External costs can result from the actions of firms, consumers, and the government.
External costs, also known as negative externalities, are costs incurred by individuals or entities that are not directly involved in a transaction or activity. These costs are externalized and imposed on third parties who are not part of the original transaction. External costs can arise from the actions of firms, consumers, and the government. Firms can generate external costs through their production processes, such as pollution, noise, or other forms of environmental degradation. These costs are borne by society as a whole and not solely by the firm itself.
Consumers can also contribute to external costs. For example, excessive consumption of certain goods or services can lead to negative impacts on public health or the environment, which affect society at large. Additionally, the government's actions and policies can result in external costs. For instance, decisions regarding infrastructure development, taxation, or regulations can impose costs on individuals or businesses that are not directly involved in the decision-making process. In summary, external costs can arise from the actions of firms, consumers, and the government. These costs have broader implications and are not limited to the parties directly involved in a particular transaction or activity.
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need help on both please
Question 1 (1 point) If there are barriers to entry then there is free entry. True False Question 2 (1 point) Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all types of intellectual property. True False
Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all different types of intellectual property.
Question 1: The statement "If there are barriers to entry then there is free entry" is False Explanation: If there are barriers to entry then it's difficult for new firms to enter the market. When there are barriers to entry, existing firms can prevent the entry of new firms by blocking access to critical inputs, acquiring patents or trademarks that make it hard for other firms to compete. Hence, if there are barriers to entry then there is no free entry. Question 2: The statement "Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all types of intellectual property" is True. Explanation: Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, and names used in commerce. Patents, trademarks, and copyrights are all different types of intellectual property.
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Management is reviewing capital investment calculations for a current proposal. Which of the following will increase the net present value of the proposal?
Group of answer choices
An increase in the discount rate
An increase in the initial investment
A decrease in the discount rate
A decrease in annual cash inflows
An increase in the discount rate will increase the net present value of the proposal, while an increase in the initial investment or a decrease in annual cash inflows will have the opposite effect.
The net present value (NPV) of a capital investment proposal is a measure of its profitability and value. It represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over the investment's lifetime. A positive NPV indicates that the investment is expected to generate more cash inflows than outflows and is considered financially favorable.
When considering factors that can affect the NPV, an increase in the discount rate will increase the NPV of the proposal. The discount rate represents the required rate of return or the cost of capital for the investment. As the discount rate increases, the present value of future cash flows decreases. This means that cash flows further in the future are less valuable in today's terms. Consequently, an increase in the discount rate will decrease the present value of cash outflows and cash inflows, thereby increasing the overall NPV.
On the other hand, an increase in the initial investment or a decrease in annual cash inflows would have a negative impact on the NPV as they would decrease the present value of cash inflows and increase the present value of cash outflows. Therefore, among the given options, only an increase in the discount rate will increase the net present value of the proposal.
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Variance Drill #4 Hughley Company produces a product requiring 5 pounds of material costing $3.00 per pound. During January, Hughley purchased 5,200 pounds of material for $15,000 and used the material to produce 900 products. What was the total materials variance for January?
To calculate the total materials variance, we need to find the difference between the actual cost and the standard cost of materials. Standard cost = 900 * 5 * $3.00 = $13,500
The actual cost of the material purchased was $15,000.
Total materials variance = Actual cost - Standard cost
= $15,000 - $13,500
= $1,500
Standard cost refers to the predetermined cost that a company expects to incur for producing a unit of product or providing a service. It is an estimated cost that serves as a benchmark or standard against which the actual costs can be compared. The standard cost includes factors such as direct materials, direct labor, and overhead, and is typically based on historical data, industry standards, and management's expectations. By comparing actual costs to standard costs, companies can assess their performance and identify any variances or deviations that may require attention.
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Which of the following statements is false? O a. I use a shark as a metaphor for strategy because a cut-throat firm is able to beat its rivals. O b. Both new and established organizations can benefit from having a mission statement. O c. An organization's mission reflects its values and philosophy. O d. A firm's strategy involves decisions that relate to the firm's ability to compete and succeed in the marketplace. O e. none of the above
The false statement is: a. I use a shark as a metaphor for strategy because a cut-throat firm is able to beat its rivals. The false statement is that using a shark as a metaphor for strategy implies that a cut-throat firm is able to beat its rivals.
The use of a shark as a metaphor for strategy does not necessarily imply that a cut-throat firm is able to beat its rivals. While the metaphor of a shark can convey the idea of aggressiveness and competitiveness in business, strategy itself is not solely focused on cut-throat tactics. A successful strategy considers various factors such as market dynamics, customer needs, competitive advantage, and long-term sustainability. A well-developed strategy takes into account both the internal capabilities of the organization and the external environment in order to achieve its goals. Therefore, the use of a shark metaphor for strategy does not imply that a cut-throat firm is the only way to succeed.
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Which of the following statements about the putting-out system is true?
• The putting-out system was proposed as an alternative to slave labor and indentured servitude.
• The putting-out system was instituted by the federal government to gain economic dominance abroad.
• The putting-out system was burdensome on workers, who had to go through apprenticeships to become journeymen.
• The putting-out system allowed merchants to rely on unskilled labor, which cut production costs.
The statement "The putting-out system allowed merchants to rely on unskilled labor, which cut production costs" is true. The putting-out system, also known as the domestic system, involved merchants subcontracting work to individuals or households who would produce goods in their own homes. This system allowed merchants to take advantage of unskilled labor, often at lower wages, resulting in reduced production costs.
The putting-out system emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries as a form of decentralized production. Merchants would provide raw materials and equipment to rural workers, who would then carry out the production process in their homes. This system allowed merchants to avoid the costs and responsibilities associated with maintaining a centralized production facility. By relying on unskilled labor, merchants could pay lower wages compared to skilled workers, resulting in cost savings.
While the putting-out system provided economic opportunities for workers who could work from home and set their own hours, it also had drawbacks. Workers often faced low wages, long hours, and limited job security. Additionally, the system relied on apprenticeships and the passing down of skills from masters to journeymen, which meant that workers had to undergo training and gain experience to become proficient.
In conclusion, the putting-out system allowed merchants to take advantage of unskilled labor, leading to reduced production costs. However, this system also had negative consequences for workers who faced low wages and limited job security.
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what is accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems?
Accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems is commonly referred to as data integration or data consolidation. It involves gathering data from various sources or systems and combining it into a unified view or database. This process allows organizations to analyze and utilize the data more effectively for decision-making and other business purposes.
Data integration typically involves extracting data from multiple sources, transforming it into a consistent format, and loading it into a central repository or data warehouse. This enables organizations to have a comprehensive and holistic view of their data, regardless of its original source or system.
The benefits of accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems include:
1. Comprehensive insights: By integrating data from various systems, organizations gain a more complete understanding of their operations, customers, and overall performance. It enables better analysis and decision-making by providing a unified and consolidated view of the data.
2. Improved data quality: Data integration processes often involve data cleansing and standardization, which helps to improve data accuracy and consistency. This enhances the reliability and trustworthiness of the information used for reporting and analysis.
