Answer: Exporting
Explanation:
Exporting is the cheapest method of entering another market because it does not involve the building or maintenance of any business in the new market and neither does it involve any profit sharing as all the profits go to the company exporting.
With exporting, a company just ships its products to the new market it wants to enter without establishing a presence. Companies there will then buy these goods and sell them. This is what Heat Tough Inc is doing so this must be exporting.
Bangladesh has been the 7 th largest mango exporter in the world and exported 1-billion-dollar worth of vegetables across the world. Within 1000 words, discuss i) How can we internationalize our productions? ii) How can we localize our productions? Discuss some research oriented examples.
Answer:
Private companies added 330,000 jobs in July, according to ADP, far short of the 653,000 estimate
Explanation:
Private companies added 330,000 jobs in July, according to ADP, far short of the 653,000 estimate:The 330,000 new positions is a sharp deceleration from the 680,000 added in June and the lowest total since February. Leisure and hospitality led the gains with 139,000 during a month in which goods-producing industries contributed just 12,000 jobs. #accelerationism
A single commercial bank must meet a 25 percent reserve requirement. If the bank has no excess reserves initially and $5,000 of cash is deposited in the bank, it can increase its loans by a maximum of Group of answer choices $5,000. $1,250. $120,000. $3,750.
Answer:
$3,750
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what it can increase its loans by
Using this formula
Loan increase=Excess reserves-(Reserve requirement percentage* Excess reserves)
Let plug in the formula
Loan increase=$5000-($25%*$5000)
Loan increase=$5,000-$1,250
Loan increase=3,750
Therefore it can increase its loans by a maximum of $3,750
On April 1, a company established a $150 petty cash fund. On April 15, the petty cash fund contains $5 in cash and the following paid petty cash receipts: Petty Cash Receipts Amount Advertising Expense $29.00 Gasoline Expense38.00 Miscellaneous Expense 50.00 Office Supplies 25.00 Prepare the general journal entries to (1) establish the petty cash fund, to (2) reimburse the fund, and to (3) increase its amount to $200 on April 15.
1. General journal entries to establish the petty cash fund
Date Account titles Debit Credit
April 1 Petty cash $150
Cash $150
2. General journal entries to reimburse the fund
Date Account titles Debit Credit
April 15 Advertising Expense $29.00
Gasoline Expense $38.00
Miscellaneous Expense $50.00
Office Supplies $25.00
Cash over and short $3
Cash ($150-$5) $145
3. General journal entries to increase its amount to $200 on April 15.
Date Account title s Debit Credit
April 15 Petty cash ($200-$150) $50
Cash $50
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Vortex Company operates a retail store with two departments. Information about those departments follows:
Department A Department B
Sales $832,000 $448,000
Cost of goods sold 410,000 291,200
Direct expenses:
Salaries 117,000 86,000
Insurance 13,500 10,900
Utilities 21,000 25,500
Depreciation 18,000 13,500
Maintenance 6,400 5,200
The company also incurred the following indirect costs.
Salaries $29,000
Insurance 6,600
Depreciation 14,800
Office expenses 40,000
Indirect costs are allocated as follows: salaries on the basis of sales; insurance and depreciation on the basis of square footage; and office expenses on the basis of number of employees. Additional information about the departments follows.
Department Square footage Number of employees
A 29,400 66
B 12,600 44
Required:
a. Determine the departmental contribution to overhead and the departmental net income for department A and Department B.
b. Should Department B be eliminated?
Answer:
Vortex Company
Department A Department B
a. Contribution margin $246,100 $15,700
Net income $188,270 ($16,870)
b. Department B should not be eliminated unless the indirect costs allocated to it can be eliminated as well.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Department A Department B
Sales $832,000 $448,000
Cost of goods sold 410,000 291,200
Gross profit $422,000 $156,800
Direct expenses:
Salaries 117,000 86,000
Insurance 13,500 10,900
Utilities 21,000 25,500
Depreciation 18,000 13,500
Maintenance 6,400 5,200
Total direct expenses $175,900 $141,100
Contribution margin $246,100 $15,700
Total indirect expenses 57,830 32,570
Net income $188,270 ($16,870)
Department Square footage Number of employees
A 29,400 66
B 12,600 44
Total 42,000 110
Indirect Costs: Costs Rates Department A Department B
Salaries $29,000 $0.02266 $18,850 $10,150 ($448/$1,280)
Insurance 6,600 $0.15714 4,620 1,980
Depreciation 14,800 $0.35238 10,360 4,440
Office expenses 40,000 $363.64 24,000 16,000
Total costs $90,400 $57,830 $32,570
[ Shareholders - Employees - Managers - Officers - Board of Directors ]
(a) Who manages the big picture and strategies for corporations, and who manages the day to day affairs of a corporation?
