is admirable, caring, and ethical.
Suppose that on March 16, 2019, a marble statue handmade in Canada is priced at CAD 1,700. The approximate U.S. dollar price of the statue would be .
Answer: $1,443.81
Explanation:
The exchange rate is CAD 1 = US$0.8493
If a statue is priced at CAD 1,700, in American dollars it would be:
= Canadian dollar * Exchange rate
= 1,700 * 0.8493
= $1,443.81
Inventory which originally cost 50.0 is sold for 70.0 in cash. Which answer best describes how this transaction would be reflected in the company's balance sheet
Question Completion with Options:
a. Inventory decreases 50.0, cash increases 70.0, retained earnings increases 20.0
b. Cash increases 20.0, sales increases 70.0, inventory decreases 50.0
c. Retained earnings decreases 50.0, inventory decreases 50.0, retained earnings increases 70.0, accounts receivable increases 70.0
d. Inventory decreases 50.0, sales increase 70.0, cash increases 70.0, accounts payable decreases 50.0
Answer:
In the company's balance sheet:
a. Inventory decreases 50.0, cash increases 70.0, retained earnings increases 20.0
Explanation:
a) Data and Analysis:
Cash $70 Sales Revenue $70
Cost of goods sold $50 Inventory $50
b) In the company's balance sheet, the net effect will be an increase in the cash balance by $70 and a decrease of the ending inventory by $50. These two accounts are balanced by an increase in Retained Earnings, which are adjusted from the income statement, in the sum of $20 ($70 - $50).
The transactions which would be reflected in the balance sheet of the company are: Inventory decreases 50.0, cash increases 70.0, and retained earnings increases 20.0.
What is a balance sheet?A balance sheet is a financial statement that lists the assets and liabilities of a corporation at a certain point in time.
It is one of the three primary financial statements—the other two being the income statement and cash flow statement—that are used to assess a company's performance.
Information and analysis
Cash $70 $70 in sales revenue$50 was spent on the goods. $50 in inventoryThe net impact on the company's balance sheet will be an increase in cash by $70 and a reduction in ending inventory by $50.Retained Earnings are raised by $20 ($70 - $50), which is modified from the income statement in order to balance these two accounts.Thus, above is the amount that is to be reflected in the company balance sheet.
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An investor purchases a 15-year, $1,000 par value bond that pays semiannual interest of $40. If the semiannual market rate of interest is 5%, what is the current market value of the bond
Answer:
Bond Price= $846.3
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
YTM= 0.05
Maturity= 15*2= 30 semesters
Par value= $1,000
Coupon= $40
To calculate the price of the bond, we need to use the following formula:
Bond Price= cupon*{[1 - (1+i)^-n] / i} + [face value/(1+i)^n]
Bond Price= 40*{[1 - (1.05^-30)] / 0.05} + [1,000 / (1.05^30)]
Bond Price= 614.90 + 231.38
Bond Price= $846.3
The board of directors of Synergie Incorporation discussed a few goals for the new fiscal year. The chief goals included maximizing total sales revenue and improving the overall market position of the firm. These goals are categorized as:
Answer: offensive
Explanation:
Offensive goals are the goals that maximize sales revenue, increase long term growth and profit, improve market position and take advantage of economics of scale.
Since the chief goals included maximizing total sales revenue and the improvement of the overall market position of the firm, then these goals are categorized as offensive goals.
Mellilo Corporation issued $4.7 million of 20-year, 9.5 percent bonds on July 1, 2021, at 98. Interest is due on June 30 and December 31 of each year, and all of the bonds in the issue mature on June 30, 2041. Mellilo's fiscal year ends on December 31. Prepare the following journal entries.
Answer:
On Issue date
July 1, 2021
Debit : Cash $4.606 million
Credit : Bonds Payable $4.606 million
Explanation:
The journal entry on Issue date include a debit of Cash and Credit to Bond Payable at discount price of 98 % ($4.606 million).
In most situations, asset values do not equal the amount of money that could be realized if the assets were sold.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The answer to this question is true. The recording of assets is usually done at cost. This is equivalent to the value that was exchanged when the asset was sold. In a country like the United States for example, if an asset such as a land or machine gets to appreciate in value after a period of time, it is not usually revalued. Therefore the answer to this question is true.
Drew wants to save $2,500 to go to the next World Cup. To the nearest dollar, how much will he need to invest in an account now with 6.25% APR, compounding daily, in order to reach his goal in 4 years
Answer:
195
Explanation:
FV/ (1 + r/m)^nm = pv
FV = Future value
P = Present value
R = interest rate
m = number of compounding
N = number of years
2500 / (1 + 0.0625/365)^365 x 4
2500 / (1.000171) = 2499.57
Most spells of unemployment are long, and most unemployment observed at any given time is long-term. a. True b. False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Unemployment refers to the individuals that are part of the labor force in an economy but cannot find suitable job for themselves.
