How do bacteria develop resistance to drugs

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: Bacteria gain resistance to drugs because of mutations (permanent and random changes to their DNA) which means they have changed DNA coding, giving them the ability to resist the drug fighting them off. As a result, they survive and reproduce. Over time, more and more bacteria are generated as the DNA code for resistance is passed on over generations. This results in bacteria having the ability to resist drugs. This is particularly prevalent with antibiotics.

Answer 2

Bacteria develop drug resistance through genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes, production of inactivating enzymes, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation.

Bacteria can develop resistance to drugs through several mechanisms. One common way is through genetic mutations or acquisition of resistance genes. Mutations can occur in the bacterial DNA, leading to changes in the target site of the drug, rendering it ineffective. Resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer, allowing the recipient bacteria to acquire resistance traits.

Another mechanism is the production of enzymes that can inactivate the drug. Bacteria can produce enzymes, such as beta-lactamases, that break down antibiotics like penicillin, preventing them from functioning properly. Bacteria can develop efflux pumps that actively pump out drugs from their cells, reducing their concentration and effectiveness. This mechanism helps bacteria evade the lethal effects of antibiotics. Biofilm formation provides a protective environment for bacteria, making them less susceptible to drugs and immune system attacks.

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The correct question is:

How do bacteria develop resistance to drugs?


Related Questions

Which statement is not true about the field of science?
it is based on observations and explanations of the natural world.

Answers

You are right with your answer please

Actual Question:
Which statement about the purpose of the field of science is false? (1 point)

Science is used to investigate the natural world.

Events of the natural world can be explained by science.

Science works to establish a collection of unchanging truths.

Useful predictions come from derived explanations of science.
Answer:

Science works to establish a collection of unchanging truths.

Explanation:

I took the test

how much water was retained by soil C​

Answers

Answer:

we dont know sorry but i dont know

The second generation of purebred cross of -hom-ozygo us recessive organism, with a —hom-ozygous dominant organism, contain a ratio of approximately _______ expressed dominant traits to recessive traits.
A. 2:1
B. 1:1
C. 1:3
D. 3:1

Answers

Answer:

D. 3:1

Explanation:

Gregor Mendel, in one of his numerous studies, performed a cross between purebred dominant (TT) pea plants and purebred recessive (tt) pea plants. All the offsprings of this cross appeared heterozygous tall (Tt) in the F1 generation.

However, when he self-crossed the F1 generation i.e. Tt × Tt, Mendel obtained a phenotypic ratio of 3 tall plants (dominant traits) : 1 short plant (recessive). This showed that the masked gene (recessive) was still present.

what gender of offspring are most often affected by sextinked inheritance?-What gender-are-usmally-carriers-of the trait?

-males, males
-males, females
-females, females
-females, males O O

Answers

Answer:

female, female

Explanation:

this is because sex-linked characters are normally borne in the X-chromosome

What are the types of honey bee?​

Answers

Answer:

kdjjdndkskkdjckfkfjsjjsjsmslaldjnxjcjc

HELP ASAP PLEASE HELP FAST

Answers

I DONT HAVE THE ANSWER BUT GOOD LUCK

When an outbreak of foot and mouth disease is discovered among livestock in a country, what is MOST likely the chosen way to control it?

Answers

Answer:

You can get infected with hand, foot, and mouth disease if you have the virus on your hands and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. To lessen your chance of getting sick, don't touch your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.

You can get infected with hand, foot, and mouth disease if you have the virus on your hands and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. To lessen your chance of getting sick, don't touch your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.

What are the mechanism that use to resist the antimicrobial agents?

There has been several mechanisms, like resistance to antimicrobial agents, encapsulation or secretation of proteins that affects and might destroy the phagocyte along with some leukocytes in our body perform phagocytosis as a defense mechanism against the pathogenic bacterium.

These phagocytes contain lysosomes, intracellular granules that possess bactericidal substances. When the phagocyte ingests the pathogen, a phagosome is formed, which merges with the lysosome, forming the phagolysosome, which is where toxic substances and enzymes kill the ingested microorganism.

There are several mechanisms by which a microorganism can survive this process as resistance to antimicrobial agents. Some bacteria use phenolic glycolipids from their cell wall, to eliminate toxic oxygen compounds.

Therefore, You can get infected with hand, foot, and mouth disease if you have the virus on your hands and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.

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Which of the following does NOT relate to water?
A. Dehydration damages cells.
B. 70% of the human body.
C. Controls negative feedback mechanisms.
D. Contains and moves ions in and out of cells.

