The rate of photosynthesis typically increases unless it is constrained by another factor because an increase in carbon dioxide content accelerates the rate at which carbon is integrated into carbohydrates in the light-independent process.
Rate of photosynthesis
Since the rate of photosynthesis and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are directly proportional, a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide will result in an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
To create the glucose molecule, the carbon dioxide is reduced using electrons from the hydroxyl ion(OH-) formed during the photolysis of water. The plant uses the extra glucose to store it as starch after using it as needed by the plant. As carbon dioxide levels rise, photosynthesis accelerates.
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7. suppose a scientist discovers a gene that he believes promotes pluripotency. how could he test this possibility?
suppose a scientist discovers a gene that he believes promotes pluripotency. he could test this possibility by depleting it from the somatic nucleus to see if nuclear reprogramming becomes less efficient
What is Pluripotency?The capacity of some substances to elicit a variety of unique biological reactions is referred to as the pluripotency of biological molecules. As with pluripotent stem cells' ability to differentiate into several cell types, pluripotent is also used to denote something that has no predetermined developmental potential.
What makes anything pluripotent?A term with several "potentials" is plural. In other words, these cells have the capacity to transform into all more than 200 different cell types in the body. Both induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are reprogrammed from adult tissues, and embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.
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Complete question:
Suppose a scientist discovers a gene that he believes promotes pluripotency. How could he test this possibility?
a. Transduce it into somatic cells with Oct4, Sox2, c-myc, and Klf4 to see if nuclear reprogramming becomes more efficient
b. In a somatic cell nuclear transfer experiment, deplete it from enucleated eggs to see if nuclear reprogramming becomes less efficient
c. In a somatic cell nuclear transfer experiment, deplete it from the somatic nucleus to see if nuclear reprogramming becomes less efficient
d. In a somatic cell nuclear transfer experiment, deplete it from enucleated eggs to see if nuclear reprogramming becomes more efficient
e. Two of the above answers are correct
what are the genotypes of the parents in the first cross (the cross that produced 12 black offspring)?
BB x bb are the genotypes of the parents in the first cross (the cross that produced 12 black offspring).
Alleles are distinct variants of a gene. Every gene in somatic cells has two alleles, one from each of the organism's parents. It is frequently impossible to tell from an organism's outer appearance which two alleles of a gene are present within its chromosomes. An organism's hidden or under expressed allele, however, can still be passed on to its progeny and express itself in a subsequent generation.
The first person to explain how qualities are handed down from one generation to the next was Gregor Mendel (and sometimes skip generations). Mendel developed three laws of inheritance that characterized the transfer of genetic features before genes were even known through his breeding experiments with pea plants. Mendel's discoveries significantly increased scientists' understanding of genetic inheritance and helped to create new experimental techniques.
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what is generally the starting material for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of genomic dna? see section 16.1
The starting material for whole-genome shotgun sequencing of genomic DNA is overlapping fragments of genomic DNA.
The DNA sequence of an organism's genome can be ascertained in a lab using shotgun sequencing. The process entails randomly dividing the genome into tiny DNA fragments that are then individually sequenced. To reconstruct the genome, a computer program searches for overlaps in the DNA sequences and uses those overlaps to put the fragments back together in the right order.
Shotgun sequencing involves randomly slicing the genome into small, sequencing-ready pieces (1 to 2 kbp in length). After being ligated into an appropriate vector, the fragments are partially sequenced. Each fragment can yield 400–500 bp of sequence in a single sequencing run.
Hence, small fragments are sequenced and organized with computer.
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what is a weakness or limitation for using orbeez as a model for a cell?
Answer:
You cant make the organells that detailled or make them at all for that matter?
Explanation:
Organisms that live in the alpine and taiga biomes have developed unique adaptations that aid in their survival. the douglas-fir is a conifer tree that grows in the taiga biome. it has an average height of about 70 feet, and its wood is an important source of lumber. conifer trees along water's edge. photo by anne burgess how has the douglas-fir adapted to enable its survival in the taiga biome?
a. low growing
b. perennial
c. waxy needles
d. survive on limited nutrients please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Seasonal color changes are the unique adaptation that helps snowshoe rabbits to survive in the taiga.
The organisms that inhabit the taiga and alpine biomes have evolved special adaptations to help them survive. One of the creatures inhabiting the taiga biome is the snowshoe rabbit. It is exceptional in that it can remain unseen while hiding from predators in the snow in the winter and in woody areas in the summer. The organisms that inhabit the taiga and alpine biomes have evolved special adaptations to help them survive. One of the plants that may be found in the alpine biome is the moss campion. It is shielded from the wind and subfreezing cold in the alpine by its thin leaves and cushion-like shape.