3. Enhanced efficiency: Consolidating data from multiple systems eliminates the need for manual data gathering and reconciliation. It reduces the time and effort required to access and analyze information, improving operational efficiency.
4. Better decision-making: Accessing and analyzing integrated data allows organizations to identify patterns, trends, and insights that may not be apparent when working with isolated data sets. This enables more informed decision-making and the ability to identify opportunities or address challenges more effectively.
Overall, accessing large amounts of data from different management information systems through data integration provides organizations with a unified and comprehensive view of their data, leading to improved insights, efficiency, and decision-making capabilities.
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(a) A firm's production function is given by Q=K² +L² where Q, L and K denote the number of units of output, labour and capital, respectively. Labour costs are $2 per unit, capital costs are $1 per unit. If the firm is prepared to spend $10 on input costs, then (i) Find the stationary values of K and L. Show optimum points of K and L by drawing Isoquant and Isocost curves. (ii) Evaluate second-order conditions of the objective function at the stationary values of K and L and comment on it. (b) A monopolist firm sells two products Q, and Q, for which the demand functions are Q=25-0.5PP, is the price of good 1 Q₁ =30-P₂; P, is the price of good 2 and the combined total cost (TC) function is TC=Q+20, 0, +0+20 (i) Find the profit-maximizing level of price and outputs for each product. (ii) Show that the second-order conditions (show all three conditions) for a maximum profit are satisfied.
(a) (i) K=2, L=4 for Isoquant a circle and Isocost a circle.
(ii) Second-order condition is not satisfied.
(b) (i) P₁=15, Q₁=10, P₂=15, Q₂=15.
(ii) Second-order conditions are not satisfied.
(a)
(i) To find the stationary values of K and L, we need to minimize the cost function subject to the production function constraint.
The cost function (C) is given by:
C = 2L + K
The production function (Q) is given by:
Q = K² + L²
The budget constraint is:
C = 10
We can rewrite the cost function as:
C = 2L + K = 10
Rearranging the cost function, we get:
K = 10 - 2L
Substituting this value of K into the production function, we have:
Q = (10 - 2L)² + L²
Q = 100 - 40L + 4L² + L²
Q = 5L² - 40L + 100
To find the stationary values of K and L, we need to take the first derivative of the production function with respect to L and set it equal to zero:
dQ/dL = 10L - 40 = 0
Solving this equation, we find L = 4.
Substituting the value of L back into the cost function, we can find the corresponding value of K:
K = 10 - 2L = 10 - 2(4) = 2
Therefore, the stationary values of K and L are K = 2 and L = 4.
To show the optimum points of K and L, we can plot the isoquant and isocost curves:
Isoquant curve: A curve representing different combinations of capital (K) and labor (L) that produce the same level of output (Q). In this case, the production function is Q = K² + L², so we have Q = 2² + 4² = 4 + 16 = 20. Thus, the isoquant curve is Q = 20.
Isocost curve: A curve representing different combinations of K and L that result in the same total cost (C). The cost function is C = 2L + K = 10, so we can rewrite it as L = (10 - K) / 2. Plotting the isocost curve, we can choose some values of K and calculate the corresponding L values:
K = 0, L = (10 - 0) / 2 = 5
K = 2, L = (10 - 2) / 2 = 4
K = 4, L = (10 - 4) / 2 = 3
K = 6, L = (10 - 6) / 2 = 2
K = 8, L = (10 - 8) / 2 = 1
We can now plot the isoquant curve Q = 20 and the isocost curve L = (10 - K) / 2 on a graph to determine the optimum points of K and L.
(ii) To evaluate the second-order conditions, we need to calculate the second partial derivatives of the production function with respect to K and L:
d²Q/dK² = 0 (second partial derivative with respect to K)
d²Q/dL² = 10 (second partial derivative with respect to L)
d²Q/dKdL = 0 (second partial derivative with respect to K and L)
The second-order conditions for a maximum require that:
d²Q/dK² < 0 (concave function in the K direction)
d²Q/dL² < 0 (concave function in the L direction)
(d²Q/dK²)(d²Q/dL²) - (d²Q/dKdL)² > 0 (negative determinant of the Hessian matrix)
In this case, d²Q/dK² = 0, d²Q/dL² = 10, and d²Q/dKdL = 0, so the second-order conditions are not satisfied. The Hessian determinant is equal to zero, which means we cannot determine whether the stationary values of K and L correspond to a maximum or a minimum without further analysis.
(b)
(i) To find the profit-maximizing level of price and outputs for each product, we need to maximize the profit function.
The profit function (π) is given by:
π = (P₁ - TC₁) * Q₁ + (P₂ - TC₂) * Q₂
The demand functions are:
Q₁ = 25 - 0.5P₁
Q₂ = 30 - P₂
The total cost function is:
TC = Q + 20Q₁ + 20Q₂
Substituting the demand and cost functions into the profit function, we have:
π = (P₁ - (Q + 20Q₁ + 20Q₂)) * (25 - 0.5P₁) + (P₂ - (Q + 20Q₁ + 20Q₂)) * (30 - P₂)
To find the profit-maximizing level of price and outputs, we need to take the first derivative of the profit function with respect to P₁, P₂, Q₁, and Q₂ and set them equal to zero:
∂π/∂P₁ = 25 - Q - 20Q₂ - 1.5P₁ = 0
∂π/∂P₂ = 30 - Q - 20Q₁ - 2P₂ = 0
∂π/∂Q₁ = P₁ - 25 + 0.5P₁ = 0
∂π/∂Q₂ = P₂ - 30 + P₂ = 0
Solving these equations simultaneously will give us the profit-maximizing level of price and outputs for each product.
(ii) To show that the second-order conditions for maximum profit are satisfied, we need to calculate the second partial derivatives of the profit function with respect to P₁, P₂, Q₁, and Q₂:
∂²π/∂P₁² = -1.5 (second partial derivative with respect to P₁)
∂²π/∂P₂² = -2 (second partial derivative with respect to P₂)
∂²π/∂Q₁² = 0 (second partial derivative with respect to Q₁)
∂²π/∂Q₂² = 0 (second partial derivative with respect to Q₂)
The second-order conditions for maximum profit require that:
∂²π/∂P₁² < 0 (concave function in the P₁ direction)
∂²π/∂P₂² < 0 (concave function in the P₂ direction)
∂²π/∂Q₁² > 0 (convex function in the Q₁ direction)
∂²π/∂Q₂² > 0 (convex function in the Q₂ direction)
In this case, ∂²π/∂P₁² = -1.5, ∂²π/∂P₂² = -2, ∂²π/∂Q₁² = 0, and ∂²π/∂Q₂² = 0. Therefore, the second-order conditions for maximum profit are not satisfied.
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what are the tax liability, the marginal tax rate, and the average tax rate for a corporation with $248,300 taxable income?
For a corporation with $248,300 taxable income, the tax liability, marginal tax rate, and average tax rate can be calculated based on the current tax laws.
The tax liability for a corporation with $248,300 taxable income will depend on the applicable corporate tax rates. Tax rates can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific tax laws in place.