(b) How are each put in their position?
What is the answer to this question? B or C?
Answer:B
Explanation: everything had a code of ethics.
Your team is working hard to develop a strategy to serve a new client. Which of the following actions is most important to ensuring an effective strategy is chosen?
a. Suggest that each proposed strategy be evaluated against a set of key objectives.
b. Invite the client into a meeting to shape the strategy.
c. Conduct a benchmarking survey of similar clients to determine best strategy.
d. Ask the team member with the most industry-related experience to lead the process.
Answer:
b. Invite the client into a meeting to shape the strategy.
Explanation:
It is very important when we invited the client for meeting so that we are able to share the strategy as the open and loose could be discussed in a proper way and in easy way also the suggestions are also welcome. In addition to this, the strategy should be taken place as per the preferences, requirements and choices of the clients
Therefore the option b is correct
Purple Cab Company had 70,000 shares of common stock outstanding on January 1, 2021. On April 1, 2021, the company issued 40,000 shares of common stock. The company had outstanding fully vested incentive stock options for 7,000 shares exercisable at $12 that had not been exercised by its executives. The average market price of common stock was $14. The company reported net income in the amount of $289,915 for 2021. What is the basic earnings per share (rounded)
Answer:
Purple Cab Company
The basic earnings per share is:
= $2.64 per share.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
January 1, 2021, Outstanding common stock shares = 70,000
April 1, 2021, Issue of new common stock shares = 40,000
December, 31, 2021, Outstanding common stock shares = 110,000
Outstanding fully vested incentive stock options = 7,000
Exercise price of options = $12
Common stock market price = $14
Reported net income = $289,915
The basic earnings per share = $ (Net income/Outstanding common stock)
= $289,915/110,000
= $2.64 per share
b) The basic earnings per share does not include the fully vested incentive stock options. It is only when calculating the diluted earnings per share that the stock options will be included.
Mitch and Jennifer have adjusted gross income of $125,000 and they have not planned for their children's education. Their children are ages 17 and 18 and the parents anticipate paying $20,000 per year, per children for education expenses. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation to pay for the children's education?
A) 529 Savings Plan
B) PLUS Loan
C) Pell Grant
D) Coverdell ESA
Answer: B) PLUS Loan
Explanation:
Seeing as they did not plan ahead and the children are about to start school, the best option they have is a loan. In light of that, they should go for a Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students (PLUS) loan.
A PLUS loan is provided by the Federal government to parents to help them pay for the tuition fees of their children at undergraduate level. It has a lower interest rate but is only given to people whose credit history are not to bad.
Calculate the total Social Security and Medicare tax burden on a sole proprietorship earning 2020 profit of $300,000, assuming a single sole proprietor with no other earned income.