Hence, organism characteristics decides its survival in different biome.
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A certain species of grasshopper can have red stripes, yellow stripes, or red and yellow stripes. An RR grasshopper has red stripes, a YY grasshopper has yellow stripes, and an RY grasshopper has red and yellow stripes.
A grasshopper with red and yellow stripes mates with another grasshopper with red and yellow stripes.
What ratio would be expected in the phenotypes of their offspring?
1 with red stripes : 2 with red and yellow stripes : 1 with yellow stripes
2 with red and yellow stripes : 2 with yellow stripes
3 with red and yellow stripes : 1 with yellow stripes
3 with red stripes : 1 with yellow stripes
The expected phenotype ratio of the offspring from the cross would be 1 with red stripe, 2 with red and yellow stripes, and 1 with yellow stripe. Option 1.
Monohybrid crossingAccording to the illustration, the inheritance pattern of color in the grasshopper species is codominance.
Red striped grasshopper is RR, and the yellow stripe is YY, while RY grasshoppers have both red and yellow stripes.
Now, a grasshopper with red and yellow stripes (RY) mates with another grasshopper who also has red and yellow stripes (RY):
RY x RY
RR RY RY YY
Since RR is red stripe, RY is red/yellow stripes, and YY is yellow stripe; then, the phenotype ratio of the offspring from the cross would be:
1/4 or 25% red stripe1/2 or 50% red and yellow stripes1/4 or 25% yellow stripeIn other words, the phenotype ratio from the cross would be 1 with red stripe, 2 with red and yellow stripes, and 1 with yellow stripe.
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in the process of glycolysis, four atp molecules are synthesized from four adp molecules. why does glycolysis not yield four molecules of atp?
The net benefit of glycolysis is only two ATP because the two ATP molecules are consumed in initial part of glycolysis, even if the four ATP molecules are created in second half.
One glucose molecule initiates glycolysis, which culminates with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, four ATP molecules overall, and two NADH molecules. The cell has the net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules for usage since the two ATP molecules were required in the first half of the route to prepare six-carbon ring for cleavage. Only two ATP molecules will be produced from a molecule of glucose if the organism is unable to further catabolize pyruvate molecules (through the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle). Pyruvate kinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the production of pyruvate, must be present in sufficient amounts for the final stage of glycolysis to take place.
The entire glycolysis pathway will in this case ,the full glycolysis pathway will continue to function, but the second half will only produce two ATP molecules (instead of the usual four ATP molecules). As a result, the rate-limiting enzyme for glycolysis is pyruvate kinase.
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if a person is exposed to drugs or toxins within the past six months, it can be traced by the toxicologist through a series of test. true false.
It is False.
Toxins are substances created with the aid of flora and animals which can be poisonous (poisonous) to human beings. Pollutants may additionally encompass some drugs which can be useful in small doses, but toxic in large quantities. Maximum toxins that cause problems in human beings come from germs along with bacteria.
Anthrax deadly toxin is produced with the aid of Bacillus anthracis. The anthrax toxin proteins, which include anthrax lethal element, work together to disrupt a mobile's defense machine.
A few natural toxins may be fashioned in food as defense mechanisms of vegetation, through their infestation with toxin-generating mold, or thru ingestion by way of animals of toxin-generating microorganisms.
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Please help will mark brainliest
I’m this image the cell is using which type of molecular transport?
A. Exocytosis
B. Diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Endocytosis
This statistics says that diffusion employs a certain kind of molecular transport.
What is a molecular example?Molecules used to create inorganic chemicals known as molecular substances. Common substances as co2 and water (H2O) are examples (CO2). These compounds are very different from ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).
What is called molecular?Molecules are made up of one or even more increased compared. If they contain and over one, they may contain different atoms or the same atoms (for instance, an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). The amount of atoms in biological compounds like proteins and DNA can reach thousands.
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the biggest problem with the shotgun technique is its tendency to underestimate the size of the genome. which of the following might best account for this? a) skipping some of the clones to be sequenced b) missing some of the overlapping regions of the clones c) counting some of the overlapping regions of the clones twice d) having some of the clones die during the experiment and therefore not be represented
Option D. is correct, The shotgun method's major flaw is its propensity to overestimate the size of the genome.