Most spells of unemployment are not long but rather short while most unemployment observed at any given time is long-term. It should also be noted that the unemployment problem in an economy is usually because of few workers who are without job for long periods of time.
Each of the following factors affects the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) equation. Which are factors that a firm can control?
A. Interest rates in the economy
B. Tax rates
C. The firm's dividend payout ratio
D. The general level of stock prices
Answer:
C. The firm's dividend payout ratio
Explanation:
Interest rates are set by the Bank, Tax rates by the Government, Stock Prices by demand from customers. The only factor that the company can control is its dividend payout ratio.
Assume that as their leader, you wanted to influence minimum wage earners in a plastic bottle recycling center to work faster. Which one or two influence tactics are likely to be effective
Answer:
An effective leader is one who is able to influence his team through his communication and interpersonal skills.
In order to achieve greater speed and productivity at work, some influencing tactics that can be effective in a recycling center where workers earn a minimum wage may be associated with the leader's ability to empathize with the team, recognizing the difficulties and challenges of the work, but acting in a comprehensive, ethical way and helping them in their demands, exercising practical leadership, where the leader is the first to set a positive example of what he wants to achieve.
Do you think the licensing process for international medical graduates is an unnecessary hurdle meant to shield U.S. doctors from foreign competition?
Answer:
No licensing is right. Doctors in U.S. are spending more on medical studies than any other country. It is necessary for other country medical students to gain license in order to do practice in the country.
Explanation:
In U.S. doctors are in deficiency so the country cannot completely cease employment for foreign doctors. The country needs to welcome foreign doctors but it is also necessary to safeguard home doctors. If U.S. will not safeguard rights of home country doctors then they will be demotivated and will not be patriotic for the country.
Under the accrual basis of accounting, many of the account balance in the ledger at the end of the accounting period are reported in the financial statement without change. Some accounts require updating, though. When preparing financial statements, the economic life of the business is divided into time periods. The matching principle states that:___________.
1. A purchase made by a business is matched with the actual cost of the item
2. The accounting records and reports are matched with objective evidence
3. The transactions of a business are matched with the transactions of hs owner, creditors and other bussiness
4. The expenses incurred during a period are matched with the reverse that those expenses generated.
Answer: 4. The expenses incurred during a period are matched with the revenues that those expenses generated.
Explanation:
The accrual basis of accounting works by matching accounting transactions to the period that they occur in. For instance, if revenue is sold in year 1 but the cash for it is only received in year 2, the revenue will be recorded for year 1.
The matching principle falls under the accrual basis and matches the expenses in a period to the revenue that the expenses generated in that same period. This is why the expenses in the income statement are only those that occurred in the current period and expenses for future periods are put in the balance sheet.
Use the following selected balance sheet and income statement information for Caroline Supply Co. (in millions) to compute asset turnover (AT) to the nearest hundredth of a percent.
Operating profit before tax Earnings without interest expense (EWI) Average total assets Sales Tax rate on operating profit
$58,300 $93,400 $360,600 $1,135,420 35%
Answer:
3.15 times
Explanation:
Asset turnover = Sales revenue / Average total assets
Asset turnover = $1,135,420 / $360,600
Asset turnover = 3.15 times
Assume the state of Alaska placed a tax on playing cards of 5 cents per pack. If the state generated $55500 in revenue, how many packs of cards were sold?
Answer:
The right solution is "1,110,000 units".
Explanation:
Given:
Tax revenue,
= $55500
Tax per good,
= 5 cents
As we know,
⇒ [tex]Tax \ revenue=Tax \ per \ good\times goods[/tex]
By substituting the values, we get
[tex]55500=0.05\times Q[/tex]
[tex]Q=\frac{55500}{0.05}[/tex]
[tex]=1,110,000 \ units[/tex]
The most significant real economic cost of high unemployment is: the potential goods and services that might have been produced but weren't. the money cost of retraining persons to obtain new jobs. the lost tax revenue that might have been paid by persons if they had worked. the money cost of unemployment insurance payments to the unemployed.
Answer:
the potential goods and services that might have been produced but weren't.
Explanation:
Unemployment occurs when those who are willing and able to work do not have jobs
Types of unemployment
structural unemployment is an unemployment that occurs as a result of changes in the economy. These changes can be as a result of changes in technology, polices or competition. Structural unemployment tends to be permanent.
Frictional unemployment: the period of time a person is unemployed from the period he leaves his current job and the time he gets another job. Eg. when a real estate agent who leaves a job in Texas and searches for a similar, higher-paying job in California.
