The removal of each additional electron requires more energy than the removal of the previous one due to the increased attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the remaining negatively charged electrons.
The ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. It is influenced by factors such as the atomic structure and electron configuration.
When an electron is removed from an atom, the ionization energy increases because the positive charge of the nucleus becomes stronger and holds the remaining electrons more tightly. This means that more energy is needed to overcome the increased attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electron.
In this case, the ionization energies for the removal of the third, fourth, and fifth electrons are given as 4581 kj/mol, 7465 kj/mol, and 9391 kj/mol, respectively.
The trend is that the ionization energies increase as we remove each additional electron. This is because as more electrons are removed, the positive charge of the nucleus becomes more pronounced and the remaining electrons are held even more tightly.T
As each additional electron is removed, more energy is required compared to the removal of the previous electron. This is because the positively charged nucleus exerts a stronger attraction on the remaining negatively charged electrons, making it harder to overcome the increased electrostatic force and remove subsequent electrons.
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describe the main difference between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry
Organic Chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen (Hydrocarbon) and their derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry is the study of all elements and their compounds expect those of compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen (Hydrocarbon) and their derivatives.
what is the mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (li) atoms?
The mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (Li) atoms is 88.89 g.
The molar mass of Lithium (Li) is 6.94 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (Li) atoms can be calculated as follows:
The number of moles of lithium (Li) = 12.82 mol
Molar mass of Lithium (Li) = 6.94 g/mol
We know that the mass of one mole of an element is equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of Li atoms is equal to its molar mass which is 6.94 g/mol.
Then the mass of 12.82 moles of Li atoms can be found using mole to mass conversion as follows:
Mass = Number of moles × Molar mass
= 12.82 mol × 6.94 g/mol
= 88.89 g.
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how many h+ ions can the acid h3po4 donate per molecule?
The acid H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions (H+) per molecule.
Thus, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.Explanation:H3PO4 is also known as phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is an inorganic mineral acid that is commonly used in fertilizers, detergents, and food additives.
The chemical formula of H3PO4 is H3PO4 which implies that it has three hydrogen ions that are attached to the phosphate anion.Each hydrogen ion, which is donated by H3PO4, has the ability to donate a single positive hydrogen ion or proton (H+).
Therefore, since H3PO4 has three hydrogen ions, it has the ability to donate three H+ ions per molecule (per H3PO4 molecule).
In other words, one molecule of H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions.
Therefore, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.
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what instrument is used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance?
A thermometer is an instrument used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance.
The average kinetic energy of particles in a substance is directly related to its temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy of the particles, and vice versa. Thermometers are designed to measure this average kinetic energy and provide a numerical value known as temperature.
Most thermometers operate based on the principle of thermal expansion. They use a temperature-sensitive material, such as mercury or alcohol, enclosed in a narrow, sealed tube. As the temperature changes, the substance inside the tube expands or contracts, causing the level of the substance to rise or fall.
A common example is a mercury-in-glass thermometer. It consists of a glass tube with a small bulb at the bottom filled with mercury. As the temperature increases, the thermal energy causes the mercury to expand, and it rises the tube.
So, a thermometer is used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance by detecting and quantifying its temperature.
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What is the common name of the following compound? CH3CH2OCH3
The common name of the following compound CH₃CH₂OCH₃ is ethyl methyl ether.
Ethyl methyl ether, commonly known as ethyl methyl ether, is a colorless, flammable gas with a mild odor. It is an ether composed of two carbon atoms in a row (ethane), an oxygen atom connected to one of them, and a methyl (CH₃) group linked to the other.
The chemical formula for ethyl methyl ether is CH₃CH₂OCH₃. The IUPAC name for ethyl methyl ether is ethoxyethane, but it is more often referred to by its common name. It is used in a variety of industrial and laboratory applications, such as as a solvent for cellulose, resins, and oils, as well as a refrigerant and a local anesthetic.
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what is the role of oxygen in energy yielding pathways
Oxygen plays a crucial role in energy-yielding pathways by serving as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC) during cellular respiration.
Oxygen is the most important factor in energy-yielding pathways. The oxygen molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration, which is the process of energy production in cells. When electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy, which is then used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) out of the mitochondrial matrix. This creates a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, which then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
The flow of hydrogen ions back into the matrix releases energy that is used to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Oxygen, as the final electron acceptor, is essential for this process because it helps to maintain the electron transport chain by accepting the electrons at the end of the process and allowing the cycle to continue. In summary, oxygen's role in energy-yielding pathways is crucial for the production of ATP, the main source of energy for cellular processes.
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what are the factors that determine how much chemical energy an object has?
The factors that determine how much chemical energy an object has include the object's mass, chemical composition, and the types of bonds that are present.
Chemical energy is one of the many different types of energy that exist, and it is the energy that is stored within an object's chemical bonds. Chemical energy has the potential to be released through a chemical reaction.