The DNA sequence of an organism's genome can be ascertained in a lab setting using a process called shotgun sequencing. The process entails randomly dividing the genome into tiny DNA fragments that are then individually sequenced. First proposed in 1979, whole genome shotgun sequencing for small (4000 to 7000 base-pair) genomes. The genome of the cauliflower mosaic virus was the first one to be shotgun sequenced and was made public in 1981. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing, which requires the first generation of a low-resolution map of the genome, is slower than whole-genome shotgun sequencing but uses fewer computer methods.
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refer to the genetic code in the list of materials to answer this question. which amino acid corresponds to the codon acc?
Threonine amino acid corresponds to the codon ACC.
Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are also utilized to create polypeptides. Codons, a set of three nucleotides, are used to code for amino acids. The amino acid threonine is encoded by the codon ACC. Numerous codons specify the majority of the amino acids. This is not shocking at all. For instance, four codons indicate glycine, valine, proline, threonine, and alanine, whereas six codons specify leucine, serine, and arginine.
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motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ach) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ach in the synapse. if a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ach) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ach in the synapse. if a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation paralysis of muscle tissue decrease in the frequency of action potentials no effect
acetylcholinesterase degrades ach in the synapse. if a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (
constant muscle stimulation paralysis of muscle tissue decrease in the frequency of action potentials no effect
convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation
The main cholinesterase in the body is acetylcholinesterase, commonly known as AChE, AChase, or acetylhydrolase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; scientific name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase). It is an enzyme that speeds up the decomposition of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and a few other choline esters:
Acetylcholine with water produce acetate and choline.
It is mostly located at neuromuscular junctions and in cholinergic chemical synapses, where its activity stops synaptic transmission. It is a member of the enzyme family known as carboxylesterase. It is the main enzyme that organophosphorus substances like pesticides and nerve poisons block.
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hen t or b cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. what is the name of this group of identical cells? clone hapten memory cells lymphocyte precursors
Helper T cells stimulate the B cell via the binding of CD40L at the T cell to CD40 on the B cellular, thru interaction of different TNF-TNF-receptor circles of relatives ligand pairs, and by way of the directed release of cytokines.
Helper T cells do now not directly kill inflamed cells, as cytotoxic T cells do instead, they help spark off cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack inflamed cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies.
Helper T cells no longer immediately kill infected cells, as cytotoxic T cells do. as a substitute they assist activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to assault inflamed cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies.
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how do papillary muscles prevent atrioventricular valve cusps from everting (swinging upward) into the atria?
Atrioventricular valve cusps are prevented from everting (swinging upward into the atria) by contracting papillary muscles.
The chordae tendineae are pulled when the papillary muscles contract, which prevents the atrioventricular valves' cusps from opening and allowing blood to return to the atria. Thin, fibrous tissue strands known as chordae tendineae join the two atrioventricular valves—the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve—to the ventricles. The cusps or flaps of each valve are held in place by the chordae tendineae and papillary muscle. Pressure gradients across the valves cause the mitral and tricuspid valve cusps to close as the ventricles contract. Blood may leak backward or vomit if the chordae tendineae are not sufficiently taut, so the cusps can shut properly. The mitral valve cusps, in this instance, are prolapsing or failing to seal completely. From the ventricle, blood is dripping back into the left atrium.
Hence, papillary muscle with chordae tendineae holds cusp of valve.
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which of the following will increase the rate of transcription? histone acetylation leading to chromatin decompaction d. histone methylation leading to chromatin compaction removal of rna polymerase
Option C. is correct, Gene expression levels have long been known to be significantly influenced by the state of chromatin, the packaging of DNA in eukaryotes. Several chromatin-altering techniques, such as ATP-dependent remodelling.
The cell uses histone modification to control the transcription of certain genes. Since several histone acetyltransferases have been discovered and further studied in recent years, histone acetylation is one of them that is most thoroughly understood. chromatin remodelling and histone acetylation A restrictive barrier to transcription is represented by chromatin. This molecular barrier is a highly dynamic structure that can fit the complete genome's DNA inside the limits of a nucleus while yet allowing access to the genetic material stored inside.
Which of the following will increase the rate of transcription?
a. Activation of a transcriptional repressor
b. Inhibition of a transcriptional activator
c. Histone acetylation leading to chromatin decompaction
d. Histone methylation leading to chromatin compaction Removal of RNA polymerase
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what happens when a population cannot get enough food or water?
