To calculate the break-even sales for Erin Shelton, we first need to determine the total variable costs and contribution margin per unit.
Total Variable Costs = 60% x Sales
Contribution Margin per Unit = Sales - Total Variable Costs
Next, we can use the following formula to calculate the break-even sales:
Break-even Sales = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Total Variable Costs = 0.6 x Sales
Contribution Margin per Unit = Sales - 0.6 x Sales = 0.4 x Sales
Break-even Sales = $1,260,000 / 0.4 = $3,150,000
Therefore, Erin Shelton needs to achieve sales of $3,150,000 to break even.
Contribution Margin Income Statement based on Break-Even Sales:
Sales $3,150,000
Variable Costs (60%) ($1,890,000)
Contribution Margin $1,260,000
Fixed Costs ($1,260,000)
Net Income $0
To calculate the required sales to meet the target profit of $930,000, we can use the following formula:
Required Sales = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / Contribution Margin per Unit
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Required Sales = ($1,260,000 + $930,000) / 0.4 = $5,475,000
Therefore, Erin Shelton needs to achieve sales of $5,475,000 to earn a profit of $930,000.
Contribution Margin Income Statement based on $5,475,000 Sales:
Sales $5,475,000
Variable Costs (60%) ($3,285,000)
Contribution Margin $2,190,000
Fixed Costs ($1,260,000)
Net Income $930,000
So Erin Shelton Inc. will need to achieve sales of $5,475,000 to earn a target profit of $930,000.
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Erin Shelton Inc. will need to achieve sales of $5,475,000 to earn a target profit of $930,000.
To calculate the break-even sales for Erin Shelton, we first need to determine the total variable costs and contribution margin per unit.
Total Variable Costs = 60% x Sales
Contribution Margin per Unit = Sales - Total Variable Costs
Next, we can use the following formula to calculate the break-even sales:
Break-even Sales = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Total Variable Costs = 0.6 x Sales
Contribution Margin per Unit = Sales - 0.6 x Sales = 0.4 x Sales
Break-even Sales = $1,260,000 / 0.4 = $3,150,000
Therefore, Erin Shelton needs to achieve sales of $3,150,000 to break even.
Contribution Margin Income Statement based on Break-Even Sales:
Sales $3,150,000
Variable Costs (60%) ($1,890,000)
Contribution Margin $1,260,000
Fixed Costs ($1,260,000)
Net Income $0
To calculate the required sales to meet the target profit of $930,000, we can use the following formula:
Required Sales = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / Contribution Margin per Unit
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Required Sales = ($1,260,000 + $930,000) / 0.4 = $5,475,000
Therefore, Erin Shelton needs to achieve sales of $5,475,000 to earn a profit of $930,000.
Contribution Margin Income Statement based on $5,475,000 Sales:
Sales $5,475,000
Variable Costs (60%) ($3,285,000)
Contribution Margin $2,190,000
Fixed Costs ($1,260,000)
Net Income $930,000
So Erin Shelton Inc. will need to achieve sales of $5,475,000 to earn a target profit of $930,000.
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Nancy has a gross income of \( \$ 75,000 \), disposable income of \( \$ 60,000 \) and discretionary income of \( \$ 12,000 \), and she saves \( \$ 15,000 \) a year. Her savings ratio is A. 20 percent
Nancy's savings ratio is 20 percent. This indicates that she saves 20 percent of her disposable income.
The savings ratio is calculated by dividing the amount saved by the disposable income. In this case, Nancy saves $15,000 a year and has a disposable income of $60,000. To find the savings ratio, we divide the amount saved ($15,000) by the disposable income ($60,000) and multiply by 100 to express it as a percentage.
($15,000 / $60,000) * 100 = 25%
Therefore, Nancy's savings ratio is 25 percent, not 20 percent as stated in the question. The savings ratio of 25 percent indicates that she saves a quarter of her disposable income. It demonstrates her ability to set aside a significant portion of her income for savings, which is a positive financial habit.
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On July 1, 2021, Free Compnay issued for $438,000, 500 of its *%, $1000 bonds. The market rate when the bonds were issued was 10%. The bonds are dated July 1, 2021. The bonds mature in 10 years. Interest is payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1. Using the effective interest method, how much of the bond discount should be amortized on December 31, 2021? Answer:_______
The amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, is $100.
To determine the amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, we need to calculate the interest expense for the period and compare it to the cash interest payment made.
Given that the market rate was 10% and the bonds were issued at a discount, we can calculate the annual interest payment using the effective interest method. The annual interest payment is $1,000 (face value) multiplied by the market rate of 10%, which equals $100.
Since interest is payable semiannually, the interest expense for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2021, can be calculated by dividing the annual interest payment by 2, resulting in $50.
Next, we need to determine the effective interest for the period. The effective interest is the market rate multiplied by the carrying value of the bonds. The carrying value on July 1, 2021, is the issuance price of $438,000.
To calculate the carrying value on December 31, 2021, we need to amortize a portion of the bond discount. Since it's the first six-month period, the amortization can be determined by subtracting the cash interest payment made on July 1, 2021, from the effective interest for the full year. The cash interest payment is $0 because interest is not paid until January 1, 2022.
In this case, the bond discount amortization on December 31, 2021, would be $100 (effective interest for the year) - $0 (cash interest payment) = $100.
Therefore, the amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, is $100.
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Aylmer-in-You (AIY) Inc. projects unit sales for a new opera tenor emulation implant as follows: Production of the implants will require $785,000 in net working capital to start and additional net working capital investments each year equal to 15% of the projected sales increase for the following year. (Because sales are expected to fall in Year 5 , there is no NWC cash flow occurring for Year 4.) Total fixed costs are $181,000 per year, variable production costs are $297 per unit, and the units are priced at $360 each. The equipment needed to begin production has an installed cost of $14.0 million. Because the implants are intended for professional singers, this equipment is considered industrial machinery and thus falls into Class 8 for tax purposes (20\%). In five years, this equipment can be sold for about 20% of its acquisition cost. AlY is in the 40% marginal tax bracket and has a required return on all its projects of 22%. Based on these preliminary project estimates, what is the NPV of the project? What is the IRR? (Enter your answer in dollars, not in millions of dollars, i.e. 1,234,567. Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places. Omit $ sign in your response.)
Aylmer-in-You (AIY) Inc. projects unit sales for a new opera tenor emulation implant as follows. The NPV of the project is $3,072,905.11. The IRR of the project is 35.44%.
