how does liberty's daughters by mary beth norton end

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Mary Beth Norton comprehensively examines the behavior and experience of women in America between 1750 and 1800. She explicitly argues against the idea of a "golden age" of women's status in colonial America, instead describing a world of rigid patriarchy in which women's worth was denigrated by themselves and others. In this world, women largely led lives of drudgery, controlled by husbands and fathers and denigrated in popular literature. Women enjoyed only limited freedoms, primarily in religious participation and in their female relationships with daughters, mothers, and female friends.  

Norton describes how the Revolution helped change women's status. During the war, women took on more active political roles by participating in non-importation and boycott movements, signing petitions, and in the famous case of Philadelphia women in 1780, raising money for the Continental Army. At home women were forced to take on more and more responsibilities with men away at war. The net result was a greater degree of public political participation and an increased sense of worth (both of themselves and of society's views of their contributions). After the war saw a limited flourishing of women's conditions: more control over choosing spouses, more mutual cooperation to prevent pregnancies, and most importantly, greater access to education. The end result was, in Mary Norton's characterization, cautiously optimistic. Women made advancements in several areas, although she is careful to note that their role was still tightly circumscribed to the household - it was just that their worth within this area had increased. This stands in contrast to Linda Kerber's interpretation of the era (who published Women of the Republic in the same year, 1980) - which Norton describes as a "half-empty" characterization of the Revolution's effects, compared to her own "half-full" interpretation.

Mark it as Brainliest if it helps!!


Related Questions

Why were astronomers often considered magicians in ancient civilizations?

Answers

Astronomers were often considered magicians because they found out about constellations, and for the Greeks and Romans, they found their gods. Hope this helps!

which of the following did the code of Hammurabi regulate

Answers

Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi

-Ruled Babylonia

-Most famous Amorite tribal king

-Gained control of the lower Euphrates Valley

-Peaceful reign until the end when he fought his enemies and expanded his empire

-Amorite dynasty declined after his death

-His laws survived

Code of Hammurabi

-Inscribed on a seven-foot stele (stone slab or pillar), enshrined in the temple of Marduk (national god of the Babylonians)

-The Code is now considered a summary of a body of long-standing Sumerian laws

-Laws about prices, wages, payment of loans, marriage contracts, property, slaves

-Divided into three parts: Prologue, Laws, Epilogue

-Only by following the laws would justice be done, peace maintained, and prosperity possible.

please help me i need help

Answers

Answer: Large population and neither

Explanation:

what is the first recorded civilization

Answers

Answer:

Mesopotamia

Sumer, located in Mesopotamia, is the first known complex civilization

hope this help.

Answer:

The answer you are looking for is Sumer

Explanation:

Because yes!! Also I hope you have a wonderful wonderful day!! :D

Direct democracy is the government democratic

Answers

Answer:

Direct democracy is the form of democracy in people decide on policy initiatives directly.

Explanation:

Direct democracy is the assembly of the citizens initiatives to vote that candidates to the parties, electing to direct vote then indirectly elected holders.

Direct democracy is the full scale system to modern political times and consists to the decision making democracy.Direct democracy in the constitutions during the 19th century with the element to the direct democracy institutions.Direct democracy they have not been implemented representative developed in strong power, and large modern states.Direct democracy in contrast to the general program to voting candidates, decision making to the system power.Democracy process can not linked to the structures institutions major include, representative democracy.Democracy to the institutional feature to the focus on the political vote issue, to the institutional form.Direct democracy procedures to the elected directly public office to the concept direct democracy,to the direct influence elected process.  Direct democracy is the principal political equality to the arguments and the support to that democracy process with representative features.

?When was the Punjab Olympic
Association established? *
O
1948
O
1951
O
1955
O 1964
no​

Answers

Answer:

It was established in 1951

Explanation:

Answer:

i believe the answer is 1951 but my parents said 1927

Explanation:

Pluto, the dwarf planet, is 5.9 billion kilometers from the Sun. Explain how a model showing the gravitational pull on Pluto would differ from your model of Earth’s orbit

Answers

As per the model, Pluto's orbit would have a much larger radius than Earth's orbit.