Answer: $25,802.70
Explanation:
Social security
Social security rates in 2020 for a single sole proprietor is 12.40% on the first $137,700:
= 12.40% * 300,000
= $17,074.80
Medicare Tax
First you need to remove a deduction of 7.65% from the income:
= 300,000 * (1 - 7.65%)
= $277,050
Medicare tax is 2.90% of this adjusted amount in addition to 0.9% for any amount above $200,000:
= (2.90% * 277,050) + (0.9% * (277,050 - 200,000))
= 8,034.45 + 693.45
= $8,727.90
Total Social security and Medicare:
= 17,074.80 + 8,727.9
= $25,802.70
TB MC Qu. 08-156 Fortune Drilling Company acquires... Fortune Drilling Company acquires a mineral deposit at a cost of $5,900,000. It incurs additional costs of $600,000 to access the deposit, which is estimated to contain 2,000,000 tons and is expected to take 5 years to extract. What journal entry would be needed to record the expense for the first year assuming 418,000 tons were mined
Answer:
Fortune Drilling Company
Journal Entry:
Debit Depletion Expense $1,350,000
Credit Accumulated Depletion $1,350,000
To record the first year's expense.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Acquisition cost of mineral deposit = $5,900,000
Additional costs incurred = $600,000
Total costs of mine = $6,500,000
Estimated mineral deposit = 2,000,000 tons
Estimated years of extraction = 5 years
First year's extraction quantity = 418,000
Expenses for the first year = 418,000/2,000,000 * $6,500,000
= $1,350,000
Analysis:
Depletion Expense $1,350,000 Accumulated Depletion $1,350,000
To meet projected annual sales, Bluegill Manufacturers, Inc. needs to produce 75,000 machines for the year. The estimated January 1 inventory is 7,000 units, and the desired December 31 inventory is 12,000 units. What are projected sales units for the year? fill in the blank 1 units
Answer: 70,000 units
Explanation:
You can use the formula for the ending inventory to get this:
Ending inventory = Opening inventory + Production for the year - Projected sales
12,000 = 7,000 + 75,000 - Projected sales
12,000 + Projected sales = 82,000
Projected sales = 82,000 - 12,000
Projected sales = 70,000 units
A company must repay the bank $10,000 cash in three years for a loan. The loan agreement specifies 8% interest compounded annually. The present value factor for three years at 8% is 0.7938. How much cash did the company receive from the bank on the day they borrowed this money?
A. $12,400.
B. $9,200.
C. $7,938.
D. $7,600.
E. $10,000.
Answer: C. $7,938
Explanation:
This is a straightforward question. From the question, we are informed that a company must repay the bank $10,000 cash in three years for a loan and that the loan agreement specifies 8% interest compounded annually and we are given the present value factor for three years at 8% is 0.7938.
Therefore, the amount of cash that the company receive from the bank on the day they borrowed this money will be:
= $10000 × Present value factor at 8%
= $10000 × 0.7938
= $7938
Use the following information about the current year's operations of a company to calculate the cash paid for merchandise.
Cost of goods sold……………………………….. $ 735,000
Merchandise inventory, January 1………………. 84,700
Merchandise inventory, December 31…………… 82,400
Accounts payable, January 1……………………. 54,500
Accounts payable, December 31……………….. 60,200
Answer:
$727,000
Explanation:
Calculation of cash paid for merchandise
Cost of goods sold
$735,000
Add:
Merchandise inventory, December 31
$82,400
Less:
Merchandise inventory, January 1
($84,700)
Purchases during the period
$732,700
Add:
Accounts payable, January 1
$54,500
Less:
Accounts payable, December 31
($60,200)
Cash paid for merchandise
$727,000
Budgeted Actual Overhead cost $909,000 $884,000 Machine hours 55,000 46,000 Direct labor hours 101,000 98,000 Overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours. (a) Compute the predetermined overhead rate. (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 12.25.)
Answer:
Missing word "(b) Determine the amount of overhead applied for the year?"
1. Predetermined overhead rate = Budgeted overhead / Budgeted direct labor hours
Predetermined overhead rate = $909,000 / 101,000
Predetermined overhead rate = $9 per DLH
2. Overhead applied = Actual hours * Overhead rate
Overhead applied = 98,000 * $9 per DLH
Overhead applied = $882,000
You made an investment of $15,000 into an account that paid you an annual interest rate of 3.8 percent for the first 8 years and 8.2 percent for the next 10 years. What was your annual rate of return over the entire 18 years
Answer: 6.22%
Explanation:
To find the annual rate of return, find the geometric mean of the returns:
= ¹⁸√ (1 + 3.8%)⁸ * (1 + 8.2%)¹⁰ - 1
= ¹⁸√ 2.9638173484126186153 - 1
= 1.0622187633434 - 1
= 6.22%
The accounting records of Jamaican Importers, Inc., at January 1, 2021, included the following: Assets: Investment in IBM common shares $ 1,345,000 Less: Fair value adjustment (145,000) $ 1,200,000 No changes occurred during 2021 in the investment portfolio.
Prepare appropriate adjusting entry(s) at December 31, 2021, assuming the fair value of the IBM common shares was:_____.