The factors that determine how much chemical energy an object has include the object's mass, chemical composition, and the types of bonds that are present.
The more mass an object has, the more chemical energy it will contain because there will be more bonds between the particles in the object's molecules.
The chemical composition of an object also plays a role in determining its chemical energy. For example, molecules that contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms will typically have more chemical energy than molecules that contain fewer carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Finally, the types of bonds that are present in an object also play a role in determining its chemical energy. Bonds that are stronger and more stable will contain more chemical energy than bonds that are weaker and less stable.
In conclusion, the amount of chemical energy an object contains depends on its mass, chemical composition, and the types of bonds that are present in it. The chemical energy is the potential energy that can be released through a chemical reaction.
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Calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.140 M solution of H2CO3.
The species are H2CO3,HCO3-, CO3^2-, H30,OH.
Can anyone help show me how to solve this? There are a couple up already, but they are not correct. Please help me out.
The concentration of the species in a 0.140 M solution of H₂CO₃ is given by:
[H₂CO₃] = 0.140 M, [HCO₃⁻] = 1.45×10^−7 M, [CO₃²⁻] = 1.45×10^−10 M, [H₃O⁺] = 4.5×10^−4 M, [OH⁻] = 2.2×10^−11 M.
Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid, which means that it has two acid dissociation constants. The first step is for the acid to donate a proton to form bicarbonate, and the second step is for the acid to donate another proton to form carbonate. H₂CO₃(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq) Ka₁ = 4.3×10−7
HCO₃⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) Ka₂ = 4.7×10−11
The formula for the concentrations of the species present in the solution is as follows:
[H₂CO₃] = 0.140 M
[HCO₃⁻] = Ka₁
[H₂CO₃]/[H₃O⁺] = 1.45×10^−7 M
[CO₃²⁻] = Ka₂[HCO₃⁻]/[H₃O⁺]
= 1.45×10^−10 M
[H₃O⁺] = Ka₁[H₂CO₃]/[HCO₃⁻]
= 4.5×10^−4 M
[OH⁻] = Kw/[H₃O⁺] = 2.2×10^−11 M, where Kw is the ion product constant for water.
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earning current is applied to an aqueous solution of lithium sulfide. What is produced at the anode? What is produced at the cathode? O o2(g) O s(s) o Lis O Li(s) Hz(g) O O2(g) O s(s) O H2(g) Map
When an electrical current is applied to an aqueous solution of lithium sulfide, hydrogen gas will be produced at the cathode and sulfur will be produced at the anode.
At the cathode, positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) gain electrons and are reduced to hydrogen gas (H2).2H+ + 2e- → H2
At the anode, negatively charged sulfide ions (S2-) lose electrons and are oxidized to form elemental sulfur (S).
S2- → S + 2e-
It's worth noting that lithium ions (Li+) will also be present in the solution but they will not be produced at either the anode or cathode.
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Determine the pH of the resulting solution when the following two solutions are mixed: 20.0 mL of 0.20 M HC2H2O2 and 20.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH. The value of Ka for HC2H2O2 is 1.8 x 10-5.
The pH of the resulting solution when 20.0 mL of 0.20 M HC₂H₂O₂and 20.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH are mixed is 3.07.
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which acid and base react to form salt and water. Hydrogen (H⁺) ions and hydroxide (OH⁻ ions) react with each other to form water.
The strong acid and strong base neutralization have a pH value of 7.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
HC₂H₂O₂ + NaOH → NaC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O
Moles of HC₂H₂O₂= concentration × volume = 0.20 M × 0.020 L = 0.004 mol
Moles of NaOH = concentration × volume = 0.10 M × 0.020 L = 0.002 mol
Since HC₂H₂O₂ is a weak acid, it will partially dissociate in water according to the equation:
HC₂H₂O₂ ⇌ H⁺ + C₂H₂O₂⁻
Initial:
HC₂H₂O₂: 0.004 M
H⁺: 0 M
C₂H₂O₂⁻: 0 M
Change:
HC₂H₂O₂: -x M
H⁺: +x M
C₂H₂O₂⁻: +x M
Equilibrium:
HC₂H₂O₂: 0.004 - x M
H⁺: x M
C₂H₂O₂⁻: x M
Ka = [H⁺][ C₂H₂O₂⁻] / [HC₂H₂O₂]
1.8 x 10⁻⁵ = x × x / (0.004 - x)
Since x is small compared to 0.004, so 0.004 - x = 0.004:
1.8 x 10⁻⁵= x² / 0.004
x² = 1.8 x 10⁻⁵ × 0.004
x² = 7.2 x 10⁻⁸
x = 8.49 x 10⁻⁴ M = [H⁺]
pH = -log( 8.49 x 10⁻⁴)
pH = 3.07
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