As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the United States had a progressive corporate tax system with a graduated rate structure. The federal corporate tax rates ranged from 15% to 35% based on the taxable income brackets.
To determine the tax liability, the taxable income would be divided into different brackets, and each bracket would be taxed at the corresponding rate. For example, if the taxable income of $248,300 falls within the bracket of $50,001 to $75,000, the tax rate would be a fixed percentage for that range.
By calculating the tax due for each bracket and summing them up, the total tax liability can be determined. The marginal tax rate refers to the tax rate applied to the last dollar of taxable income. In a progressive tax system, the marginal tax rate tends to be higher than the average tax rate because it represents the rate at which additional income is taxed.
The average tax rate is calculated by dividing the total tax liability by the taxable income. It provides an overall measure of the effective tax rate for the corporation. In this case, the average tax rate can be computed by dividing the tax liability for the $248,300 taxable income by $248,300.
However, please note that tax laws are subject to change, and specific details about deductions, credits, and other factors could affect the final tax liability, marginal tax rate, and average tax rate for a corporation with $248,300 taxable income. It is advisable to consult a tax professional or refer to the most recent tax regulations for accurate and up-to-date information.
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The tax liability, marginal tax rate, and average tax rate for a corporation with $248,300 taxable income can be calculated as follows:
The tax liability is the amount of tax that the corporation owes based on its taxable income. To determine the tax liability, we need to know the applicable tax rates and tax brackets. Without specific information on the tax rates and brackets, it is not possible to provide the exact tax liability for a taxable income of $248,300.
The marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to an additional dollar of taxable income. It represents the tax rate at which the last dollar earned is taxed. Again, without the specific tax rate information, we cannot provide the exact marginal tax rate for the given taxable income.
The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by the taxable income. It represents the overall tax burden as a percentage of taxable income. To calculate the average tax rate, we would need to know the tax liability for the given taxable income. Without this information, we cannot determine the average tax rate accurately.
In conclusion, without the specific tax rate information, it is not possible to provide the exact tax liability, marginal tax rate, and average tax rate for a corporation with a taxable income of $248,300.
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Zahari runs fitness centers in Penang and Kangar, each center generating its own cash inflows and is accounted as a cash generating unit. As at 31 October 2012, the value in use and its fair value less selling costs of the Kangar center were determined to be RM9,000,000 and RM10,500,000 respectively. The recoverable amount of the building was RM5,000,000. On the same date, the net identifiable assets of the center in Kangar comprise of the following:
Building RM
Furniture and 4,800,000
fittings 2,000,000
Goodwill 900,000
Equipment 6,200,000
Trade receivables 300,000
Bank overdraft (75,000)
Required:
a. Discuss whether there will be impairment loss for the building.
b. Determine the impairment loss and the new carrying amount of the assets in the cash generating unit. Show all workings. Round up your answers to the nearest RM.
c. Discuss how the reversal of impairment loss should be treated if any.
a. Yes, there will be an impairment loss for the building. This is because the recoverable amount of the building (RM5,000,000) is lower than its carrying amount (RM9,000,000).
b. To determine the impairment loss and new carrying amount of the assets in the cash generating unit, we compare the recoverable amount (RM5,000,000) with the carrying amount of the assets. The carrying amount of the assets is the sum of their individual carrying amounts, which are:
Building: RM9,000,000
Furniture and fittings: RM4,800,000
Goodwill: RM900,000
Equipment: RM6,200,000
Trade receivables: RM300,000
Bank overdraft: RM75,000 (since it is a liability, it is subtracted)
The total carrying amount is RM21,225,000 (9,000,000 + 4,800,000 + 900,000 + 6,200,000 + 300,000 - 75,000).
Since the recoverable amount (RM5,000,000) is lower than the carrying amount (RM21,225,000), there is an impairment loss. The impairment loss is the excess of the carrying amount over the recoverable amount, which is RM16,225,000 (21,225,000 - 5,000,000). The new carrying amount of the assets in the cash generating unit would be RM5,000,000 (the recoverable amount).
c. The reversal of impairment loss should be treated in the following manner: If there is an indication that the impairment loss has reversed, the carrying amount of the cash generating unit's assets should be increased to their recoverable amount, up to the amount that would have been determined if no impairment loss had been recognized in prior years. Any reversal of impairment loss should be recognized as income in the profit and loss statement, up to the amount of the original impairment loss. However, the reversal should not exceed the carrying amount of the asset that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.
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Question 1 (45 marks)
Ronald was employed as the Accounting Manager of Great Success Construction Company Limited ("Great Success") more than twenty years ago just after he had qualified as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). His only daughter Jane was also employed by Great Success as Executive Secretary two years ago. Recently Ronald’s boss told him that Great Success wanted to bid for a real estate construction project and everybody in the company would have to work hard to help the company win the tender. Six months ago Jane told him that she was pregnant. Ronald was very happy as he would be a grandfather for the first time. Soon after the birth of Jane’s son, it was found that her son had a heart problem and would need to be brought to the hospital frequently for regular medical treatment which was rather expensive. Ronald’s wife suggested to Ronald that they should help Jane pay for their grandson’s medical treatment because Jane’s husband could not afford to pay for the medical treatment. Ronald tried to borrow some money from his best friend Susan. Susan said she also had financial problem because her husband had just lost his job. However, Susan suggested to Ronald that Ronald should try to steal the tender documents from his employer Great Success because her employer High Profits Construction Company Limited ("High Profits") was also bidding for the same real estate construction project as Great Success. High Profits and Great success were the only two bidders for the real estate construction project. Susan’s boss Mrs. Wealth, the Managing Director and sole shareholder of High Profits, would be willing to pay a handsome reward to anyone who can give her the tender documents of Great Success. In order to help his daughter, Ronald made a copy of the tender documents of Great Success and gave them to Mrs. Wealth. Ronald subsequently received a substantial amount of money from Mrs. Wealth.
Two weeks ago Ronald saw Jane crying when he arrived home one evening. Jane told Ronald that she had just been dismissed by her employer Great Success because of her poor performance. However, she believed her employer decided to dismiss her because she had recently taken two weeks’ leave to take her son to hospital for treatment. Her boss told her a few days ago that she should stay home to take care of her sick son. She refused to resign from her position and was subsequently dismissed by her employer. She did not believe that she had been dismissed because of her poor performance because she was given a bonus for her hard work before the birth of her son.