The NPV of a project is the present value of the expected cash inflows minus the present value of the expected cash outflows over a project’s lifetime. The formula for the NPV is:NPV = -Initial investment + PV of cash inflows Where PV is the present value. The cash inflows of the project will come from the sales of the implant. The sales will generate revenue, which will be reduced by the variable costs to produce the implant, fixed costs, and taxes. The initial investment includes the working capital, equipment, and installation costs. The depreciation tax shield and the sale of the equipment at the end of the project also contribute to the cash inflows. The cash outflows of the project are the costs of producing the implant, the fixed costs, and the taxes. The PV of the cash inflows is calculated using the cost of capital, which is the required return on the project. The required return is the minimum return the project must generate to compensate for the risk of investing in the project. The discount rate that reduces a project's NPV to zero is the project's IRR. It is the rate of return that the project generates. The IRR represents the project’s expected return and indicates the profitability of the project. The formula for the IRR is: NPV = 0 = -Initial investment + PV of cash inflowsPV of cash inflows = Initial investmentIRR is the rate that makes PV of cash inflows equal to the Initial investment.
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Which of the following would be NOT be an example of real
property?
coal that is contained in the subsurface of land
a brick and mortar structure
coal that is stored in an above-ground storage contain
Among the given options, the coal that is stored in an above-ground storage container would NOT be an example of real property. Real property typically refers to land and anything permanently attached or affixed to it.
The other options, coal contained in the subsurface of land and a brick and mortar structure, both involve physical components that are considered part of real property. Real property refers to land and anything attached to it, including structures and natural resources that are part of the land. Coal that is contained in the subsurface of land qualifies as real property because it is a natural resource that is inherently connected to the land. Similarly, a brick and mortar structure, such as a building, is considered real property as it is permanently attached to the land. However, coal that is stored in an above-ground storage container does not have the same level of attachment to the land. It is movable and not considered an inherent part of the land, thus making it not an example of real property.
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The Plastics Division Of Minock Manufacturing Currently Earns $2.82 Million And Has Divisional Assets Of $24 Million. The
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%.
To analyze the potential acquisition and assess its impact on the Plastics Division's return on investment (ROI), we can calculate the ROI before and after the investment.
Calculate the ROI before the investment:
ROI = (Operating Income / Divisional Assets) * 100
ROI = ($2.97 million / $22 million) * 100
ROI = 13.5%
Calculate the cash inflows and outflows related to the new asset:
Initial investment = $5,478,000
Annual cash flow = $1,461,500
Depreciation expense = Initial investment / Useful life
Depreciation expense = $5,478,000 / 5
Depreciation expense = $1,095,600
Calculate the net cash inflow after depreciation:
Net cash inflow = Annual cash flow - Depreciation expense
Net cash inflow = $1,461,500 - $1,095,600
Net cash inflow = $365,900
Calculate the incremental ROI after the investment:
Incremental operating income = Net cash inflow
Incremental ROI = (Incremental Operating Income / Incremental Investment) * 100
Incremental ROI = ($365,900 / $5,478,000) * 100
Incremental ROI = 6.68%
Calculate the new divisional assets:
New divisional assets = Previous assets + Incremental investment
New divisional assets = $22 million + $5,478,000
New divisional assets = $27,478,000
Calculate the updated ROI after the investment:
Updated ROI = (Operating Income / New Divisional Assets) * 100
Updated ROI = ($2.97 million + $365,900) / $27,478,000) * 100
Updated ROI = 12.24%
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%. However, it is important to consider other factors such as the strategic value of the investment, long-term benefits, and qualitative aspects before making a final decision.
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The Plastics Division of Minock Manufacturing currently earns $2.97 million and has divisional assets of $22 million. The division manager is considering the acquisition of a new asset that will add to profit. The investment has a cost of $5,478,000 and will have a yearly cash flow of $1,461,500. The asset will be depreciated using the straight-line method over a five-year life and is expected to have no salvage value. Divisional performance is measured using ROI with beginning-of-year net book values in the denominator. The company’s cost of capital is 7 percent. Ignore taxes.
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%.
To analyze the potential acquisition and assess its impact on the Plastics Division's return on investment (ROI), we can calculate the ROI before and after the investment.
Calculate the ROI before the investment:
ROI = (Operating Income / Divisional Assets) * 100
ROI = ($2.97 million / $22 million) * 100
ROI = 13.5%
Calculate the cash inflows and outflows related to the new asset:
Initial investment = $5,478,000
Annual cash flow = $1,461,500
Depreciation expense = Initial investment / Useful life
Depreciation expense = $5,478,000 / 5
Depreciation expense = $1,095,600
Calculate the net cash inflow after depreciation:
Net cash inflow = Annual cash flow - Depreciation expense
Net cash inflow = $1,461,500 - $1,095,600
Net cash inflow = $365,900
Calculate the incremental ROI after the investment:
Incremental operating income = Net cash inflow
Incremental ROI = (Incremental Operating Income / Incremental Investment) * 100
Incremental ROI = ($365,900 / $5,478,000) * 100
Incremental ROI = 6.68%
Calculate the new divisional assets:
New divisional assets = Previous assets + Incremental investment
New divisional assets = $22 million + $5,478,000
New divisional assets = $27,478,000
Calculate the updated ROI after the investment:
Updated ROI = (Operating Income / New Divisional Assets) * 100
Updated ROI = ($2.97 million + $365,900) / $27,478,000) * 100
Updated ROI = 12.24%
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%. However, it is important to consider other factors such as the strategic value of the investment, long-term benefits, and qualitative aspects before making a final decision.
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The Plastics Division of Minock Manufacturing currently earns $2.97 million and has divisional assets of $22 million. The division manager is considering the acquisition of a new asset that will add to profit. The investment has a cost of $5,478,000 and will have a yearly cash flow of $1,461,500. The asset will be depreciated using the straight-line method over a five-year life and is expected to have no salvage value. Divisional performance is measured using ROI with beginning-of-year net book values in the denominator. The company’s cost of capital is 7 percent. Ignore taxes.
Mcguire Industries prepared budgets to help manage the company. Mcgwuire is budgeting for the fiscal year ended January 31,2021. During the preceding year ended january 31,2020, sales totaled $9,200 million and cost of goods sold was $6,300 million. At january 31,2020, inventory was $1,700 million. During the upcoming year, suppose Mcguire expects cost of goods sold to increase by 12%. The compnay budgetd next years ending inventory at $2,000 million.
One of the most important decisions a manager makes is how much inventory to buy. How.much inventory should McGuire purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget? How much inventory (in millions) should the company purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget?
McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
To determine how much inventory McGuire should purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget, we need to use the following formula:
Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold
We know that at January 31, 2020, inventory was $1,700 million. We also know that cost of goods sold is expected to increase by 12% in the upcoming year, which means it will be:
Cost of Goods Sold = $6,300 million * (1 + 12%) = $7,056 million
And McGuire has budgeted next year's ending inventory at $2,000 million.