What is Earth's Orbit?

Earth's orbit defines a two-dimensional plane which we call the ecliptic. It takes roughly 365 days for the earth to go around the sun once.

The distance between the sun and earth is 149,600,000 kilometers and the distance between the sun and Pluto is 5.9 billion kilometers. The gravitational pull decreases with an increase in distance.

So, the gravitational pull of the sun on Pluto is much less than its pull on the earth. So, Pluto's orbit would have a much larger radius than Earth's orbit.

Learn more about Earth's Orbit here:

https://brainly.com/question/1371024

#SPJ1

Answer:

The distance between the Sun and Earth is 149,600,000 kilometers, and the distance between the Sun and Pluto is 5.9 billion kilometers. The gravitational pull decreases with an increase in distance. So, the gravitational pull of the Sun on Pluto is much less than its pull on Earth. So, in the model, Pluto’s orbit would have a much larger radius than Earth’s orbit.

Explanation: edmentum

TRUE OR FALSE The idea that everybody has the right to vote was influenced during the American Revolution by the Magna Carta.

Answers

Answer:

I believe the answer is true

The vast majority of socialists favored:
A. Violent revolution of the government
B. Slow progress through regular political means
C. Separation from the government
D. Making changes through non-governmental methods

Answers

Answer:

B. Slow progress through regular political means

Explanation:

Socialism is an economic theory that is in direct opposition to capitalism. This principle advocates the common ownership of the means of production in the society as against the private ownership of the means of production. Advocates of socialism reason that all who participated in labor and work should be able to benefit from the proceeds therein.

The answer to the question above depends on the time frame and government being discussed. There are socialist who are aggressive in achieving their aims and they tend towards communism, while the peaceful socialists are social democrats. When socialism started it advocated slow progress of achieving their aim through political means. During the World War, most proponents of socialism were attuned to the application of ethical considerations and peaceful measures to achieve their goal of a socialist economy against a Capitalist economy. Communists whose goals were similar to theirs (and this is indeed a form of socialism) were violent in their approach. For example, Joseph Stalin used the forceful method of collectivization to ensure a communist society in the soviet union. The most part of the 20th century saw the prevalence of communist countries who were revolutionary in nature and would tolerate no opposition.

compare the life of a spartan male with the life of an american male today

Answers

Answer:

spartan male would have to train most of there live to go to war. we play videogames, and go to school, and answer thing on brainly

The life of a spartan male from the life of an american male today is different based on cultural and historical context.

What is Sparta?

Sparta was an emphasis on physical fitness and discipline and was well-known for its military culture. Spartan boys were raised to be soldiers, and they were supposed to be physically and intellectually strong.

American boys' lifestyles today are significantly different. American men have the freedom to pursue a wide variety of jobs and lifestyles, as well as access to a wide variety of resources and opportunities.

The distinctions between the two are substantial. Because they lived in very different historical and cultural circumstances, it is impossible to draw direct parallels between the lives of a Spartan guy and an American male.

Learn more about spartan males, here:

https://brainly.com/question/13052991

#SPJ2

When did Bahamas get emancipated

Answers

Emancipation Day of the Bahamas is the first Monday in August. The year they were emancipated was 1834! That was the year they were freed from the brutal chain of slavery.

Which of the following does NOT describe an economic conflict?

Answers

Answer:

Because these societies face scarcity, ... consumer needs may not be met; hard work is not rewarded, the necessary ... Explain how a market economy determines who will receive the benefits from ...

Explanation:

i hope it helps

Which statement most accurately describes the reasons for the Seven Years’ War in North America? The French controlled the fur trade, and the British wanted to. Both the French and the British wanted control of the Ohio River Valley. The British wanted to convert American Indians to the Anglican religion. The British wanted to form alliances with American Indians, but all of them were already allied with the French.

Answers

Answer:

^^ it was B :D

Explanation:

i jus took da test :))

There are many reasons why any war could happen, the most accurate reason for the Seven Years’ War in North America was the greed of control over the Ohio River Valley. Hence, Option B is correct.

Where is Ohio River Valley located?