Required:
Apply the relevant ethical theories to assess Ronald’s decision to steal his employer’s tender documents and sell them to High Profits. (8 marks)
Explain to Ronald whether he has violated any of the FIVE fundamental principles of the HKICPA Code of Ethics by stealing his employer’s tender documents and selling them to High Profits. (12 marks)
Explain to Ronald whether he may be liable for any criminal offence under the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap.201) by accepting monetary reward from Mrs. Wealth for giving to her the tender documents of his employer Great Success. Advise him on the legal consequences of what he has done, if any. (8 marks)
Explain to Mrs. Wealth whether she may be liable for any criminal offence under the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap.201) by offering to Ronald a monetary reward for giving to her the tender documents of Great Success. Advise her on the legal consequences of what she has done, if any. (7 marks)
Explain to Jane whether she can bring a claim against her employer Great Success for her dismissal on grounds of discrimination and what remedies are available to her, if any. (10 marks)
[Total for Question 1: 45 marks]
Ethical theories are the principles of morality that we use to understand the behavior of people. Ronald's decision to steal his employer's tender documents and sell them to High Profits is ethically wrong. Applying the relevant ethical theories to assess Ronald’s decision:
Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says that an act is ethically right if it contributes to the happiness of the majority of people. Ronald's decision to sell the tender documents may have contributed to the happiness of his daughter and grandson, but it caused great harm to the company. The decision caused Great Success to lose the project, which resulted in loss of revenue and employment opportunities. Hence, according to this theory, the act of Ronald is wrong and unethical.
Deontological Ethics: This ethical theory suggests that the morality of an action is based on a set of rules and not on the consequences of the action. It is morally wrong to steal and lie. Ronald's action violates this theory as he has stolen the tender documents of the employer, which is morally wrong.
Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics is a philosophical theory that focuses on the character of a person. According to this theory, a person must possess good morals and ethical values. Ronald's action of stealing the tender documents of his employer for his selfish purpose shows that he lacks moral values, making it an unethical act. Ronald has violated two of the FIVE fundamental principles of the HKICPA Code of Ethics:
Integrity: Integrity is the fundamental principle of the HKICPA Code of Ethics that implies honesty and truthfulness. Ronald's decision to steal his employer's tender documents is a clear breach of integrity.
Objectivity: The principle of objectivity requires the accountant to provide impartial and unbiased advice. Ronald's decision to provide the tender documents of his employer to another company is biased, making it an unethical act. Ronald is liable for criminal offense under the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap.201) by accepting a monetary reward from Mrs. Wealth for providing the tender documents of Great Success. The legal consequences of what he has done include imprisonment for up to 7 years, fines up to HKD 500,000, and forfeiture of the property that was obtained through bribery. Mrs. Wealth may also be liable for criminal offense under the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap.201) for offering monetary rewards to Ronald for providing the tender documents of Great Success. If she is found guilty, she may be liable for a maximum penalty of imprisonment for up to 10 years and fines up to HKD 5,000,000. Jane can claim against her employer, Great Success, for discrimination as the reason for her dismissal was due to her two-week leave. The remedies available to her include reinstatement to her position with full back pay, compensation for the loss suffered, and other appropriate remedies.
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One relevant ethical theory to consider is consequentialism which evaluates the morality of an action based on its outcomes or consequences. Another is deontology that which focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of an action based on moral principles and duties.
How can Ronald's decision to steal his employer's tender documents be assessed ethically?When applying consequentialism, Ronald's action of stealing the tender documents and selling them to High Profits resulted in personal financial gain for him and potentially financial harm for Great Success.
However, it also caused harm to his employer by compromising their competitive position in the bidding process and potentially damaging their reputation. The consequences of his actions might also negatively impact other employees of Great Success if the company loses the bid and faces financial difficulties.
From a consequentialist perspective, Ronald's decision can be seen as ethically wrong due to the potential harm caused to his employer and others involved.
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JB Ltd. a construction business, currently owned by XYZ Plc., operates a standard marginal cost accounting system. Information relating to Product J, which is made in one of the company departments is given below: Product J Direct Material 6 kilograms at £4 per kg Direct Labour 1 hour at £12 per hour Variable Production Overhead Total *Variable production overhead varies with units produced. Budgeted fixed production overhead, per month: £100,000. Budgeted production for Product J: 20,000 units per month. Actual production and costs for month 6 are as follows: Units of J Produced Direct materials purchased and used: 113,500kg Direct labour: 17,800 hours Variable production overhead incurred Fixed production overhead incurred Standard Marginal Product Cost Unit (£) (iii) (iv) 24 12 3 39 18,500 Unit 442,650 223,000 58,800 104,000 Requirement 3.1 Prepare a columnar statement showing, by element of cost, the: Original Budget; (ii) Flexible Budget; Deia het and Actual; Total Variances 1 -The end-- ^ Lan statemen dạng bảng beang 3.2 Subdivide the variances for direct material and direct labour shown in your answers to (a) (i) - (iv) above to be more informative for managerial purposes. 3.3 Critically identify the possible causes of the labour and material variances calculated in the above (3 causes for each variance).
Statement showing, by element of cost, the:Original Budget, Flexible Budget, and Actual; Total Variances:Elements of cost Original Budget Flexible Budget Actual Variance Units produced (A) 20,000 20,000 18,500 1,500 Direct materials ($6 per kg) (B) $480,000 $480,000 $453,400 $(26,600) Direct labour ($12 per hour)
(iii) Original budget: The cost of production for product J for the original budget can be calculated using the given information:Direct Material cost:6kg x £4 per kg = £24 per unitDirect Labor cost:1 hour x £12 per hour = £12 per unitVariable production overhead: £3 per unitFixed production overhead: £100,000/20,000 units = £5 per unitStandard Marginal Product Cost Unit = £24 + £12 + £3 + £5 = £44 per unitTotal cost for 20,000 units = £880,000 (20,000 x £44)Flexible budget:Flexible budget calculations are based on the actual production and not on the budgeted production. The budgeted production for product J is 20,000 units per month.
Material price variance: This variance is caused by the differences in the actual purchase price and the budgeted purchase price for direct materials.Material usage variance: This variance is caused by the differences between the actual direct materials used and the standard quantity of direct materials expected to be used. The variance may be due to overproduction or waste.Labour efficiency variance: This variance is caused by differences between the actual labor hours worked and the standard labor hours expected to be worked. It may be caused by an inefficient labor force, inadequate training, or poor supervision.Labor rate variance: This variance is caused by the differences between the actual labor rate and the standard labor rate expected. It may be caused by changes in wage rates, changes in the workforce, or changes in the working environment.
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are firms your conclusions in Marks: 6+3=9 The following data relating the amount spent on groceries per week and the number of household members: X 2 2 3 4 1 5 y $95.75 $110.19 $118.33 $150.92 $85.86
The given data above provides us with information on the amount spent on groceries per week and the number of household members.
To determine if firms are conclusions in this data, we need to analyze the relationship between the two variables.To analyze the relationship between two variables, we need to make use of a scatter plot.
We can plot the given data points on a scatter plot where x-axis represents the number of household members and y-axis represents the amount spent on groceries per week. After plotting the data, we can observe the trend in the plot.
If the points in the plot form a straight line, we can conclude that there is a linear relationship between the two variables.In this case, we can observe that the points in the scatter plot do not form a straight line. Hence, we cannot conclude that there is a linear relationship between the two variables.
In statistics, a scatter plot is a graph displaying values for two sets of data.
The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
Scatter plots are an effective way to determine the relationship between two variables. If the points in the plot form a straight line, we can conclude that there is a linear relationship between the two variables. If the points in the plot form a curve, then there is a non-linear relationship between the two variables.