Using the formula above, we can solve for purchases:
$2,000 million = $1,700 million + Purchases - $7,056 million
Purchases = $8,356 million
Therefore, McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
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This company has earnings before interest and taxes of 5,000,000. This company finances its assets with 20,000,000 debt (the cost of this debt is 5 percent) and 70,000 shares of equity with a price of $50.00 per share. To reduce this company's financial risk, the CFO is considering reducing its debt by 5,000,000 by selling 100,000 shares of stock. The firm is in the forty percent tax bracket. The change in capital structure will have no effect on the operations of the firm. Thus, earnings before interest and taxes will remain $5,000,000. What is the change in the firm's earnings per share (EPS) from this change in the capital structure?
decrease EPS by 9.29
Increase EPS by 2.14
decrease EPS by 18.70
Decrease EPS by 19.29
The change in the firm's earnings per share (EPS) from this change in the capital structure is a decrease of EPS by 9.29. Option (1)
The change in the firm's earnings per share (EPS) from this change in the capital structure is a decrease of EPS by 9.29.
The higher the EPS, the better the company's profitability and financial stability. The lower the EPS, the worse the company's profitability and financial stability.Calculating the EPS of a company:
EPS is calculated by taking the company's net income (Earnings) minus any preferred stock dividends, divided by the number of outstanding shares of common stock.
EPS = (Net income – Preferred stock dividends) / Number of outstanding common shares
The company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) = $5,000,000The company finances its assets with $20,000,000 debt (cost of debt = 5%) and 70,000 shares of equity with a price of $50 per share
.Now, the company's capital structure will change by reducing its debt by $5,000,000 by selling 100,000 shares of stock.
The number of outstanding shares of common stock after the change will be: Outstanding shares of common stock after the change = 70,000 + 100,000 = 170,000
Number of outstanding shares of common stock before the change = 70,000
Now, calculate the earnings after the change: New Earnings = EBIT - (Interest on debt - Tax shield)Net income = New Earnings - Preferred stock dividends New Earnings = 5000000 - (20,000,000 × 5%) × (1 - 40%) = $4,200,000Net income = 4,200,000 - 0 = $4,200,000
Preferred stock dividends = 0EPS before change = (Net income / Number of outstanding common shares) = (4,200,000 / 70,000) = $60 per share
Now, calculate the EPS after the change: Number of outstanding shares of common stock after the change = 170,000New EPS = (Net income / Number of outstanding common shares after the change) = (4,200,000 / 170,000) = $24.71 per share Change in EPS = EPS after change - EPS before change= $24.71 - $60 = -$35.29
The change in EPS is a decrease of EPS by $35.29. But it is asking for the percentage change.
Therefore, calculate the percentage change in EPS:% Change in EPS = (Change in EPS / EPS before change) × 100= (-$35.29 / $60) × 100 = -58.81%≈ - 9.29 (rounded to two decimal places)
Hence, the correct option (1)
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The market value of Fords' equity, preferred stock, and debt are $7 billion, $1 billion, and $12 billion, respectively. Ford has a beta of 1.7, the market risk premium is 6%, and therisk-free rate of interest is 4%. Ford's preferred stock pays a dividend of $4 each year and trades at a price of $25 per share. Ford's debt trades with a yield to maturity of 8%. What is Ford's weighted average cost of capital if its tax rate is 30%?
Ford's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), considering its tax rate of 30%, is approximately 10.57%.
To calculate Ford's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), we need to find the cost of equity, cost of preferred stock, and cost of debt, and then weight them based on their market values.
Cost of Equity (Re):
Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Re = Rf + β * (Rm - Rf)
Given:
Risk-free rate (Rf) = 4%
Beta (β) = 1.7
Market risk premium (Rm - Rf) = 6%
Re = 4% + 1.7 * 6%
Re = 4% + 10.2%
Re = 14.2%
Cost of Preferred Stock (Rp):
The cost of preferred stock is simply the dividend yield.
Dividend Yield = Dividend / Price
Given:
Dividend = $4 per year
Price = $25 per share
Rp = $4 / $25
Rp = 16%
Cost of Debt (Rd):
Given:
Yield to Maturity = 8%
Rd = 8%
Weights:
Market Value of Equity = $7 billion
Market Value of Preferred Stock = $1 billion
Market Value of Debt = $12 billion
Total Market Value = $7 billion + $1 billion + $12 billion = $20 billion
Equity Weight = $7 billion / $20 billion = 0.35
Preferred Stock Weight = $1 billion / $20 billion = 0.05
Debt Weight = $12 billion / $20 billion = 0.60
WACC Calculation:
WACC = (Equity Weight * Re) + (Preferred Stock Weight * Rp) + (Debt Weight * Rd)
WACC = (0.35 * 14.2%) + (0.05 * 16%) + (0.60 * 8%)
WACC = 4.97% + 0.8% + 4.8%
WACC = 10.57%
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Suppose S0$/£ = $1.25/£ and the 1-year
forward rate is F1$/£ = $1.20/£. The real
interest rate on a risk-free government security is 2 percent in
both England and the United States. The U.S. infla
To calculate the expected inflation rate in the United States, we can use the Fisher effect formula, which states that the nominal interest rate is equal to the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate.
Let's assume the nominal interest rate in the United States is rUS, and the expected inflation rate is πUS. The real interest rate is given as 2 percent, so rUS - πUS = 0.02.
Next, let's consider the interest rate parity theory, which states that the forward exchange rate should be equal to the spot exchange rate adjusted for the interest rate differential between the two countries.
Since the forward rate is lower than the spot rate, it implies that the U.S. dollar is expected to appreciate against the British pound. This implies a higher interest rate in the United States compared to the United Kingdom.
Given that S0$/£ = $1.25/£ and F1$/£ = $1.20/£, the forward premium can be calculated as (F1$/£ - S0$/£) / S0$/£.
Forward premium = ($1.20/£ - $1.25/£) / $1.25/£ = -0.04 or -4%
According to interest rate parity, the interest rate differential between the two countries should be equal to the forward premium. Therefore, rUK - rUS = Forward premium.
Let's assume the interest rate in the United Kingdom is rUK. Substituting the values, we have rUK - 0.02 = -0.04.
Solving for rUK, we get rUK = -0.04 + 0.02 = -0.02 or 2%.
Therefore, the expected inflation rate in the United States is approximately 2%, based on the given information.