A foodplain named the Ohio River Valley is a region. The location of the Ohio River Valley is on that side of the river which is known as the Kentucky side. It is that side where the  Ohio River from where the river was flooded in the historian's time. Just like any other river, it also deposited sand, gravel, and sediment.

Since ancient times, rivers had been used by the people as a route for traveling from one place to another. It was also a commercial route that plays an important role in the 1800s for the people who use to reside in the area of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois.

Thus, Option B is correct.

Learn more about the Ohio River from here:

https://brainly.com/question/17751928

#SPJ6

Why did the planners of the Iranian coup, 'Operation Ajax,' want to pay members of the Iranian Parliament, or the Majlis? Group of answer choices The Majlis was very pro-American, as opposed to the newly elected leader, Mohammed Mossadegh, who was radically anti-American. A vote taken in the Majlis would likely be seen by the public as fair and legal, and therefore appear credible. The Iranian currency was useless, so American dollars had to be used. The Shah of Iran asked the agents to provide gifts of money to his friends in Parliament.

Answers

Answer:

b. A vote taken in the Majlis would likely be seen by the public as fair and legal, and therefore appear credible

Explanation:

The Iranian coup de etat was was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. This was dont in-order to favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Because Mosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), and to limit the company's control over Iranian oil reserves, the British and American government planned for his overthrow.

A classic creation story tells how the world was made or humanity came into existence. However, a creation story doesn't have to be limited to the
origin of the world. For this exercise, write a short story two paragraphs to a page in length outlining the creation of something. It can outline the
creation of a character, a world, or an idea, as long as it contains the elements of a specific type of creation story. Give the story a title and include
the category of creation story in the title. Before you work on this question, review the story presented in the video as well as the creation story
elements presented in this lesson.
After you have written the story, read through it and look for ways to improve it, in addition to checking for spelling and grammatical errors. Try to
refine the narration by using more precise words and phrases and adding details and imagery. Examine the structure of the story and try adding
narrative techniques such as dialogue and reflection.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

yeah

Describe pope’s rebellion (quick summary would be extremely helpful!)

Answers

Answer:

The Pope's Rebellion occurred in 1680 and it was an indian uprising. This uprising was caused because of the Spanish Roman Catholic's mission in New Mexico began to oppress the natives by attempting to derive them of their religious customs.

Explanation:


¿En qué casos la distancia tiene el mismo modulo que el desplazamiento?

Answers

Answer:

En línea recta.

Explicación:

La distancia tiene el mismo módulo que el desplazamiento si hay un camino recto en el que viaja un cuerpo. En un camino recto, tanto la distancia como el desplazamiento están presentes. Según la definición de distancia, Distancia es una longitud cubierta por el cuerpo, mientras que según la definición de desplazamiento, la distancia más corta entre dos puntos se llama desplazamiento. Entonces, en línea recta, tanto la distancia como el desplazamiento están presentes.

In a pluralistic society, special interest groups have a right to which of the following? Select all that apply.
1. ignore legislation on behalf of small business
2. lobby the White House for a higher tax on the wealthiest 1%
3. testify in court on behalf of immigrants
4. get a Senator to introduce legislation to ensure healthcare for Hispanic children
5. meet with Congressional leaders to ask for the protection of religious minorities

Answers

Answer:

3. testify in court on behalf of immigrants

Special interest groups, for example, immigrants themselves, have the right, in a pluralistic society, to testify on behalf of immigrants.

4. get a Senator to introduce legislation to ensure healthcare for Hispanic children

As long as the special interest group uses arguments, and not money, it has the right to try to convince a senator to induce particular legislation.

5. meet with Congressional leaders to ask for the protection of religious minorities

This situation is similar to the one above. Special interest groups can meet with Congress people and try to convince them of certain acts or legislation, like for example, protecting religious minorities.

Washington Gladden’s ideas would most closely be tied to which period in US history?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

A) Great Depression

B) Civil Rights Movement

C) Progressive Movement

D) Reconstruction

E) Civil War

The right answer is C. Progressive Movement

The Progressive Movement is based on the idea that the improvement of the human condition can only be achieved via the development of science, technology, and economic development. In this context, we can find the work of Washington Gladden (1836-1918). He was a US Congregational pastor and was one of the leading members of the Progressive Movement. His ideas are in consonant with the ideas of the movement. He believed the American workforce should be unionized in order to achieve its goals and have a bargaining force against exploitation. And also, as a defendant of the movement, he strongly criticized the idea of racial segregation diffused in American society.