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Middletown, U.S.A., has been dealing with several monopoly firms, making it difficult for new firms to enter. Match each company to the best description of the particular "barrier to entry" it is benefitting from Drag each item on the left to its matching item on the right. Larry's Lawn Care has exclusive rights to mow the grass for all city government property in town for the next 5 years. Marvin's Mining Company runs 100 different pieces of large equipment and trucks in daily operations. control of resources problems raising capital Burt's Brass Band gets a royalty from every download of a song. economies of scale patents and copyright law Wanda's Water Park adds a new water slide or ride each year to the already large park, and can do it fairly cheaply due to volume discounts from the firm that produces the slides. licensing Lucinda's Lake Condos owns all the property around Middletown Lake, the only lake for 200 miles.
In Middletown, U.S.A.,
Larry's Lawn Care - control of resources
Marvin's Mining Company - economies of scale
Burt's Brass Band - patents and copyright law
Wanda's Water Park - volume discounts from the firm that produces the slides
Lucinda's Lake Condos - licensing
1. Larry's Lawn Care has exclusive rights to mow the grass for all city government property in town for the next 5 years. This exclusive contract grants them control of resources, as they have sole access to the city government properties for lawn care services.
2. Marvin's Mining Company runs 100 different pieces of large equipment and trucks in daily operations. They benefit from economies of scale because their large-scale operations allow them to achieve cost efficiencies and lower average costs compared to smaller competitors.
3. Burt's Brass Band gets a royalty from every download of a song. They benefit from patents and copyright law, which grant them exclusive rights to their songs and allow them to receive royalties for their use.
4. Wanda's Water Park adds a new water slide or ride each year to the already large park, and can do it fairly cheaply due to volume discounts from the firm that produces the slides. They benefit from volume discounts, which result from their large purchasing power due to the size of their park. This enables them to obtain the new attractions at a lower cost compared to smaller parks.
5. Lucinda's Lake Condos owns all the property around Middletown Lake, the only lake for 200 miles. They benefit from licensing, as they have the exclusive rights to develop and operate properties around the lake, creating a barrier to entry for potential competitors.
These examples illustrate different barriers to entry that the companies in Middletown, U.S.A. are benefiting from, such as control of resources, economies of scale, patents and copyright law, volume discounts, and licensing.
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Consider the following LP model Max Z= 3X1+2X2+5X3 s.t. X1+2X2+ X3+X4 =30 3X1 +2X3 +X5 =60 X1+4X2 +X6 =20 X1, X2, X3, X4,X5,X620 Check the optimality and feasibility of the following basic solutions. X4 XB = X3 X6 1 -1/2 0 B-1 0 1/2 0 0 0 1
The basic solution is not feasible since it violates two of the constraints.
To check the optimality and feasibility of the given basic solution, we need to calculate the objective function value and check the feasibility of the constraints.
The basic solution is given as:
X1 = 0, X2 = 0, X3 = 1, X4 = 30, X5 = 0, X6 = 20
Objective Function Value:
Z = 3X1 + 2X2 + 5X3
= 3(0) + 2(0) + 5(1)
= 0 + 0 + 5
= 5
Feasibility:
Checking the constraints:
X1 + 2X2 + X3 + X4 = 30
0 + 0 + 1 + 30 = 31 (Violation)
3X1 + 2X3 + X5 = 60
3(0) + 2(1) + 0 = 2 (Violation)
X1 + 4X2 + X6 = 20
0 + 0 + 20 = 20 (Feasible)
The basic solution is not feasible since it violates two of the constraints. Therefore, it cannot be an optimal solution.
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. Suppose that the current exchange rate is 1.00 $1.60. The indirect quote from the U.S. perspective is A. 1.00 $1.60. €0.6250 = $1.00. C. 1.60 $1.00 D. None of the above
An indirect quote is a currency quote in which the domestic currency is the quoted currency.
The indirect quote is also known as the price quotation, which refers to the amount of foreign currency per unit of domestic currency. For instance, an indirect quotation of the euro vs. the US dollar (USD) might be EUR/USD 0.85, indicating that one euro can purchase 0.85 US dollars.
Therefore, the currency in the numerator (the euro in this case) is expressed indirectly while the currency in the denominator (the US dollar) is expressed directly. Suppose that the current exchange rate is 1.00 $1.60. Therefore, 1 US dollar can buy 0.6250 euros. It means that 0.6250 euros are equal to $1. Hence, from the US perspective, the indirect quote will be €0.6250 = $1.00.Hence, is B. €0.6250 = $1.00.
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The hypothetical country Adestria has a larger supply of labor than another hypothetical country Elementia. Suppose the labor supply in both countries increases by the same amount while their physical capital stocks remain unchanged. Under this scenario, the increase in Elementia's output will be more than the increase in Adestria's output the increase in Adestria's output will be more than the increase in Elementia's output Adestria's and Elementia's income per capita will decrease Adestria's and Elementia's income per worker will decrease MacBook Pro
The correct answer is: The increase in Elementia's output will be more than the increase in Adestria's output. On the other hand, Adestria, with its larger supply of labor, will experience a relatively smaller increase in output due to the same increase in labor supply.
In the given scenario, it is stated that both countries experience an increase in labor supply by the same amount while their physical capital stocks remain unchanged. This means that the only factor that changes is the labor input in production.
Since Elementia has a smaller supply of labor compared to Adestria, the increase in labor supply will have a relatively larger impact on Elementia's output. This is because Elementia's production is more labor-intensive, and any increase in the labor input will lead to a proportionately higher increase in output.
On the other hand, Adestria, with its larger supply of labor, will experience a relatively smaller increase in output due to the same increase in labor supply. This is because Adestria's production is already more heavily reliant on labor, and the additional labor input has a diminishing marginal impact on output.
Therefore, the correct answer is that the increase in Elementia's output will be more than the increase in Adestria's output.
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Information pertaining to Noskey Corporation’s sales revenue follows:
November 2018
(Actual) December 2018
(Budgeted) January 2019
(Budgeted)
Cash sales $ 80,000 $ 100,000 $ 60,000
Credit sales 240,000 360,000 180,000
Total sales $ 320,000 $ 460,000 $ 240,000
Management estimates 5% of credit sales to be uncollectible. Of collectible credit sales, 60% is collected in the month of sale and the remainder in the month following the month of sale. Purchases of inventory each month include 70% of the next month’s projected total sales (stated at cost) plus 30% of projected sales for the current month (stated at cost). All inventory purchases are on account; 25% is paid in the month of purchase, and the remainder is paid in the month following the month of purchase. Purchase costs are approximately 60% of the selling price.
Required:
Determine for Noskey:
1. Budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales.
2. Budgeted total cash receipts in January 2019.
3. Budgeted total cash payments in December 2018 for inventory purchases.
Information pertaining to Noskey Corporation’s sales revenue follows: November 2018 (Actual) December 2018 (Budgeted) January 2019 (Budgeted) Cash sales $ 80,000 $ 100,000 $ 60,000 Credit sales 240,000 360,000 180,000 Total sales $ 320,000 $ 460,000 $ 240,000 Management estimates 5% of credit sales to be uncollectible. Of collectible credit sales, 60% is collected in the month of sale and the remainder in the month following the month of sale. Purchases of inventory each month include 70% of the next month’s projected total sales (stated at cost) plus 30% of projected sales for the current month (stated at cost). All inventory purchases are on account; 25% is paid in the month of purchase, and the remainder is paid in the month following the month of purchase. Purchase costs are approximately 60% of the selling price. Required: Determine for Noskey: 1. Budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales. 2. Budgeted total cash receipts in January 2019. 3. Budgeted total cash payments in December 2018 for inventory purchases.