Answers

The answer should be D. Contains and moves ions in and out of cells

The following that does not relate to water is it contains and moves ions in and out of cells. The correct option is D.

What is water?

Water is a chemical compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen. It is a necessary part of life. As our body is made up of 90% of water, and without water, organisms would not survive.

The transport of ions and molecules in and out of the cell is done by the cytoplasm filling in the cell.

Thus, the correct option is D. Contains and moves ions in and out of cells.

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A stem cell is
A. A specialized cell that can divide limitlessly but cant differentiate
B. A specialized cell that can divide limitlessly.
C. An unspecialized cell that cant divide limitlessly nor differentiate into specialized cell.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

They divide to form more cells called daughter cells under proper conditions

B

It is B because the stem cells divide and divide so its lile a pattern where it goes more and more cells

Hope this helps :))

1. Sensation is to as perception is to a. vision, olfaction b. conscious, unconscious c. awareness, interpretation d. taste, vision.​

Answers

Answer:

opt (c)

Explanation:

Scenario 1:

Genetic engineering can be used to create more productive strains of farm animals used for milk and meat production. By adding genes to an animal’s DNA, the animal can be made to be more resistant to common infections. This can reduce the need to administer large doses of antibiotics to the animals.

Do you think that this type of genetic engineering should be pursued? Explain your answer. (5 points)

What are some possible impacts (positive and negative) of this type of genetic engineering on individuals, society, and the environment? (5 points)


Scenario 2:

Mike was adopted, and his biological family history is unknown. Although he is healthy, he would like some understanding of his genetic makeup, including potential health risks and genes that he could pass on to his children. Mike has heard about commercial laboratories that can compare segments of your DNA to those of people with common hereditary diseases in order to give you some idea of how susceptible you are to the diseases. The results of these types of tests are highly inconclusive. If Mike’s DNA showed that he shares similarities in a segment of DNA with people who have a given disease, his chances of developing that disease or passing it on to his children may be slightly elevated, but they are not 100 percent. These tests can cost more than $2,500 and are not covered by many insurance companies.

Do you think that Mike should undergo the genetic tests? Explain your answer. (2 points)

What are potential pros and cons of having such tests done? (5 points)

Describe how the availability of these genetic tests might affect the frequency of genetic diseases in individuals and populations. (3 points)

Answers

Due to brainly not accepting my essay, I have instead included a image of it. :D

You are studying an enzyme that is inactivated by phosphorylation and create a mutant in which the threonine that is normally phosphorylated is replaced with glutamate. Predict the impact of this change on the activity of this enzyme. Group of answer choices

Answers

Answer:

always active  

Explanation:

Phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification that consists of the addition of phosphate groups to specific amino acids on the protein. Phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch for proteins that are phosphorylated (i.e., in some situations phosphorylation acts to activate protein function, whereas in other situations phosphorylation can inactivate protein function). Phosphorylation modifies the three-dimensional structure of the protein, thereby affecting, for example, the accessibility of the active site of a phosphorylated enzyme to its substrate. Phosphorylation can occur only at the side chains of three amino acids: Serine, Threonine and Tyrosine. In this case, the enzyme is inactivated by phosphorylation on the Threonine residue, so it is expected that the mutant enzyme cannot be phosphorylated, remaining in an active state.

Determine the correct energy transformations during the generation of electricity from fossil fuels.
A. Heat to Chemical to Electrical to Kinetic
B. Heat to Kinetic to Electrical to Chemical
C. Kinetic to Chemical to Heat to Electrical
D. Chemical to Heat to Kinetic to Electrical

Answers

Answer:

D. Chemical to heat to kinetic to electrical

The correct energy transformations during the generation of electricity from fossil fuels are D) Chemical to Heat to Kinetic to Electrical

What converts chemical energy to kinetic energy to electrical energy?

Batteries used in torches, computers, toys, and camera cells, are actually made up of chemical cells which convert the chemical energy from the batteries to the electrical energy required for the devices to work well.

What are the main energy types?

Examples of these are light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, gravitational energy, electrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear or atomic energy, and so on. Each form can be converted or changed into the other forms.