Answer:

C. Progressive movement

Explanation:

Operation Wetback: Group of answer choices was the code name for a CIA operation conducted on the border between Texas and Mexico. was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation. was opposed by President Truman. was how leftist news organizations described the McCarran-Walter Act. eported very few illegal aliens.

Answers

Answer:

was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation.

Explanation:

Operation Wetback was implemented in United States in 1954, in response to public outcry to the widespread of corruption among the employers of agricultural laborers. This was an immigration law which is in tandem with the Mexican government, specifically about the illegal Mexican immigrants.

Operation wetback however, employed military-style tactics to deport Mexican immigrants both illegal and legal, many of which are American citizens rom the United States.

Hence, Operation Wetback was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation.

Thanks for the help :)
Write a short paragraph on Hinduism, describe its origin, major principles, and how it affected existing laws, social practices, or culture.
Also, describe whether and how the religion influenced other societies.

Answers

Answer:

Hey there!

Hinduism is a religion that many believe started somewhere between 2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C in the Indus Valley. Unlike some other religions, Hinduism was not created by a single person, but rather a fusion of different beliefs and ideas. Hindus believe that there are four goals in human life: kama, artha, moksha, and dharma. Hinduism affected society, especially in Ancient India, very much. For example, it created a caste system, where people were designated "classes." The kings and noble people were always at the top, where the servants and slaves were always at the bottom.

Let me know if you need further explaining. I'm happy to help :)

describe one has no event that took place recently and state two effects it had on the people in your area ​

Answers

Answer:

Over the decade from 2007 to 2017, government restrictions on religion – laws, policies and actions by state officials that restrict religious beliefs and practices – increased markedly around the world. And social hostilities involving religion – including violence and harassment by private individuals, organizations or groups – also have risen since 2007, the year Pew Research Center began tracking the issue....

can u call me girl

do the qualities called for in the ideal renaissance man and woman seem to emphasize in the individual or the group?

Answers

Renaissance Man was very well rounded educated man who knew the arts, dance, music, literature. Renaissance Woman educated supposed to be endorsing and support her man, but not be involved in politics.

The qualities called in for the ideal Renaissance men & women seem to emphasize the group.

What are the characteristics of Renaissance men & women?

A guy who has abilities in many facets of life, including art, sports, and education, was known as a "Renaissance Man." Their traits include brilliance, charisma, and wit. The "Renaissance Woman" was a stereotype of a woman who did not try to be as well-rounded as men were, but rather sat off to the side.

The ideal European "Renaissance Man" was a multifaceted genius. He could dance, write poetry, perform, play music, ride horses, wrestle, and use a sword. He was also charming and funny. Most people consider Leonardo Da Vinci to be the ideal "Renaissance Man."

A woman is said to be a Renaissance women if she possesses a diverse variety of skills and interests, particularly in the arts and sciences.

To learn more about Renaissance Man

https://brainly.com/question/13086656

#SPJ2

Which is not a characteristic of a state?

Answers

Answer:

talvez eu não posso ir aí amanhã eu vou lá dai pra limpar o carro e a alternativa a me ajuda nessa foto de perfil de perfil do sorteio do sorteio da

Which of the following is NOT an example of direct relief? A. Handing out lunch to families B. Giving a family money C. Paying a business to hire more people D. Giving children free lunch at school

Answers

c. because it doesn’t go directly to citizens

Answer

C.) Paying a business to hire more people

Explanation:

I got it right on founders edtell

What happened to Ireland when British rule came to an end?

Answers

Answer:

The Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921. This ended British rule in most of Ireland and, after a ten-month transitional period overseen by a provisional government, the Irish Free State was created as a self-governing Dominion on 6 December 1922.

Explanation:

WILL GIVE BRAINLY!!!!!!