To determine the budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales for Noskey Corporation, we consider the collection patterns provided. First, we calculate the collectible credit sales by deducting the estimated uncollectible amount (5% of credit sales). Then, we determine 60% of the collectible credit sales, which is collected in the month of sale, and the remaining 40% is collected in the following month.
For budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales:
Total credit sales in November 2018: $240,000
Collectible credit sales: $240,000 - (5% * $240,000) = $228,000
60% collected in the month of sale: 0.6 * $228,000 = $136,800
40% collected in the following month: 0.4 * $228,000 = $91,200
Budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales: $136,800 + $91,200 = $228,000
For budgeted total cash receipts in January 2019:
Cash sales in January 2019: $60,000
Collectible credit sales in January 2019: $180,000 - (5% * $180,000) = $171,000
60% collected in the month of sale: 0.6 * $171,000 = $102,600
Budgeted total cash receipts in January 2019: $60,000 (cash sales) + $102,600 (credit sales collected in the month of sale) = $162,600
For budgeted total cash payments in December 2018 for inventory purchases:
Total purchases for December 2018: 0.7 * $240,000 (January 2019 projected sales) + 0.3 * $460,000 (December 2018 projected sales) = $200,600
25% paid in the month of purchase: 0.25 * $200,600 = $50,150
75% paid in the following month: 0.75 * $200,600 = $150,450
Budgeted total cash payments in December 2018 for inventory purchases: $50,150 + $150,450 = $200,600
Therefore, the budgeted cash collections in December 2018 from November 2018 credit sales are $228,000, the budgeted total cash receipts in January 2019 are $162,600, and the budgeted total cash payments in December 2018 for inventory purchases are $200,600 for Noskey Corporation.
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A firm is following level production strategy at minimum level of 45 units per day and cover the remainder by subcontracting. Over the next twelve months (its Intermediate period), the firm estimated its demand to be 13500 units. If the cost of subcontracting is 7815 per unit and the firm has 250 production days per year, what is the total cost of subcontracting $3750 $202500 $11500 $30000
The total cost of subcontracting is $17,585,250.The firm is implementing a level production strategy with a minimum production level of 45 units per day. Any additional demand beyond this level is subcontracted.
Over the next twelve months, the firm estimates a total demand of 13,500 units.
The cost of subcontracting is given as $7,815 per unit, and the firm has 250 production days per year. We need to calculate the total cost of subcontracting.
To calculate the total cost of subcontracting, we need to determine the number of units that will be subcontracted and then multiply it by the cost per unit.
The firm's production strategy maintains a minimum level of 45 units per day. Therefore, the total production for the year would be 45 units per day multiplied by 250 production days, resulting in 11,250 units produced internally.
To fulfill the remaining demand of 13,500 units, we subtract the internally produced units from the total demand: 13,500 - 11,250 = 2,250 units that need to be subcontracted.
Now, we can calculate the total cost of subcontracting by multiplying the number of subcontracted units by the cost per unit: 2,250 units * $7,815 per unit = $17,585,250.
Therefore, the total cost of subcontracting is $17,585,250.
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A subsidy transfers surplus from the consumer to the producer. The statement is :
Select one:
True
False
The statement is false. A subsidy is a financial assistance or support provided by the government to producers or consumers to encourage the production or consumption of a particular good or service. It is typically given to reduce the cost of production or consumption and can have various effects on both producers and consumers.
In the case of a subsidy to producers, it is true that it can benefit them by reducing their costs of production. This can lead to an increase in their profits and incentivize them to produce more. However, it is not accurate to say that the surplus is transferred from the consumer to the producer.
When a subsidy is provided, it effectively lowers the price that the consumer pays for the subsidized good or service. As a result, consumers can purchase the product at a lower price than they would have paid without the subsidy. This leads to an increase in consumer surplus, which is the difference between the price consumers are willing to pay and the actual price they pay.
Therefore, it is incorrect to say that a subsidy transfers surplus from the consumer to the producer. Instead, a subsidy can benefit both producers and consumers by reducing costs for producers and allowing consumers to purchase the product at a lower price. It can be seen as a mechanism to redistribute resources and encourage specific economic activities.
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If you are a future business leader, how will analyzing competitor data help drive your business strategies?
If you are a future business leader, analyzing competitor data will help drive your business strategies in the following ways: By analyzing competitor data, you can determine what your business needs to do in order to compete effectively in the market.
Knowing what your competitors are doing well, what they are not doing well, and what they are likely to do in the future can help you make better decisions for your business.When you analyze competitor data, you can identify the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors. This information can be used to develop strategies that exploit your competitors' weaknesses while building on your own strengths.
By analyzing competitor data, you can identify emerging trends and opportunities in your market. This can help you develop new products and services that meet the needs of your customers while staying ahead of the competition.You can also use competitor data to benchmark your own performance against your competitors.
This can help you identify areas where you need to improve your business practices, such as pricing, marketing, customer service, or product quality.Overall, analyzing competitor data is an essential part of developing effective business strategies. By understanding the competitive landscape, you can make informed decisions about how to position your business for success in the market.
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Istisna'a is an investment on the customer's behalf by a bank. True False
False. Istisna'a is not an investment on the customer's behalf by a bank.
Istisna'a is a term used in Islamic finance to refer to a specific type of contract. It is a form of contract manufacturing or construction where a buyer places an order for a specific product or asset to be manufactured or constructed by the seller according to the buyer's specifications. The seller agrees to deliver the product or asset at a future date.
In Istisna'a, the customer (buyer) is typically an individual or a company seeking a specific product or asset, while the bank or financial institution acts as a facilitator or intermediary in arranging the contract. The bank may provide financing or assist in structuring the transaction, but it does not make an investment on the customer's behalf.
Istisna'a can be used in various sectors such as real estate, infrastructure development, or manufacturing. It allows individuals or businesses to obtain goods or assets that are tailored to their needs. The bank's role is to ensure compliance with Islamic principles and facilitate the transaction rather than making an investment on behalf of the customer. Therefore, the statement that Istisna'a is an investment on the customer's behalf by a bank is false.
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When one car manufacturer begins offering low-cost financing or rebates , others tend to do the same. Which two (2) oligopoly models might explain this behaviour?
The two oligopoly models that might explain the behavior of car manufacturers offering low-cost financing or rebates are the kinked demand curve model and the strategic interdependence model.
The kinked demand curve model suggests that firms in an oligopoly are highly responsive to changes in their competitors' pricing strategies. According to this model, if one car manufacturer lowers its prices or offers incentives such as low-cost financing or rebates, other manufacturers are likely to follow suit to prevent losing market share. The kinked demand curve model assumes that rival firms will match price cuts to avoid losing customers, resulting in a relatively stable price level in the market.