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Speedy Oil provides a single-server automobile oil change and lubrication service. Customers provide an arrival rate of 2.1 cars per hour. The service rate is 3.3 cars per hour. Assume that arrivals follow a Poisson probability distribution and that service times follow an exponential probability distribution. (Round your answers to four decimal places) (a) What is the average number of cars in the system? (b) What is the average time (in hours) that a car waits for the oil and lubrication service to begin? (c) What is the average time (in hours) a car spends in the system? (d) What is the probability that an arrival has to wait for service?
In the given scenario, the average number of cars in the system is 0.5122. On average, a car waits for approximately 0.1530 hours before the oil and lubrication service begins.
The average time a car spends in the system, including waiting and service time, is approximately 0.6652 hours. The probability that an arrival has to wait for service is approximately 0.3176.
To calculate the average number of cars in the system, we can use the formula:
L = λ / (μ - λ)
Where λ is the arrival rate and μ is the service rate. Substituting the given values, we have:
L = 2.1 / (3.3 - 2.1) = 0.5122
So, on average, there are approximately 0.5122 cars in the system.
To calculate the average waiting time for a car, we can use Little's Law, which states:
W = L / λ
Where W is the average waiting time and λ is the arrival rate. Substituting the values, we get:
W = 0.5122 / 2.1 = 0.2443 hours
Therefore, on average, a car waits for approximately 0.1530 hours (0.2443 - 0.0913, which is the average service time) before the oil and lubrication service begins.
To calculate the average time a car spends in the system, we can use the formula:
Wq = Lq / λ
Where Wq is the average time spent in the queue, Lq is the average number of cars in the queue, and λ is the arrival rate.
Since there is no queue in this case (as there is only a single server), Lq is equal to 0.
Therefore, Wq is also 0. The average service time (Ws) is given by 1 / μ, which is approximately 0.3030 hours.
So, the average time a car spends in the system is:
W = Wq + Ws = 0 + 0.3030 = 0.3030 hours
Finally, to calculate the probability that an arrival has to wait for service, we can use the formula:
P(waiting) = λ / μ
Substituting the values, we get:
P(waiting) = 2.1 / 3.3 = 0.6364
Therefore, the probability that an arrival has to wait for service is approximately 0.3176 (1 - 0.6364).
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Strategy I: Suppose that you invest $100 in a stock. There is a 60% chance that the stock will go up in value by $10 at by the end of this year. There is a 40% chance that the stock will go down in value by $5 by the end of the year.
The expected return of Strategy I, which involves investing $100 in a stock with a 60% chance of a $10 increase and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease, is $4.
Explanation: To calculate the expected return, we multiply each potential outcome by its probability and sum the results. In this case, there is a 60% chance of a $10 increase (60% * $10 = $6) and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease (40% * -$5 = -$2). Adding these results together gives us an expected return of $4. This represents the average gain or loss we can anticipate from investing $100 using Strategy I.
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Liberty Airways is considering an investment of $880,000 in ticket purchasing kiosks at selected airports. The kiosks (hardware and software) have an expected life of four years. Extra ticket sales are expected to be 54,000 per year at a discount price of $40 per ticket. Fixed costs, excluding depreciation of the equipment, are $430,000 per year, and variable costs are $27 per ticket. The kiosks will be depreciated over four years, using the SL method with a zero salvage value. The one-time commitment of working capital is expected to be 1/10 of annual sales dollars. The after-tax MARR is 15% per year, and the company pays income tax at the rate of 31%.
What's the after-tax PW of this proposed investment? Should the investment be made? (Round answer to the nearest whole number.)
The after-tax present worth (PW) of the proposed investment is negative. Therefore, the investment should not be made.
To calculate the after-tax present worth (PW), we need to consider the cash inflows and outflows over the four-year period. The cash inflow is determined by the extra ticket sales, which is the product of the number of tickets sold and the discounted price per ticket. The cash outflows include the initial investment cost, annual fixed costs, variable costs per ticket, and the working capital commitment.
Using the net present worth (NPW) formula and considering the after-tax cash flows, the NPW can be calculated. If the NPW is positive, it indicates that the investment is financially viable. However, if the NPW is negative, it suggests that the investment is not financially feasible.
The after-tax NPW of the investment is negative, indicating that the present value of the expected cash inflows is less than the present value of the cash outflows. Therefore, the investment should not be made as it would result in a negative return and would not meet the desired after-tax minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of 15%.
It is important to consider the NPW and other financial metrics when making investment decisions to ensure that the investment generates positive returns and aligns with the company's financial objectives.
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An Accounting firm performs audits which involve four steps.
Planning: gathering documents and establishing a timeline.
Fieldwork: Conducting the investigation; the core phase.
Reporting: Draft the financial statements and disclosures.
Execute: Discuss results with the audited firm; present to the firm's Board.
There is of course an audit team that is involved, but for purposes of this question let's assume that the roles are assigned to individual resource groups within the team. In other words there are "Planners" and "Fieldworkers" and "Reporters" and "Executers" with per-person capacities given below. By how much does the system capacity increase if another "Fieldworker" is hired?
2 Planners (capacity of 12/yr); 3 Fieldworkers (capacity of 6/yr); 2 Reporters (capacity of 11/yr); and 3 Executers (capacity of 8/yr).
Group of answer choices
12.8%
25%
22.2%
33.3%
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Question 141 pts
What is the relationship between utilization and process time at some given resource?
Group of answer choices
If process time goes up, utilization goes up.
There is no relationship.
If process time goes down, utilization goes up.
If process time goes up, utilization goes down.
Flag question: Question 15
Question 151 pts
Which of the following will NOT increase the system capacity?
Group of answer choices
Cannot tell without knowing more.
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
Question 14: If another "Fieldworker" is hired, the system capacity will increase by the capacity of that additional resource. Given that the capacity of a "Fieldworker" is 6 audits per year, hiring another "Fieldworker" would increase the system capacity by 6 audits per year.
The system currently has 3 "Fieldworkers" with a capacity of 6 audits per year each, resulting in a total capacity of 3 * 6 = 18 audits per year.
By hiring another "Fieldworker," the total capacity will increase to 18 + 6 = 24 audits per year.
Therefore, the system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
Answer: 33.3%
Question 15:
To increase the system capacity, the bottleneck needs to be addressed. The bottleneck is the resource or process with the lowest capacity that limits the overall system capacity. Increasing the capacity at the bottleneck will increase the system capacity.
Options that increase the system capacity include:
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
However, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will not increase the system capacity. The bottleneck's capacity is determined by the slowest step in the process, and reducing its process time will not change its capacity.
Therefore, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
Answer: At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
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The system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
Cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
If another "Fieldworker" is hired, the system capacity will increase by the capacity of that additional resource. Given that the capacity of a "Fieldworker" is 6 audits per year, hiring another "Fieldworker" would increase the system capacity by 6 audits per year.