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For each of the following structures, first indicate its function in the fetus; then, note its fate (what happens to it or what it is converted to after birth).

a. Umbilical artery
b. Umbilical vein
c. Ductus venosus
d. Ductus arterious
e. Foramen ovale

Answers

Answer:

1. Functions:

a. Umbilical artery >> carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

b. Umbilical vein >> transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

c. Ductus venosus >> allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

d. Ductus arterious >> allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's non-functioning lungs

e. Foramen ovale >> oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the pulmonary circulation

2. After the bird:

1. Umbilical artery >> medial umbilical ligament

2. Umbilical vein >> round ligament of the liver

3. Ductus venosus  >> ligamentum venosum

4. Ductus arteriosus >> ligamentum arteriosum

5. Foramen ovale >> fossa ovalis

Explanation:

The umbilical artery is a paired artery localized in the abdominal and pelvic regions, which carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical cord. The medial umbilical ligament is the obliterated part of the umbilical artery that arises from the internal iliac arteries. In utero, the umbilical arteries carry waste products back to the placenta, whereas the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The round ligament of the liver (also known as ligamentum teres hepatis) is a remnant of the umbilical vein that  exists in the embryonic stage, it connects the left lobe of the liver to the umbilicus. The ductus venosus is a slender shunt that allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver, it connects the intra-hepatic portion of the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava. The ligamentum venosum is an extrahepatic, slender, and fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus venosus that travels between the left portal vein and the inferior vena cava. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal artery that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery. The ligamentum arteriosum is a nonfunctional vestige of the ductus arteriosus, it is attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk. The foramen ovale is an oval-shaped, small, opening in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers of the heart. The fossa ovalis is a vestige stricture of the foramen ovale of the embryonic heart, which forms a depression in the right atrium of the heart.

6. Compare the different measurements of the thermometer which are used.​

Answers

Having a reliable medical thermometer at home can be incredibly helpful. The ability to accurately find out if someone has a fever gives you much-needed information about important next steps for their care.

There are many types of contact and contact-free thermometers to choose from. The ages of your household members, as well as personal preference, can help you determine which types to buy.

Like any other device in your home, it’s important to understand how your thermometer works. Not every type works the same way or is designed to provide the same temperature readings.

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by ________. increasing the surface area for diffusion decreasing the distance for diffusion changing the diffusion constant increasing the concentration difference

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by . increasing the surface area for diffusion

Which is our body part help us to maintain balance.

Answers

Answer:

cerebellum

Explanation:

The cerebellum is a small part of the brain positioned at the back of the head, where it meets the spine, which acts as the body's movement and balance control centre.

please mark me as brainliest

Tai không chỉ có vai trò để lắng nghe mà còn hỗ trợ trong việc giữ cân bằng

which statement describes a process associated with meiosis

Answers

Answer:

homologous chromosomes pair up

Answer:

Haploid cells join to form an organism that has a complete set of chromosomes.

Explanation:

According to cell theory, all new cells...
A. must share DNA with existing cells.
B. must eat.
C. come from other cells.

Answers

Answer:

с

Explanation:

all new cells come from other cells

A ______, such as a bean, has two seed leaves.

Answers

Answer:

A dicotyledonous plant

hope this helps you

what is uropoiesis?

Answers

Answer:

The production and excrection of urine

Answer:

The production and excretion or urine.

Anyone know this??? Help!!!
Devise an experiment to test the effect of pH on the activity of biological washing powder

Answers

Answer:

I think you are nepali yeah but I don't have your question ❓ answer

What does a botanist study

Answers

Answer:

Botany is the scientific study of plants—how plants function, what they look like, how they are related to each other, where they grow, how people make use of plants, and how plants evolved.

I HOPE THIS WILL HELP YOU

HAVE A GREAT DAY :)

Please help me with these questions
I will mark the Brillianest​

Answers

Answer:

[tex] \pink{\qquad \boxed{\boxed{\begin{array}{cc} \maltese \: \: \: \bf \: see \: the \: picture \: \: \end{array}}}}[/tex]

Human being get energy from

Answers

Are you asking how humans get energy?
Any food they consume or sleep. Hope this helps

Why can viruses not fit in any domain? How are they different from all other forms of Life? What would need to occur for viruses to be classified as "alive"?

Answers

Answer:

virus are obligate parasites. Viruses do not, however, carry out metabolic processes. Most notably, viruses differ from living organisms in that they cannot generate ATP.

What is a community?
1 all the animals that live in a habitat
2 a single species that lives in a habitat
3 all the species that live in a habitat
4 a population that lives in a single habitat

Answers

Answer:

3. All the species that live in a habitat.

A community is where all the species live in a habitat. Hence the correct option is 1.

A community is an ecological term that encompasses all the different species of organisms that coexist and interact within a specific habitat or geographic area. It includes plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that share the same environment and form intricate ecological relationships with each other.