The strategic interdependence model also provides insights into the behavior of car manufacturers in an oligopoly. In this model, firms are aware of the actions and reactions of their competitors and base their decisions on the anticipated responses of others. When one car manufacturer introduces low-cost financing or rebates, other manufacturers perceive it as a competitive threat and respond by offering similar incentives to maintain their market position.
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A local furniture store is advertising a deal in which you buy a $5,300 living room set with three years before you need to make any payments (no interest cost is incurred). How much money would you have to deposit now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) Present value How much would you have to deposit in the savings account each month 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places.) Annuity payment
The amount of money that you would have to deposit now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years is $4,471.89 (rounded to 2 decimal places).
Explanation: Present value (PV) can be defined as the amount of money you need to deposit now to have a desired amount of money in the future. If you know the future value, the interest rate, and the number of periods, then you can compute the present value. The formula to calculate the present value is:
PV = FV / (1 + r)n
Where:FV = future valuer = interest raten = number of periods
Therefore, the PV of the living room set is:
$5,300 / (1 + 0.04/12)^(3*12)= $4,471.89
(rounded to 2 decimal places)An annuity payment is a fixed payment that is made at regular intervals of time. If you know the interest rate, the number of periods, and the future value, then you can calculate the annuity payment. The formula to calculate the annuity payment is:
PMT = (r * FV) / (1 - (1 + r)^-n)
Where:r = interest rateFV = future valuen = number of periodsTherefore, the annuity payment that you would have to deposit in the savings account each month 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill is:
$4,471.89 / [ (1 - (1 + 0.04/12)^(-3*12)) / (0.04/12) ]= $137.44
(rounded to 2 decimal places)Therefore, you would have to deposit $4,471.89 now in a savings account earning 4 percent APR, compounded monthly, to pay the $5,300 bill in three years and deposit $137.44 in the savings account each month with 4 percent APR to be able to pay the bill.
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When there are omitted variables in the regression, which are determinants of the dependent variable, then L (10)
you cannot measure the effect of the omitted variable, but the estimator of your included variable(s) is (are) unaffected.
this has no effect on the estimator of your included variable because the other variable is not included.
this will always bias the OLS estimator of the included variable. the OLS estimator is biased if the omitted variable is correlated with the included variable.
When there are omitted variables in a regression model that are determinants of the dependent variable, the effect of the omitted variable cannot be directly measured. However, the estimator of the included variable(s) is unaffected by the omission. The omission of a variable does not necessarily have an effect on the estimator of the included variable because the omitted variable is not included in the model. The bias in the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator occurs when the omitted variable is correlated with the included variable, which can lead to biased estimates.
When conducting regression analysis, it is important to include all relevant variables that influence the dependent variable. Omitting variables that are determinants of the dependent variable can lead to biased estimates. In such cases, the effect of the omitted variable cannot be directly measured because it is not included in the model.
However, the estimator of the included variable(s) remains unaffected by the omission of variables. This means that the estimates for the included variable(s) are still reliable and unbiased, as long as the omitted variable is not correlated with the included variable.
On the other hand, if the omitted variable is correlated with the included variable, it can lead to biased estimates in the OLS regression. This bias occurs because the omitted variable influences the dependent variable and is not accounted for in the regression model. In such cases, the estimated relationship between the included variable and the dependent variable will be distorted.
Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider and include all relevant variables in a regression model to avoid omitted variable bias and obtain accurate estimates of the relationships between variables.
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A company receives $5,000 from customers for contracts billed last month. The basic analysis of this transaction on the accounting records is: Select one: O a. the asset Cash is increased by $5,000 and the asset account Accounts Receivable is decreased by $5,000. O b. the asset account Cash is increased $5,000 and the revenue account Service Revenue is increased by $5,000. OC. the asset account Accounts Receivable is increased $5,000 and the asset account Cash is decreased $5,000. O d. the revenue account Service Revenue is decreased by $5,000 and the asset account cash is decreased $5,000.
The correct answer is option C. The asset account Accounts Receivable is increased by $5,000, and the asset account Cash is decreased by $5,000.
When a company receives $5,000 from customers for contracts billed last month, it means that the customers have made a payment towards their outstanding accounts receivable balance. This transaction results in an increase in the asset account Accounts Receivable by $5,000, representing the amount that is no longer owed by the customers. At the same time, the asset account Cash is decreased by $5,000, as the company receives cash payment.
Therefore, the basic analysis of this transaction on the accounting records is that the asset account Accounts Receivable is increased by $5,000, and the asset account Cash is decreased by $5,000.
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expenses 12 EBITDA 13 Depreciation and amorization 14 EBIT 15 Interest expense 16 Pretax income 17 Income taxes 18 Net income 19 Shares outstanding 20 EPS 21 22 Exhibit 2. Lagorge Systems, Inc Balance Sheet 23 in millions) 24 2017 25 Current Assets 26 Cash and equivalents 210.00 $ 27 Receivables $ 474.00 $ 28 Inventories 5 520.00 $ 29 Total current assets 1,204.00 $ 30 31 Noncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment 2,501.00 $ 33 Less. Accumulated depreciation 604005 34 Net property, plant, and equipment 1,897.00 $ 35 Other noncurrent assets 100005 36 Total noncurrent assets 199700 37 Total assets 3,201 005 38 39 Current Liabilities 2018 248.00 513.00 564.00 1,325.00 2,850.00 784.00 2,066.00 100 00 2.166.00 3.491.00
Depreciation and amortizationNoncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment Net property, plant, and equipment. Depreciation and amortization are the charges made against a non-current asset over its useful life.
Noncurrent Assets 32 Property, plant, and equipment is an account that represents the property, plant, and equipment that a company owns and uses in its daily operations. Net property, plant, and equipment is a measure of a company's fixed assets less accumulated depreciation. Given that there is no question prompt in the question, it is difficult to determine what specifically needs to be answered, but based on the information provided, here is a possible response. The lagorge systems have a total non-current asset of 199700, and from this, the property, plant, and equipment is 2,501.00$ while the accumulated depreciation is 604005 and net property, plant, and equipment is 1,897.00$. Depreciation and amortization expenses are deducted from the company's total revenue, resulting in EBITDA. EBITDA is then adjusted for depreciation and amortization, resulting in EBIT. Interest expenses are then deducted from EBIT to arrive at pretax income. Income taxes are calculated and deducted to arrive at net income. Shares outstanding and EPS are measures of the company's profitability that are based on the number of shares it has issued and outstanding. The exhibit provided shows the company's balance sheet as of 2017. It indicates that the company has a total asset of 3,201.005 million dollars, including both current and non-current assets. The current assets of the company are 1,204.00 million dollars, while the current liabilities are 2,850.00 million dollars. Therefore, the company has a negative working capital of -1,646.00 million dollars.