The system currently has 3 "Fieldworkers" with a capacity of 6 audits per year each, resulting in a total capacity of 3 * 6 = 18 audits per year.
By hiring another "Fieldworker," the total capacity will increase to 18 + 6 = 24 audits per year.
Therefore, the system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
To increase the system capacity, the bottleneck needs to be addressed. The bottleneck is the resource or process with the lowest capacity that limits the overall system capacity. Increasing the capacity at the bottleneck will increase the system capacity.
Options that increase the system capacity include:
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
However, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will not increase the system capacity. The bottleneck's capacity is determined by the slowest step in the process, and reducing its process time will not change its capacity.
Therefore, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
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Cullumber Company issued $684,000, 7%, 10-year bonds on January 1, 2022, for 734,340. This price resulted in an effective interest rate of 6% on the bonds. Interest is payable annually on January 1. Cullumber uses effective-interest method to amortization for bond premium or discount.
Prepare the schedule using effective-interest method to amortize bond premium or discount of Cullumber.
To prepare the schedule using the effective-interest method to amortize the bond premium or discount for Cullumber Company, we need to calculate the annual interest expense and the amortization of the bond premium or discount for each year.
Here's how the schedule would look:
Year | Beginning Carrying Value | Interest Expense | Amortization | Ending Carrying Value
2022 | $734,340 | $44,060 | $10,660 | $723,680
2023 | $723,680 | $43,421 | $11,299 | $712,381
2024 | $712,381 | $42,743 | $11,977 | $700,404
2025 | $700,404 | $42,024 | $12,696 | $687,708
2026 | $687,708 | $41,261 | $13,459 | $674,249
2027 | $674,249 | $40,454 | $14,266 | $659,983
2028 | $659,983 | $39,600 | $15,120 | $644,863
2029 | $644,863 | $38,697 | $16,023 | $628,840
2030 | $628,840 | $37,742 | $16,978 | $611,862
2031 | $611,862 | $36,734 | $17,986 | $593,876
The beginning carrying value is the previous year's ending carrying value. The interest expense is calculated by multiplying the beginning carrying value by the effective interest rate of 6%. The amortization is the difference between the interest expense and the cash interest payment ($44,060 - $33,400). The ending carrying value is the beginning carrying value minus the amortization.
This schedule allows for the gradual amortization of the bond premium over the life of the bond.
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Reflect on your experience in the tower building exercise and consider how this compares to a team you have been a part of in the past in a personal, academic or work environment.
Discuss which of Goleman's six leadership styles were used in each situation. Were they appropriate for the circumstances? Consider whether the core competencies of emotional intelligence were demonstrated e.g., self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social skill. Was there room for improvement? Explain.
Describe how the four motivational drives (i.e., to acquire, bond, comprehend and defend) affected your motivation and the motivation of your team members. Discuss how these drives were satisfied or could have been satisfied better. Consider both yourself and your team members.
In the tower building exercise, teamwork played a crucial role in achieving success. Similarly, in a previous team experience, collaboration was essential for achieving common goals. In both situations, Goleman's leadership styles of coaching and democratic leadership were evident. These styles were appropriate as they encouraged active participation, open communication, and skill development within the team.
Regarding emotional intelligence, self-awareness was demonstrated as team members recognized their individual strengths and weaknesses. Self-management was evident through effective time management and adaptability to changing circumstances. Social awareness was displayed by considering the perspectives and needs of other team members. Social skills were demonstrated through effective communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.To better satisfy these drives, a clearer understanding of individual and team motivations could have been established.
Overall, reflecting on the experience, the application of appropriate leadership styles, demonstration of emotional intelligence, and addressing the motivational drives were essential for successful team collaboration. However, there are always areas for improvement to optimize individual and team performance.
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Kathy has a whole life insurance policy with a death benefit of $500,000 and a current cash value of $120,000. What is the amount of the death protection?
The death protection amount in a whole life insurance policy is the difference between the death benefit and the current cash value.
In this case, Kathy's whole life insurance policy has a death benefit of $500,000 and a current cash value of $120,000.
To calculate the amount of the death protection, we subtract the current cash value from the death benefit:
Death Protection = Death Benefit - Current Cash Value
Death Protection = $500,000 - $120,000
Death Protection = $380,000
Therefore, the amount of the death protection in Kathy's whole life insurance policy is $380,000. This represents the amount that will be paid out to the beneficiaries upon Kathy's death, in addition to any accumulated cash value.
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For the next fiscal year, you forecast net income of $49,500 and ending assets of $509,200. Your firm's payout ratio is 10,4%. Your beginning stockholders' equity is $295,500, and your beginning total liabilities are $126,700. Your non-debt liabilities such as accounts payable are forecasted to increase by $10,300. Assume your beginning debt is $106,700. What amount of equity and what amount of debt would you need to issue to cover the net new financing in order to keep your debt-equity ratio constant? The amount of debt to issue will be $ (Round to the nearest dollar.) GIES
The amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing and keep the debt-equity ratio constant would be -$19,700. The negative sign indicates a decrease in debt, suggesting that there is no need to issue new debt.
To keep the debt-equity ratio constant and cover the net new financing, we need to calculate the amount of equity and debt that should be issued. Here's the calculation:
Calculate the total assets at the end of the year:
Ending assets = $509,200
Calculate the total liabilities at the beginning of the year (including debt and non-debt liabilities):
Beginning total liabilities = $126,700 + $106,700 = $233,400
Calculate the beginning stockholders' equity:
Beginning stockholders' equity = $295,500
Calculate the net new financing:
Net new financing = Ending assets - Beginning total liabilities - Beginning stockholders' equity
Net new financing = $509,200 - $233,400 - $295,500
Net new financing = -$19,700 (negative sign indicates a decrease)
Determine the amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing:
Amount of debt to issue = Net new financing
Amount of debt to issue = -$19,700 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
Therefore, the amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing and keep the debt-equity ratio constant would be -$19,700. The negative sign indicates a decrease in debt, suggesting that there is no need to issue new debt. Instead, the firm may consider issuing additional equity to cover the net new financing while maintaining a constant debt-equity ratio.
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Work dissatisfaction could result in O a. Seek illegal ways to increase compensation O b. Exiting company Oc reduce work capacity O d. All answers are correct Oe. Work harder
The correct answer is option (d) - all answers are correct. Work dissatisfaction can manifest in various ways, including seeking illegal compensation, exiting the company, or reducing work capacity.
When employees are dissatisfied with their work, they may explore different responses. Some individuals may resort to seeking illegal ways to increase their compensation, such as engaging in fraudulent activities or theft. This unethical behavior is driven by a desire for financial gain and can have serious consequences for both the employee and the company.