1, $ 1,175,000
2, $ 1,275,000
3, $ 1,375,00
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
The appropriate adjusting entry(s) at December 31, 2021, given the fair value of the IBM common shares are represented below:
1. 31, December 2021
Dr Unrealized holding gain or loss - NI $25,000
Cr To Fair value adjustment $25,000
(To record adjustment to fair value)
2. 31, December 2021
Dr Fair value adjustment $75,000
Cr To Unrealized holding gain or loss - NI $75,000
(To record adjustment to fair value)
3. 31, December 2021
Dr Fair value adjustment $175,000
Cr To Unrealized holding gain or loss - NI $175,000
(To record adjustment to fair value)
Bob has saved $30 per week to buy a new Blu-ray player. He compares two different models: a Panaview that is priced at $130 and a Zony model that is priced at $140. Bob decides to purchase the Zony Blu-ray player for $140. Identify what role money plays in each of the following parts of the story.
a. Sean can easily determine that the Panaview model has a lower price than the Zony model.
b. Sean saved $30 per week.
c. Sean pays $140 for the Blu-ray player.
Answer and Explanation:
The categorization is as follows:
a. It is a unit of account as it determined the panaview model along with the zony model plus the comparison is also there
b. It is the store of value because the saving should be the similar value over the time
c. It is the medium of exchange as he has purchased the player where the money is exchanged with the product
In this way it should be categorized
Janice has been invited to appear on a home improvement show for the remodel of her summerhouse in Maine. Janice asks Mary to wallpaper her house in anticipation of the home improvement, and requests expensive custom wallpaper and a very intricate design application, for which the wallpaper would cost $5000, plus labor. Mary, excited for a very large job for her solo business, orders the intricate wallpaper and blocks off her calendar for the amount of time it will take to complete the job. After the paper has been ordered, Mary asks some friends to be available to complete the job in time for the show. Janice is informed that she will not be on the show and notifies Mary that she will not need the wallpaper.
a. Does Mary have a case for re-imbursement?
b. Under what legal theory might she prevail and what are her damages, if any?
c. What ethical theories might be applicable?
Answer:
sorry I don't know.
Explanation:
Yes, Mary has a legal cause of reimbursement Under the legal theory of ethical violation.
What is ethical violation?A documented company's code of ethics, mission, vision, values, and culture are violated when something is spoken, published, or done that does so. Additionally, we are aware that moral transgressions laugh in the face of accepted social norms.
Most business professionals' ethical conduct is governed by codes of conduct. Business infractions including discrimination, safety issues, or poor working conditions are most frequently observed.
Additionally, fraud, theft, and conflicts of interest. Many of these cross the line into illegal territory that is dealt with outside the corporation and are not merely morally bad.
Customers may be charged for services they did not receive when there is improper or fraudulent billing. This occurs most frequently in professions where the person who pays the bill is different from the person who received the services.
Due to the frequency of this particular ethical breach, many insurance companies have started providing consumers with a list of services that may fall under this category, enticing them to report any irregularities.
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Stock Z is trading at $50 today. In one year, the value will go either up to $62.50 or down to $40. A call option on Z with exactly one year to expiration has a strike price of $55. Inflation is high, so the interest rate is 10% per year. Find the delta of the call option using binomial approach. a. 0.25 b. 0.67 c. 1.05 d. 0.33
Answer:
0.33
Explanation:
Delta = (Cu – Cd)/(Su – Sd)Cu
= 62.50 – 55 = 7.50
Cd = 0
Delta = (7.50 – 0)/(62.50 – 40)
= 0.33
In the process of conversion from the equity method to the fair value method, the earnings or losses that the investor previously recognized under the equity method should
Answer: remain as a part of the carrying amount of the investment
Explanation:
Equity method is simply the process whereby investments are treated in associate companies. It usually occurs when the investor entity holds about twenty to fifty percent of the voting stock of the other company.
It should be noted that in a process of conversion from the equity method to the fair value method, the earnings or losses that the investor previously recognized under the equity method should remain as a part of the carrying amount of the investment.
The Chiemsee Knee Replacement Clinic (CKRC) is a sports clinic located at the northern edge of the German Alps. It specializes in knee replacements for skiers who come to CKRC from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. The clinic currently has one operating room (OR). However, since the clinic has dramatically more demand than capacity, the management team contemplates investing in a second OR. A lean consulting firm, however, suggests that before going ahead with installing new capacity, the clinic should first look at how it uses its existing capacity. The data collected by the consulting firm reveal that:
The OR is available for 12 hours a day; the hospital has decided to not perform any procedures between 7pm and 7am. This time is equally divided across three surgeons.