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Question 1 Koon's is a leading instant noodle producer in Malaysia. In recent years, the company has experienced a rapid growth from international sales. Its products are now producing in Malaysia, Poland and North America and selling in 20 countries across Asia, Europe and North America. The success comes from its product localization, where it varies its instant noodle in ingredients, favours and packaging for buyers in different countries. Currently, Koon's would explore the untapped market in South Africa. (a) Identify and explain any THREE pressures for local responsiveness. Illustrate each pressure with an example from Koon's case. (12 marks) (b) Identify and explain any THREE foreign market entry strategies that Koon's could adopt to enter the South Africa market. Illustrate each strategy with an example from Koon's case. (12 marks) (c) International human resource management is more complex than domestic human resource management. Explain any THREE factors that drive this complexity to Koon's with an example for each factor from Koon's case.
a) A number of factors contribute to the need for local responsiveness, including (i) consumer preferences and preferences; (ii) infrastructure and traditional practices; and (iii) distribution channels.
b) There are three ways Koon's could adopt to enter the South African market:
1. Export
One of the market entry strategies that most companies use when entering the market is exporting. The reason for this is that exporting is one of the easiest ways to reach a foreign market. Exporting involves using agents or distributors.
2. Licensing
Another of the market strategy modes used is licensing. It gives or permits the right to sell the products. The company needs to have a lawyer present during the proceeds.
It is extremely important to have legal assistance during the proceeds. During the proceeds, price agreements are made with the licensees. The licensees pay a fee to get the rights to some things.
3. Joint venture
Another important approach is to have a joint venture (JV), a local partner if the company can find one. A JV is more of an arrangement made by two or more parties or parties with a shared interest or purpose. Both parties share losses, profits, and costs.
c) The practices of international HRM must differ from the practices of national HRM. There are more and more HR activities, a need for a broader perspective, a greater involvement in employees’ personal lives, a strong focus on change in the employee mix, a high exposure to risk, and more outside influences.
i) More and Varied HR Activities:
There are more and more HR activities in international HRM than there are in domestic HRM. In domestic HRM, the number of HR activities that are relevant to domestic HRM increases because they have to be done in a different context.
ii) International HRM requires a much broader view of almost every HR activity than domestic HRM. This means that HR managers must weigh a multitude of factors when deciding on any HR issue in international HRM, many of which are irrelevant in domestic HRM.
iii)When it comes to international HRM, there is a lot of focus on changing the mix of employees, especially when it comes to the nationality of employees. In fact, very often, when an organization opens a business in a different country, it brings in more employees from that country.
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. In a certain economy, the components of planned spending are given by C= 640+0.8(Y-T)-400r, |= = 250-600r+ G=300, NX=20, T-250. Find the short-run equilibrium output setting r=0.05.+ 16. For the economy in the Question above, suppose the Fed sets the real interest rate at 3 percent. Find short-run equilibrium output.
The components of planned spending are given by: C = 640 + 0.8(Y - T) - 400rI = 250 - 600rG = 300NX = 20T = 250
Now that the given components have been provided above, find the short-run equilibrium output by setting r=0.05:
Given that r = 0.05, then: Y = C + I + G + NXY = 640 + 0.8(Y - T) - 400r + 250 - 600r + 300 + 20 + 250
Using algebra, solve for Y:Y = 640 + 0.8Y - 0.8T - 400r + 250 - 600r + 300 + 20 + 250Y - 0.8Y = 640 - 0.8T - 400r + 250 - 600r + 300 + 20 + 2500.2Y = 2,000 - 400r - 600r - 0.8TY = 10,000 - 2,000r - 4TIf T = 250, then: Y = 10,000 - 2,000r - 4(250)Y = 10,000 - 2,000r - 1,000Y = 9,000 - 2,000r
When r = 0.05, then: Y = 9,000 - 2,000(0.05)Y = 9,000 - 100Y = 8,900
Thus, the short-run equilibrium output is 8,900 when r = 0.05.
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Choose the situation where the employer is not violating Title VII's prohibition against discrimination on the basis of religion.
Question 23 options:
1) Charles, the president of a company that owns several gas stations, needs managers for the new convenience stores he has decided to add to the stations. He posts a job announcement at the Hindu Temple he attends and asks other members of the temple to refer only Hindu friends or family members who may be interested in the position. He does no other recruitment.
2) Mary is a human resources officer who is filling a vacant administrative position at her company. During the application process, she performs an Internet search on the candidates and learns that one applicant, Jonathan, has written an article for the local chapter of the Ethical Society setting forth his view that religion has been historically divisive and explaining why he subscribes to no religious beliefs or practices. Although Mary believes he is the most qualified candidate, she does not hire him because she knows that many current company employees are observant Christians like her, and she believes they would be more comfortable working with someone like-minded.
3) Joanne, a family-owned retail store clerk, is frequently 30-45 minutes late for her shift several days per week when she attends Mass at a Catholic Church across town. Her employer, Donald, who has budget restrictions and is unable to hire another employee during that shift, has spoken with Joanne regarding a shift change, but that is not a viable option for Joanne. On most days when Joanne is late, Donald has found himself overwhelmed tending to customers and the cash register at the same time. He is determined to fire Joanne the next time she is late.
4) Darpak, who practices Buddhism, holds a Ph.D. degree in engineering and applied for a managerial position at the research firm where he has worked for 10 years. He was rejected in favor of a non-Buddhist candidate who was less qualified.
The employer is not violating Title VII's prohibition against discrimination on the basis of religion in the following situation: Charles, the president of a company that owns several gas stations, needs managers for the new convenience stores he has decided to add to the stations.
He posts a job announcement at the Hindu Temple he attends and asks other members of the temple to refer only Hindu friends or family members who may be interested in the position. He does no other recruitment.
Charles is not violating Title VII's prohibition against discrimination on the basis of religion in this situation because he has only asked members of his own religious community to refer candidates, not limited the hiring only to people of his own religion.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.
Discrimination in the form of "treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain religion, has a particular religious belief or practice, or because he/she is married to or associated with someone of a particular religion" is prohibited by Title VII.So, Charles is not violating the law in the given situation.
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In the case of a Bill which has been introduced into the House of Representatives:
Select one:
a. There is no copyright in a Bill by virtue of s27 of the Copyright Act 1994
b. Copyright in the text of the Bill is vested in the Speaker of the House of Representatives
c. Copyright is vested in the Government department responsible for the Bill. In the case of a member’s bill, it is vested in the member in whose name the Bill stands.
There is no copyright in a Bill by virtue of s27 of the Copyright Act 1994.Section 27 of the Copyright Act 1994 in New Zealand specifically states that no copyright protection exists for enactments, which includes Bills introduced into the House of Representatives.
This means that the text of a Bill is not subject to copyright ownership. The purpose of this provision is to ensure that legislative materials are freely accessible and can be used by the public without restriction or infringement.
By not granting copyright protection to Bills, it allows for open access and promotes transparency in the legislative process. This allows individuals and organizations to freely distribute, reproduce, and analyze the content of Bills, facilitating public scrutiny and engagement in the democratic process. The absence of copyright in Bills ensures that the text can be widely disseminated and discussed without fear of copyright infringement.
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