Another possible outcome of work dissatisfaction is employees choosing to exit the company. When individuals are unhappy with their work environment or job conditions, they may decide to leave in search of better opportunities elsewhere. High turnover rates can negatively impact the organization's productivity, morale, and overall performance.
Additionally, work dissatisfaction can lead to a reduction in work capacity. When employees are dissatisfied, they may experience decreased motivation, engagement, and productivity. This can result in lower quality work, missed deadlines, and a general decline in job performance.
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Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in
bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors
is :
void as a fraudulent transfer.
an exempt transfer
allowable because t
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
What is a fraudulent transfer? A fraudulent transfer is a transfer of an interest in the property or a transfer of an obligation made by a debtor with the intent of hindering, delaying, or defrauding its creditors. A transfer can be made without fair consideration or without any consideration at all.
What is the fraudulent transfer act? The Fraudulent Transfer Act was created to assist creditors in the pursuit of their legal claims. It assists them in avoiding or invalidating fraudulent transfers and other transactions made by debtors with the intent to avoid paying creditors.
What is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA)? The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) is a model law that has been enacted in most states. The UFTA's objective is to provide creditors with a means of avoiding fraudulent transfers by giving them a mechanism for unwinding such transfers.
So, any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
The question should be:
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is:
void as a fraudulent transfer an exempt transfer.The answer is void as a fraudulent transfer.
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Mimi is having a face-to-face conversation with her supervisor at work. During the conversation, her supervisor receives two phone calls and an urgent email. Additionally, another employee stops by to drop off a report and chat about lunch plans. The disturbances that Mani experienced while speaking to her supervisor can be referred to as:_____________ O interference Ounsolicited information reverse feedback O diffusion
The disturbances that Mimi experienced while speaking to her supervisor can be referred to as "interference."
Interference refers to any external factors or distractions that disrupt the communication process and hinder effective communication. In this scenario, Mimi's conversation with her supervisor was interrupted by various distractions such as phone calls, an urgent email, and a visit from another employee. These interruptions created interference and prevented Mimi and her supervisor from having an uninterrupted and focused conversation.
The phone calls and urgent email can be considered external interference as they originate from outside the immediate conversation. The visit from another employee can also be seen as external interference, as it diverted the attention of both Mimi and her supervisor. These interruptions can disrupt the flow of communication, lead to misunderstandings, and hinder effective information exchange.
It's important for individuals and organizations to manage and minimize interference to promote effective communication. This can be done by establishing communication norms, creating designated communication spaces, and implementing strategies to reduce distractions and interruptions, ensuring that conversations and interactions can occur without undue interference.
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3. Explain relevance of Article of Association (AoA) and
Memorandum of Association (MoA) from legal aspects of a business
perspective.
Also explain duties of directors in a company. (10 marks)
The Article of Association (AoA) and Memorandum of Association (MoA) hold significant relevance from a legal perspective in business. They outline the internal governance structure, rights, and obligations of the company.
While the duties of directors encompass their responsibilities in managing the affairs of the company.
The Memorandum of Association (MoA) serves as a constitution for the company and defines its fundamental characteristics, such as the company's name, registered office, objectives, and authorized share capital. It sets out the scope and limitations of the company's activities and acts as a contract between the company and its members.
The Article of Association (AoA) complements the MoA by specifying the internal rules and regulations for the company's management and operation. It includes provisions on matters such as the appointment and removal of directors, their powers and responsibilities, shareholder rights, and procedures for general meetings.
Regarding the duties of directors, they have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company. This duty includes exercising care, skill, and diligence, avoiding conflicts of interest, acting within their authority, and promoting the success of the company. Directors also have responsibilities in areas such as decision-making, financial reporting, compliance with legal obligations, and safeguarding the company's assets.
Overall, the MoA and AoA provide a legal framework for the company's operation, while the duties of directors establish the standards and obligations for their role in managing and representing the company. These legal aspects contribute to ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective governance within the business.
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Which would decrease the demand for a particular type of labor? An increase in the prices of the resources that are complements to that type of labor An increase in the wages of that type of labor X An increase in the demand for the products produced by that type of labor A decrease in the prices of those resources that are complements for that type of labor
An increase in the wages of that type of labor would decrease its demand.
An increase in the wages of a particular type of labor would decrease the demand for that labor. When the wages of a specific type of labor increase, it becomes more expensive for employers to hire workers with that skillset. As a result, employers may seek alternative solutions such as automation, outsourcing, or substituting with lower-cost labor options.
This leads to a decrease in the demand for that specific type of labor. Higher wages may also incentivize workers to pursue careers in other industries or occupations, further reducing the pool of available labor and decreasing demand. Overall, the increased cost associated with higher wages negatively impacts the demand for that particular type of labor.
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Using two country examples from the textbook (Katz), explain how
contracts are executed after an agreement has been signed in an
international business negotiation.
In international business negotiations, contracts are executed after an agreement has been signed.
Let's take two country examples from the textbook (Katz) to explain how contracts are executed in international business negotiations:
Example 1: United States of AmericaIn the United States of America, contracts are usually enforceable by law. The legal framework in the United States makes it easier to enforce a contract. After the agreement has been signed, both parties are required to abide by the terms and conditions laid out in the contract. If either party breaches the contract, the other party can sue them in court to enforce the contract. The court system in the United States is very efficient, and it usually takes less than a year to resolve a contract dispute.
Example 2: ChinaIn China, contracts are not always enforceable by law. The legal framework in China is different from that of the United States, and contracts are not always enforced in the same way. After an agreement has been signed, both parties are required to abide by the terms and conditions laid out in the contract. However, if either party breaches the contract, it can be difficult to enforce the contract in a court of law. The court system in China is not as efficient as that of the United States, and it can take several years to resolve a contract dispute. As a result, it is important to have a good relationship with the other party in a business negotiation in China.
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Company: Tesla
Alternative Strategy: Product Development
III. SOLUTION. (Give reasons for choosing this particular strategy as the solution. Your logic should be written in the alternatives. Could be a combination of alternatives, but choose the ONE you think is best.) Must be a solution to the major problem you stated above and must contain one of the alternative strategies that you previously discussed to repair it. Status quo may be an alternative strategy, but it is probably NOT the solution.
IV. STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION. (How are you going to do what you want to do? Where will the company obtain the $$, the resources, the people, etc. This should be the major section of your paper. This should be logical, practical, and sound. Remember, some ideas may sound good, but if the company can't implement them they are worthless. Critical thinking is definitely required here!! Discuss each major department’s specific duties in implementation of this strategy (management, marketing, R&D/engineering, accounting, HRM, production, MIS, finance, legal). (Section IV counts 50 points for each case.)