These relationships can be competitive, predatory, symbiotic, or other forms of interactions that influence the dynamics and structure of the community. Understanding the composition and interactions within a community is vital in studying the biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and overall health of a given habitat.

Hence the correct option is 1.

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ILL GIVE BRAINLY

Contrast the usefulness of absolute and relative dating techniques.

Answers

Answer:

In relative dating, fossils are dated according to the depth at which they were buried While in the absolute dating, isotopes of carbon are used for dating fossils. The absolute dating is more precise than relative dating because it tells the exact age of the fossils.

When thinking about all 4 types of macromolecules discussed, which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.


Monomers are linked together by hydrolysis.


Monomers are joined together to form functional polymers


Monomers are linked together by dehydration synthesis.


Monomers join together via hydrogen bonds.

Answers

2 and 3

1 is describing the process to separate monomers
2 multiple monomers create polymers
3 removal of water to join monomers
4 they are joined by covalent bonds

DNA is referred to as a______, meaning that it has
strands that are______together.

Answers

Answer:

molecule

wound

Explanation:

DNA is the chemical name for molecule. The strands wind together and form a double helix.

The answers should be
1. Molecule

2. Wound
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Solve this equation for x. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. 0.77 = log x The fraction 9/7 is equivalent to? A company has total revenue of $50,000,000, cost of sales of $40,000,000, operating expenses of $5,000,000, and financing costs of $2,000,000. What are earnings per share if the company has 100,000 shares outstanding and no preferred stockholders Frank is a 60- year-old man who is well-loved in his community since he was a boy. He is someone who is outgoing, a party lover, and love to have fun hanging out with peers. Frank is confident about life. From an early age he knew exactly what he wanted to become, and now as a man, he is confident about his career and family and want to leave them a good life when he departs this life. Frank express that he is not afraid of dying but he wants them to be ok when he is gone. At work Frank is helpful to his colleagues, and even in his community he is well-known among the elderly since he is always putting on Christmas treats for them. Imagine that Frank is your colleague, and that your boss asks you to write a character reference for Frank. Using Jungs personality theory to guide your writing, present a minimum one- page character reference in which you spell out Franks behaviour, his outlook on life, his philosophy about people and all the other important things you know about him. Ensure you point out how these different parts of Franks life fits into Jungs theory and overall what Jungs theoretical concept says about him. Find the value x . If a zero is , then the graph of its function only touches the xaxis at that zero. In three to five sentences, discuss what is wrong with the following scenario: At 10 a.m., the staff at the College Cafeteria was cleaning up after breakfast and getting ready for lunch. Carly was cutting up chicken breasts for a casserole dish, and Juan was making a cream pie for dessert. After cutting the chicken, Carly put the chicken in a pan with a cover and stored it on the top shelf in the refrigerator to avoid time and temperature abuse. Juan hurriedly put the cream pie in the refrigerator on the second shelf without a cover. Humans judge the speed of an object moving toward them as faster than the same object moving away from them. The explanation is that the misperception helped early humans avoid fast moving objects and predators (by making them think the approaching objects and animals would reach them sooner). This explanation sounds most consistent with which concept De que manera se desarroll la guerra fra A trough has ends shaped like isosceles triangles, with width 2 m and height 5 m, and the trough is 18 m long. Water is being pumped into the trough at a rate of 8 m3/min. At what rate (in m/min) does the height of the water change when the water is 2 m deep The wholesale price of 6 oz plastic bottles is 6 cents how many plastic bottles can be purchased for $98.41 Current research studying the underlying effectiveness of antidepressant drugs suggests that the most important aspect of this drug treatment is its role in ______. please help. i need this done today What is the value of the expression (2x + y) (2x - y) when x = 4 and y = -5? Arya has a homeowners policy that covers up to $400,000. Her house is completely destroyed in a fire. When an assessment is made of the house and possessions, it is decided that her losses are only worth about $350,000. How much money will Arya receive from her insurer (assuming there is no deductible)? A. $50,000 B. $200,000 C. $350,000 D. $400,000 Cul es su punto de vista sobre llevar mascarilla para todos lados? A uniform plastic block floats in water with 50.0 % of its volume above the surface of the water. The block is placed in a second liquid and floats with 23.0 % of its volume above the surface of the liquid.What is the density of the second liquid?Express your answer with the appropriate units. Find the range from the ordered pair {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} Compared with dim light, what do light waves that look bright tend to have the subject just says science but the picker doesn't have that Can someone please help me?