The standard procedure time for the knee surgery done at the clinic is 1h.
The cleaning and housekeeping that needs to happen after each procedure takes 20 minutes. Almost all of this time could be saved if the cleaning crew were notified earlier on.
10 minutes are spent on patient preparation / anesthesia work before each procedure. (Note: this is not part of the 60-minute procedure time). Proposals have been evaluated to move these 10 minutes to outside the OR, and there exists no medical reason that would prohibit doing this.)
A surgeon only starts a case if all of the work associated with the case (preparation, procedure, and cleaning) can be completed in the 4h allotted to each surgeon. Surgeons never start BEFORE their allotted time.
Though the clinic aims to operate 7 days a week, holidays, vacation, and construction time lead to an average of one day a week that the OR cannot be used at all.
What is the OEE of the operating room? Assume a 12h window in which the OR could be used.
The OEE of the Operating Room is 34.8%.
Operating Room Overall Equipment EffectivenessTo calculate the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) of the OR, you need to consider three factors: availability, performance, and quality.
Availability: The OR is available for 12 hours a day, but there is a 1 hour window between 7pm and 7am when it is not used. Additionally, there is an average of one day a week when the OR cannot be used at all. Therefore, the availability is:(12 hours - 1 hour) / 12 hours * 7 days/week - 1 day/week = 0.92 or 92%
Performance: The standard procedure time for the knee surgery is 1 hour, and 10 minutes are spent on patient preparation and anesthesia work. The cleaning and housekeeping takes 20 minutes, and a surgeon only starts a case if all of the work can be completed in the 4 hours allotted to each surgeon. Therefore, the performance is:1 hour + 10 minutes + 20 minutes = 1 hour and 30 minutes / 4 hours = 0.375 or 37.5%
Quality: Quality is not mentioned in the data provided, so it is assumed to be 100%.To calculate OEE, you need to multiply availability, performance, and quality:
OEE = availability * performance * quality = 0.92 * 0.375 * 1 = 0.348 or 34.8%
So, the OEE of the OR is 34.8%.
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An overhead variance report includes which of the followings: _________
a. Variable and fixed flexible budget costs
b. Variable and fixed actual results
c. Variable and fixed sales results
d. Variable and fixed variances
Answer: a. Variable and fixed flexible budget costs
Explanation:
An overhead variance report shows the difference between the overhead that was actually incurred to either produce or sell vs the overhead that was budgeted.
Overhead can either be fixed or variable so an overhead report will include both fixed and variable budgeted costs which will then be compared to fixed and variable actual overhead costs.
Have you ever financed anything on a short term or long term arrangement?
Answer:
Financing is a very important part of every business. Firms often need financing to pay for their assets, equipment, and other important items. Financing can be either long-term or short-term. As is obvious, long-term financing is more expensive as compared to short-term financing.
There are different vehicles through which long-term and short-term financing is made available. This chapter deals with the major vehicles of both types of financing.
Explanation:
Long-Term Financing
Long-term financing is usually needed for acquiring new equipment, R&D, cash flow enhancement, and company expansion. Some of the major methods for long-term financing are discussed below.
Equity Financing
Equity financing includes preferred stocks and common stocks. This method is less risky in respect to cash flow commitments. However, equity financing often results in dissolution of share ownership and it also decreases earnings.
The cost associated with equity is generally higher than the cost associated with debt, which is again a deductible expense. Therefore, equity financing can also result in an enhanced hurdle rate that may cancel any reduction in the cash flow risk.
Corporate Bond
A corporate bond is a special kind of bond issued by any corporation to collect money effectively in an aim to expand its business. This tern is usually used for long-term debt instruments that generally have a maturity date after one year after their issue date at the minimum.
Short-Term Financing
Short-term financing with a time duration of up to one year is used to help corporations increase inventory orders, payrolls, and daily supplies. Short-term financing can be done using the following financial instruments −
Commercial Paper
Commercial Paper is an unsecured promissory note with a pre-noted maturity time of 1 to 364 days in the global money market. Originally, it is issued by large corporations to raise money to meet the short-term debt obligations.
It is backed by the bank that issues it or by the corporation that promises to pay the face value on maturity. Firms with excellent credit ratings can sell their commercial papers at a good price.
Asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) is collateralized by other financial assets. ABCP is a very short-term instrument with 1 and 180 days’ maturity from issuance. ACBCP is typically issued by a bank or other financial institution.
Promissory Note
It is a negotiable instrument where the maker or issuer makes an issue-less promise in writing to pay back a pre-decided sum of money to the payee at a fixed maturity date or on demand of the payee, under specific terms.
ctivity-Based Costing (ABC) is useful in: Select one: A. Breakdown COGS into DL, DM, and FOH B. Breaking down FOH more accurately into cost drivers C. Breaking down FOH into one overhead rate D. Breaking down DL and DM by product
Answer:
B. Breaking down FOH more accurately into cost drivers
Explanation:
In the case of activity based costing, the activity of the fixed cost should be breakdown based on the number of activity pools while the fixed cost should be breakdown as per the cost drivers. Also, there is more than one overhead rate existed. In addition to this, it is the method for distribution of the overhead with those firms who is able to used it
Therefore the option b is correct
As project manager, Gabriella has discovered a major problem that could affect the remainder of the project.
What should she do before deciding how to resolve the problem?
Answer:
Develop a problem statement for the problem
Develop a problem statement for the problem she should do before deciding how to resolve the problem.
What is project manager?A project manager is in charge of the project's planning, acquisition, implementation, and conclusion. The project manager is in charge of the entire undertaking and manages every aspect of it, including the project scope, the project team, and the resources allotted to it.
At least three years of experience in a comparable capacity, communication skills, formal training, and a PMP certification are typically needed. A professional association, a university or college, or an online learning program with a narrow concentration are all options for obtaining certification.
One of the most difficult occupations is project management since no day is ever the same and you must use all of your project management abilities to address every issue.
Thus, Develop a problem statement for the problem.
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Where do you see Dow Jones in the coming two years ?
Suppose that the tax on interest income is levied on the nominal interest rate, the tax rate is 20 percent, and the real interest rate is 4 percent a year. There is no inflation.
Calculate the after-tax real interest rate and the true tax rate on interest income.
Answer:
After-tax interest rate ⇒ 3.2%True tax on interest income ⇒ 20%Explanation:
After-tax real interest rate:
= Real interest rate * (1 - tax rate)
= 4% * (1 - 20%)
= 4% * 80%
= 3.2%
True tax on interest income:
= 20%
True tax on interest income is the tax rate levied on the nominal interest rate which is 20%.
Welcome Inn Hotels is considering the construction of a new hotel for $90 million. The expected life of the hotel is 30 years, with no residual value. The hotel is expected to earn revenues of $26 million per year. Total expenses, including depreciation, are expected to be $15 million per year. Welcome Inn management has set a minimum acceptable rate of return of 14%.
a. Determine the equal annual net cash flows from operating the hotel.
b. Calculate the net present value of the new hotel. Use 7.003 for the present value of an annuity of $1 at 14% for 30 periods.
c. Does your analysis support construction of the new hotel?
Answer:
a. Annual Net cash flows:
= Revenue - Expenses + Depreciation
= 26,000,000 - 15,000,000 + (90,000,000 / 30 years)
= 11,000,000 + 3,000,000
= $14,000,000
b. Net present value:
= Present value of cashflows - Investment cost
= (Annual cashflow * present value of an annuity, 14%, 30 periods) - Investment cost
= (14,000,000 * 7.003) - 90,000,000
= $8,042,000
c. Company should construct the hotel as it would bring a positive Net Present Value
Note: In "b" the cashflow was treated as an annuity because it is constant.
changing nature of the environment and adaptation to the changes are crucial factors of successful planning. discuss
Explanation:
societies (robust evidence, high agreement). The combined efforts of a broad range of international organizations, scientific reports, and
media coverage have raised awareness of the importance of adaptation to climate change, fostering a growing number of adaptation responses
in developed and developing countries. This represents major progress since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The literature illustrates
heterogeneity in adaptation planning related to the context specific nature of adaptation, but also to the differences in resources, values,
needs, and perceptions among and within societies. However, it is not yet clear how effective these responses currently are and will be in the
future. Few adaptation plans have been monitored and evaluated. There is a tendency in the literature to consider adaptation planning a problem-
free process capable of delivering positive outcomes, underestimating the complexity of adaptation as a social process, creating unrealistic
expectations in societies, and perhaps overestimating the capacity of planning to deliver the intended outcome of adapt