Voluntary unemployment: e.g. worker at a fast-food restaurant who quits work and attends college.
Cyclical unemployment: it occurs as a result of fluctuations in the economy. Unemployment would be high in a downturn and low in a boom
Economic cost or implicit cost or opportunity cost is cost is the cost of the next best option forgone when one alternative is chosen over other alternatives.
One of the most significant economic cost of unemployment is the potential output lost as a result of unemployment
Aug. 1 Madison Harris, the owner, invested $10,250 cash and $44,075 of photography equipment in the company.
2 The company paid $3,900 cash for an insurance policy covering the next 24 months.
5 The company purchased office supplies for $1,948 cash.
20 The company received $3,050 cash in photography fees earned.
31 The company paid $866 cash for August utilities.
Prepare general journal entries for the above transactions.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entries are shown below:
(i) On August 1,
Cash A/c Dr. $10,250
photography equipment A/c Dr. $44,075
To common stock $54,325
(Being the issuance of common stock for cash and photography equipment is recorded)
(ii) On August 2,
Prepaid insurance A/c Dr. $3,900
To cash $3,900
(Being the cash paid in advance for insurance is recorded)
(iii) On August 5,
Office supplies A/c Dr. $1,948
To cash $1,948
(Being the cash paid for office supplies is recorded)
(iv) On August 20,
Cash A/c Dr. $3,050
To photography fees earned $3,050
(Being the photography fees earned is recorded)
(v) On August 31,
Utilities A/c Dr. $866
To cash A/c $866
(Being the cash paid for utilities)
Louisville, Kentucky is debating a new business ordinance that will address sidewalks in its city. Members of the Louisville city council do not need to concern themselves with which of the following issues?
a. Environmental standards
b. Federally mandated restrictive covenants
c. Local taxes
d. Local zoning
e. Building codes
Answer: c. Local taxes
Explanation:
The city will have to take into account the relevant environmental standards when constructing the sidewalks. They will also have to factor in federally restrictive mandated covenants for legality.
Local zoning laws will also need to be taken into account so that the sidewalk is not built where it is not meant to be and building codes would be important as well. They however, do not need to be concerned about local taxes because the city will not charge itself tax for city maintenance work.
The council members do not need to be concerned about the local taxes.
Local taxes are the levies that are paid by the people living in the community to the local government.In this case, the issue is about Louisville, Kentucky addressing its sidewalks in the city, therefore the local taxes won't be an issue since it's not a local issue.The source of concern will be the environmental standards, Federally mandated restrictive covenants, local zoning and building codes.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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A short forward contract that was negotiated some time ago will expire in 12-month and has a delivery price of $49.25. The current forward price for the 12-month forward contract is $46.00. The 12-month risk-free interest rate (with continuous compounding) is 6.65%. What is the value of the short forward contract? Answer with two decimal digits accuracy and the correct sign. Example: -11.92
Answer:
$3.04
Explanation:
F = (K - F0)*e^(-r*T) Where f = current value of forward contract, F0 = forward price agreed upon today, K = delivery price for a contract negotiated, r = risk-free interest rate applicable to the life of forward contract, T = delivery date
F = ($49.25-$46.00)*e^(-0.0665*12/12)
F = $3.25*e^(-0.0665)
F = $3.25*0.935662916
F = $3.040904477
F = $3.04
So, the value of the short forward contract is $3.04.
Take a real time example of a company of your own choice working in Pakistan and then discuss the factors that lead to pressure for local responsiveness. Discuss it in detail. Draw diagram to show the effect.
Answer:
This responsiveness also promotes the local market orientation of a subsidiary and therefore the strength of its existing network with the businessmen and government authorities.
Explanation:
Usually, firms working within the global market confront two sorts of competitive pressure. They face pressure to scale back costs and pressure to react locally. These competing forces throw a corporation into conflict. In response to cost-reduction efforts, a corporation has got to lower its unit cost. It's going to also need a corporation to supply a consistent product on the international market to downstream the experience curve as soon as feasible. In response to local pressures, however, it's necessary for a firm to differentiate its product offering and marketing strategy from one country to a different in an effort to satisfy the various demands arising from domestic consumer preferences, business practices, channels of distribution, competitive conditions and public policies.
While some associations, like Company A, face a high to scale back cost and low for the reaction locally, while others, like Company B, face low to scale back costs and high for local reaction, many companies are within the situation of Company C. they're under strong costs reduction demands and high local responsiveness pressures. Tackling competing and contradicting demands may be a strategically challenging problem for a corporation, especially because local reactions tend to extend expenses. It suggests and supports three layers of variables, including environmental, structural, and organizational responsiveness. Structural variables like the intensity of competition, heterogeneity of demand, and localization of components increase local reaction.