In a paragraph of no less than five sentences, explain how Edgar A. Guest’s poem “You” expresses the idea that our character is determined by our conscious choices. In your explanation, use at least two quotes from the poem.

You are the fellow that has to decide
Whether you'll do it or toss it aside.
You are the fellow who makes up your mind
Whether you'll lead or will linger behind
Whether you'll try for the goal that's afar
Or just be contented to stay where you are.
Take it or leave it. Here's something to do!
Just think it over — It's all up to you!

What do you wish? To be known as a shirk,
Known as a good man who's willing to work,
Scorned for a loafer or praised by your chief,
Rich man or poor man or beggar or thief?
Eager or earnest or dull through the day,
Honest or crooked? It's you who must say!
You must decide in the face of the test
Whether you'll shirk it or give it your best.

Nobody here will compel you to rise;
No one will force you to open your eyes;
No one will answer for you yes or no,
Whether to stay there or whether to go.
Life is a game, but it's you who must say,
Whether as cheat or as sportsman you'll play.
Fate may betray you, but you settle first
Whether to live to your best or your worst.

So, whatever it is you are wanting to be,
Remember, to fashion the choice you are free.
Kindly or selfish, or gentle or strong,
Keeping the right way or taking the wrong,
Careless of honor or guarding your pride,
All these are questions which you must decide.
Yours the selection, whichever you do;
The thing men call character's all up to you!

Answers

Answer:

Your character is determined or defined by your conscious choices, because in the poem it says "No one will force you to open your eyes;" No one will choose or speak for you, in life you need to speak for yourself, and make the decisions. If you don't some people out there will not consider you a person, for you need other people to make your decisions, and speak for you, cause you cannot do that on you own. It also says "Life is a game, but it's you who must say," life is a game, there will be the ups and downs, but it is you who must go threw life, being on your own, and being independent, and making your choices. If you don't, you'll never know what life was like, cause you tell people what you want to say, you tell people what you want to do, but, you don't do them. And lastly, it says "All these are questions which you must decide.  Yours the selection, whichever you do;" You are the King or Queen of yourself, you  make the decisions, you speak for yourself, for nobody can rule you, but you.

The poet shows that the actions we do and the way we behave in the present will determine our future and the way people perceive us.

This can be seen because:

The author shows that no one will make us do anything for ourselves.We are the ones who have to decide to stand up, work, be proactive, and correct.These decisions will not always be easy and pleasant, but are necessary to shape who we are, who we will be, and how people perceive us.

In other words, the author determines that we are responsible for ourselves and that we must decide how we will manage who we are and what we do.

This can be seen in two lines of the poem:

"Nobody here will compel you to rise;""Life is a game, but it's you who must say, "

More information:

https://brainly.com/question/14851730?referrer=searchResults

What did the Sherman anti-trust act of 1890 intend to limit

Answers

Answer:

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. ... The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts.

Explanation:

Answer: corporate monopolies

Explanation:Just took the quiz

why did the spanish, dutch, french and english treat native peoples differently

Answers

Interactions among Europeans and Native Americans varied from place to place, and members of each nation forged relationships with Indians in very different ways, depending on a variety of economic, social and political factors. While we should be mindful of this diversity, we can still make certain generalizations. Few Europeans considered Native Americans their equals, because of differences in religion, agricultural practice, housing, dress, and other characteristics that—to Europeans—indicated Native American inferiority. However, the French, Spanish, and Dutch sought profit through trade and exploitation of New World resources, and they knew that the native people would be important to their success. Europeans also wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Therefore, economic gain and religion were the two factors that most affected the dynamics of European and indigenous American relationships.

Some of the reasons behind the difference in the treatment given by Spanish, Dutch, French, and English to natives are:

Because of the black legend warning and their desire to avoid repeating the same errors, the french were nice to the native population.The Spanish were bad and violent because they wanted power. Because they wanted to trade, earn money, and grow their business with them, the Dutch treated them nicely.Portuguese showed Christian compassion and kindness to the indigenous in an effort to convert them.English violently took control of the land and drove the natives away, forcing them to flee or perish.

What is the treatment?

The way or the manner in which an individual receives respect from others is known as treatment. It is the act of treating something or someone.