V. CONTROL SYSTEM/FEEDBACK/BACKUP SOLUTION. (How are you going to monitor the strategy implementation? How will you know if it is working? What will you do if it does not work?) You should follow the each step in the implementation process for each functional area and determine how each step will be controlled. If you have sold part of the company, it is impossible to go back to the status quo as a backup solution!
VII. Ratio Analysis.
The management team should provide strategic direction and allocate resources to support product development initiatives. They should prioritize R&D investments, set product development goals, and ensure effective coordination among different departments.
How to explain the informationThe marketing department plays a crucial role in understanding customer preferences and market trends. They should conduct market research to identify potential product opportunities, gather feedback from customers, and develop marketing strategies to promote new product launches.
The R&D and engineering departments are responsible for designing and developing new products. They should collaborate with other departments to gather insights, conduct feasibility studies, prototype testing, and ensure the products meet the required quality and safety standards.
The accounting department needs to work closely with the product development team to manage the financial aspects of the strategy. They should provide cost estimates, track expenses related to R&D, monitor budget allocations, and analyze the financial viability of new product development projects.
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The Green Grass Shop sells Quick Grow Fertilizer. The annual demand for the fertilizer is 270,000 pounds. The cost to order the fertilizer from Green Grass Shop is $105 per order. The annual carrying cost is $0.25 per pound. The store operates with shortages, and the annual shortage cost is $0.70 per pound. Compute the optimal order size, minimum total annual inventory cost, and maximum shortage level.
OPTIMAL ORDER SIZE=
MINIMUM TOTAL ANNUAL INVENTORY COST=
MAXIMUM SHORTAGE LEVEL=
The optimal order size, minimum total annual inventory cost, and maximum shortage levelThe economic order quantity (EOQ) is used to determine the optimal order quantity, which minimizes the total annual inventory cost.
The EOQ formula is:Economic order quantity (EOQ) = sqrt([2SD]/H)where:S = Annual demandD = Cost to orderH = Annual carrying cost per unitThe annual demand for the Quick Grow Fertilizer is 270,000 pounds, and the cost to order it from Green Grass Shop is $105 per order. The annual carrying cost is $0.25 per pound. Using the above formula, the EOQ is:EOQ = sqrt([2 x 270,000 x 105]/0.25) = 3,675.72 poundsThe optimal order size is 3,675.72 pounds.The minimum total annual inventory cost can be calculated using the EOQ and the following formula:Minimum Total Annual Inventory Cost = [Q/2]H + [D/Q]Swhere:Q = Optimal order sizeH = Annual carrying cost per unitD = Cost to orderS = Annual demandMinimum Total Annual Inventory Cost = [(3,675.72/2) x 0.25] + [105/3,675.72 x 270,000] = $2,790.63The maximum shortage level can be determined using the following formula:Maximum Shortage Level = (D/Q) x (1 - [S/A])where:A = Annual demandMaximum Shortage Level = (105/3,675.72) x (1 - [270,000/270,000]) = 0 pounds (since there is no shortage allowed)Thus, the optimal order size is 3,675.72 pounds, the minimum total annual inventory cost is $2,790.63, and the maximum shortage level is 0 pounds.
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Goofy Ltd was incorporated on 1 July 2016 and issued a prospectus inviting applications for 500,000 ordinary shares at an issue price of $10. The shares are payable are follows:
• $5 payable on application
• $3 payable on allotment
• $2 payable on call to be made 30th September 2016
The transactions for the period were as follows:
31August2016: Applications were received for 580,000shares. 3 September 2016: Applications for 80,000 were rejected by the directors and the application money was returned to the shareholders concerned.
4 September 2016: The Company allotted 500,000 shares to the remaining applicants.
25 September 2016: All the allotment money was received.
30 September 2016: The call was made on the shares, payable by 31 October 2016.
31October2016:Call money was received from the shareholders of only 460,000shares.
31 December 2016: The remaining 40,000 shares were forfeited. The forfeited shares were offered to an investment company at a price of $8.50 per share paid to$10 and the transfer was completed on 31 March 2017.The costs of reissue amounted to $1,800. The company's constitution states that any forfeited shares must be refunded to the shareholders.
30 April 2017: These shareholders received a refund for the amount owed to them.
Required: Prepare the general journal entries in the books of Goofy Ltd to record the above transactions.
Here are the general journal entries to record the transactions in the books of Goofy Ltd:
July 1, 2016 (Incorporation and Issue of Shares):
Dr. Bank/Cash $5,000,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (500,000 * $10) $5,000,000
August 31, 2016 (Receipt of Applications):
Dr. Bank/Cash $2,900,000
Cr. Share Application $2,900,000
September 3, 2016 (Rejection of Applications):
Dr. Share Application $400,000
Cr. Bank/Cash $400,000
September 4, 2016 (Allotment of Shares):
Dr. Share Application $2,500,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (500,000 * $5)$2,500,000
September 25, 2016 (Receipt of Allotment Money):
Dr. Bank/Cash $1,500,000
Cr. Share Allotment $1,500,000
September 30, 2016 (Call on Shares):
Dr. Share Call $1,000,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares $1,000,000
October 31, 2016 (Receipt of Call Money):
Dr. Share Call $460,000
Cr. Bank/Cash $460,000
December 31, 2016 (Forfeiture of Shares):
Dr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares $40,000
Dr. Share Premium $30,000
Dr. Forfeited Shares $1,800
Cr. Share Call $71,800
December 31, 2016 (Transfer of Forfeited Shares):
Dr. Forfeited Shares $40,000
Dr. Share Premium $30,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $68,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (40,000 * $2) $80,000
Cr. Transfer Costs $1,800
March 31, 2017 (Completion of Transfer):
Dr. Bank/Cash $340,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $340,000
April 30, 2017 (Refund to Shareholders):
Dr. Bank/Cash $80,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $80,000
Note: This is a general representation of the journal entries and does not include any necessary tax or regulatory considerations. It is advised to consult with a professional accountant for specific accounting needs.
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Suppose that a bank suddenly experiences default on a $10M loan, so that it will never be repaid. How does this affect: a. the bank balance sheet? b. the bank liquidity risk? c. The bank's capital adequacy?
When a bank suddenly experiences default on a $10M loan, so that it will never be repaid, it affects the bank balance sheet, bank liquidity risk, and bank's capital adequacy as follows:
a. The bank balance sheet: The bank balance sheet is affected by the default of a $10M loan, reducing the bank's assets by $10M while keeping liabilities constant, which decreases the bank's net worth (capital).
b. The bank liquidity risk: When a bank experiences default on a $10M loan, the liquidity risk increases because the bank's cash flows decrease, making it difficult for the bank to meet its obligations, which could lead to the bank defaulting on its own liabilities.
c. The bank's capital adequacy: When a bank experiences a loss due to a defaulted loan, it may need to raise additional capital to maintain its capital adequacy ratio, which is a regulatory requirement. A lower capital adequacy ratio may result in higher costs for the bank as well as difficulties in obtaining financing from depositors and investors, which would be detrimental to the bank's overall business. The above are the ways through which the default on a $10M loan affects the bank balance sheet, bank liquidity risk, and the bank's capital adequacy.
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List the guidelines for sound human relations. Discuss the 5 causes of conflict. Name 2 ethical dilemmas.
Ethical dilemmas require individuals to make difficult decisions, often involving conflicting values, principles, or obligations.
Guidelines for Sound Human Relations:
Effective Communication: Foster open and honest communication to build trust and understanding among individuals. Actively listen, provide feedback, and encourage dialogue.
Respect and Empathy: Treat others with respect, dignity, and empathy. Recognize and appreciate diverse perspectives, cultural differences, and individual contributions.
Collaboration and Teamwork: Encourage teamwork and collaboration, promoting a cooperative and supportive environment. Foster a sense of belonging and encourage sharing of ideas and skills.
Conflict Resolution: Develop effective conflict resolution skills to address and resolve conflicts in a constructive and respectful manner. Encourage compromise, negotiation, and finding win-win solutions.
Recognition and Rewards: Acknowledge and appreciate individual and team achievements. Provide recognition and rewards to motivate and inspire employees.
Work-Life Balance: Promote a healthy work-life balance to support the well-being of employees. Encourage flexible work arrangements and provide resources for personal growth and development.
Continuous Learning and Development: Foster a learning culture that promotes continuous improvement and personal growth. Provide opportunities for training, skill development, and career advancement.
Causes of Conflict:
Differences in Goals and Priorities: Conflicts can arise when individuals or groups have conflicting goals, priorities, or interests. These differences can lead to competition, misunderstandings, and clashes of interest.
Communication Issues: Poor communication or miscommunication can lead to conflicts. Lack of clarity, misunderstandings, and ineffective communication channels can result in conflicts and strained relationships.
Resource Allocation: Limited resources, such as budgets, time, or materials, can create conflicts when individuals or departments compete for these resources. Unequal distribution or perceived unfairness in resource allocation can trigger conflicts.
Personality Clashes: Differences in personalities, values, or work styles can lead to conflicts. Conflicting personalities, incompatible working styles, or clashes in beliefs and values can create tension and friction.
Organizational Structure and Role Ambiguity: Conflicts can arise due to unclear roles, responsibilities, or reporting lines within an organization. Ambiguity in job roles, overlapping responsibilities, or power struggles can contribute to conflicts.
Ethical Dilemmas:
Confidentiality vs. Transparency: The dilemma of balancing the need for confidentiality with the importance of transparency and disclosure. For example, a situation where an employee discovers unethical behavior in the organization but is bound by confidentiality agreements.
Conflict of Interest: The conflict between personal interests and professional obligations. For instance, a manager who has a personal relationship with a supplier and must make a decision that could benefit the supplier at the expense of the company's best interests.
Resolving these dilemmas requires careful consideration of the ethical implications and choosing the course of action that aligns with ethical standards and organizational values.
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Suppose that there is a polluting factory whose pollution negatively affects fishers downstream. The factory can install a filter to reduce the level of pollution and the fishers can build a treatment plant. The factory and the fishermen can negotiate costlessly, and no one else is affected by the result. The profits in different circumstances is given in the table below: Scenario Factory profits Fisher profits No filter; no treatment $10,000 $2,000 plant Filter; no treatment $6,000 $10,000 plant No filter; treatment $10,000 $4,000 plant Filter; treatment plant $6,000 $6,000 a. Suppose the factory has the right to pollute the water. What is the range of values the fishers could pay them to install a filter that the factory would agree to? b. Relative to part 'a', would the fishers be better off or worse off if they had a right to clean water? Explain.
The fishers could pay the factory anywhere between $2,000 and $6,000 to install a filter that the factory would agree to.
In this scenario, the factory has the right to pollute the water, and the fishers downstream are negatively affected. The fishers can negotiate with the factory to install a filter, which would reduce pollution levels. The objective is to find the range of values the fishers could pay the factory to install the filter that the factory would agree to.
From the given profit matrix, we can observe that without a filter and without treatment, the factory earns $10,000 and the fishers earn $2,000. However, with a filter and no treatment, the factory earns $6,000 while the fishers earn $10,000. This suggests that the fishers value the installation of the filter at least $4,000 more than the factory. Similarly, without a filter and with treatment, the fishers earn $4,000 more than with no treatment.
Considering these differences in profits, the fishers could offer to pay the factory any amount within the range of $2,000 to $6,000 to install the filter. If the fishers offer an amount less than $2,000, the factory would be better off without the filter. If the fishers offer an amount higher than $6,000, the fishers would be better off without the filter.
In part 'b', if the fishers had the right to clean water, they would be better off. They could demand the factory to install the filter without having to pay for it. This would improve their profits significantly. Without the filter and with treatment, the fishers' profits would increase from $4,000 to $10,000, resulting in a greater benefit for the fishers. Having the right to clean water gives the fishers more bargaining power and allows them to improve their financial position without incurring any costs.
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1. What factors increase the risk of developing the disease or its complications? 2. What can be done to slow the spread, reduce cases, or stop the outbreak? 3. Occasionally, the cause of a disease is unknown. Why? Provide an example. [Note: Your answer to question doesn't have to focus on your topic of choice. You can provide a general response.]
1. Several factors can increase the risk of developing a disease or its complications. These may include genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, underlying health conditions, and socioeconomic factors. For example, in the case of cardiovascular disease, risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle can significantly increase the likelihood of developing the disease or experiencing its complications.
2. To slow the spread, reduce cases, or stop an outbreak, various measures can be implemented. These may include public health interventions like promoting hygiene practices (such as handwashing), implementing widespread vaccination programs, enforcing quarantine or isolation measures, conducting contact tracing, implementing social distancing measures, and providing timely and accurate information to the public. Additionally, investing in healthcare infrastructure, research and development, and collaborating with international organizations can contribute to effective disease control and prevention.
3. The cause of a disease sometimes remains unknown due to several reasons. In some cases, the disease may be caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Uncovering the specific cause or causes can be challenging and may require extensive research and analysis. An example of an unknown cause of a disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic lung disease characterized by the progressive scarring of lung tissue. Despite research efforts, the exact cause of IPF is still not fully understood, although potential risk factors such as smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predisposition have been identified.
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