There are various reasons why treatment towards any person or anything changes. Basically, there is various factor that affects the treatment, that is being given.

Thus, the reasons behind the difference in the treatment are mentioned above.

Learn more about treatment from here:

https://brainly.com/question/15706752

#SPJ2



Now look at the chart again. Compare the populations of Europe, the Americas, China, and India between 1500 and the

1600. What were the population trends in those regions during that time

Answers

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Unfortunately, the question is incomplete because it does not include the chart for reference. Without the specific chart, is difficult to make comparisons. However, we can comment on the following.

Between 1500 and the 1600, the population trends in Europe, the Americas, China, and India were increasing. It was a time of exploration for the European powers who sent expeditions to discover new maritime routes to Asia and Africa. In China, the Silk Road represented the most important way to develop trade routes and practices with far territories in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe.

In 1502, the first African slaves were sent to the Americas. By 1521, Hernan Cortez had conquered the most important Mesoamerican civilization: the Aztecs. Twelve years later, Franciso Pizarro did the same, conquering the Incas. In India, the Mughal Empire began in 1526.

Answer:

Explanation:

Between 1600 and 1700, the Americas experienced a further decline in population, while the populations of the other regions increased.

this is the answer

Other Questions
In terms of the natural laws that act on cars and drivers, what role do safety belts play? BRAINLIST AND A THANK YOU AND 5 stars WILL BE REWARDED PLS ANSER ................................................... This??? What is wrong with it? Find the doubling time of an investment earning 3% interest if interest is compounded continuously? 99 litres of gasoline oil is poured into a cylindrical drum of 60cm in diameter. How deep is the oil in the drum? List the sides of RST in ascending order (shortest to longest). mR=2x+11, mS=3x+23, and mT=x+42 Find the area of the following rectilinear figure. The rhinestones in costume jewelry are glass with index of refraction 1.50. To make them more reflective, they are often coated with a layer of silicon monoxide of index of refraction 2.00. What is the minimum coating thickness needed to ensure that light of wavelength 480 nm and of perpendicular incidence will be reflected from the two surfaces of the coating with fully constructive interference? Los personajes sobrenaturales en un cuento basado en un acto real indican que es ________. una leyenda una fbula un mito un cuento The diagram shows 2 straight line , PQ and QRFind the equation of QR Help me to explain :) he won't mind if you stare at him. change into used to + ing The most ancient known use of fingerprinting was to validate signatures showing honest intent.TrueO False Match the terms to their definition.palisadejoint-stock companyPiedmont Malaria TidewaterQuitrent A company whose capital is owned in shares by1. stockholders, any one of whom can sell some or all of his orher shares without the consent of the others.An infectious disease, caused by a parasite that is2. transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, that causesperiods of chills, sweating, and fevers.A strong fence or defensive work consisting of pointed3. wooden stakes set firmly and closely together in the ground.Used for defense of frontier forts.A plateau or district lying along or near the foot of a4mountain range.5. A fixed rent paid in money, instead of services renderedpiedmontmalariaticle water6. Low-lying land along a seacoast through which tides flow.quitrent 5. Eight adults and six children travel in a cable car.Estimate the total mass of the people in the cable car. Claire has to go to the movie theater the movie starts at 4:15 pm it is a 25min walk to the theater from her home what time dose the have to leave the house to get there on time Equality sign is always a part of alternate hypothesis. This statement is a. Depends on data b. Sometimes true c. Always true d. Never true The given line segment has a midpoint at (1, 2). On a coordinate plane, a line goes through (negative 5, negative 3), (negative 1, negative 2), and (3, negative 1). What is the equation, in slope-intercept form, of the perpendicular bisector of the given line segment? y = 4x 4 y = 4x 6 y = One-fourthx 4 y = One-fourthx 6 The radius of a small ball is around 3.79747 cm. The radius of a basketball is about 3.16 times larger. What is the ratio of the surface areas of the small ball and a basketball? 2. What is the ratio of their volumes? The entropy of any substance at any temperature above absolute zero is called the: Select the correct answer below: a. absolute entropyb. Third Law entropy c. standard entropy d. free entropy e. none of the above