Answer:
1.)It will result in increase in mortality(Death rate)
2.) Malnutrition
3.) Susceptible to diseases.
4.) decrease in revenue due to sick workers which have become prone to disease as a result of the effective blood vessels which are unable to perform their task(which is usually due to poor food and water supply)
Explanation:
With less food, whether incremental through smaller portion sizes or more drastic through skipped meals, people often earn less money and are more susceptible to health issues . The consequences for small children can be especially serious, leading to malnutrition and stunting.
antibodies are capable of binding up several antigens at once in order to reduce the number of infectious agents that need to be dealt with. this function of antibodies is known as group of answer choices opsonization. neutralization. agglutination. complement fixation.
Antibodies are capable of binding up several antigens in order to reduce infectious agents that need to be dealt with, this function of antibodies is known as agglutination.
Antibodies are proteins that defend you while an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced via your immune device, antibodies bind to these undesirable substances which will put off them out of your gadget.
Antibodies are proteins produced by means of the immune gadget in reaction to contamination. They're an vital part of the frame's defence device as they work to smash sickness-causing organisms and block them from infecting human cells.
Antibodies are positioned in various areas of your frame, such as your skin, lungs, tears, saliva and even breast milk. In reality, high quantities of antibodies are present in colostrum.
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the ability for a person to taste ptc is a dominant genetic trait (t), while the inability to taste ptc is recessive (t). a. if a man is heterozygous for that trait, what is his genotype?
the ability for a person to taste ptc is a dominant genetic trait (t)
heterozygous means 1 of each allele. Thus, genotype must be Tt
In terms of genetics, being heterozygous means that each biological parent contributed a distinct form (allele) of a genomic marker to the individual. As a result, a person who has two copies of a genetic marker is said to be heterozygous. On the other hand, a person who is homozygous for a marker has identical copies of that marker. Heterozygous. For each gene trait in each pair of chromosomes in diploid animals, there are two alleles, one from the mother and one from the father. An allele is one of two or more variant forms of a gene that can exist. These alleles can all be present at the same locus on a chromosome. Diverse alleles for a particular trait are referred to as heterozygous. You have a heterozygous genotype for that gene if the two copies differ. Which qualities are expressed depends on the interaction between the two alleles.
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what is the likely cause of the change in frequency of melanic moths in michigan (mustard-colored diamonds), in pennsylvania (blue squares), and at caldy common in england (red dots)?
Air pollution has decreased in all regions is the likely cause of the change in frequency of melanic moths in michigan (mustard-colored diamonds), in pennsylvania (blue squares), and at caldy common in england (red dots)
The peppered moth's evolution is an example of how air pollution during the Industrial Revolution caused directional colour changes in the moth population.
At that time, a manifestation of industrial melanism was the rise in the number of dark-colored moths. Later, as pollution levels dropped, the light-colored form once more took control. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection underwent its first test with the industrial melanism in the peppered moth, which is still used as a standard illustration for explaining evolution.
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Why is less energy produced during anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Oxidation of glucose is incomplete
Explanation:
During anaerobic respiration the oxidation of glucose is incomplete. The reaction therefore releases much less energy – around a nineteenth of the energy released during aerobic respiration. Only two ATP molecules ofchemical energy are produced in comparison with 38 molecules in aerobic respiration.
The rabbit population increased during years when the death rate was (lower/higher) than the birth rate, reflecting a higher carrying capacity.
A) higher
B) lower
The rabbit population increased during years when the death rate was lower than the birth rate, reflecting a higher carrying capacity.
What is carrying capacity?The carrying capacity of an environment is described as the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.
Population is known to refer to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world.
The primary and I think the most obvious cause of population growth is an imbalance between births and deaths.
In the diagram shown, we can see an increase or growth in population when the death rate increases depicting an imbalance between death and births.
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size of braincase cranial shape- is the skull longer front to back? sagittal crest? sagittal keel? what is the shape of the occipital region? is there a nuchal torus? height of skull. how much skull is above the supraorbital ridge?
The modern human is thought to have the largest cranium, measuring between 120 and 1700 cubic centimetres 3. The head shrank in size and grew more compact, reaching its widest point at the base of the skull.
Brain/body size ratio = cranial capacity (in cubic centimetres). body mass (in kg) Complete the table with the specified species. Species skull capacity (cc) Body Weight Approximation on Average (kg) Body to Brain Ratio gorilla 395 54 7.31 chimpanzee 506 120 4.22 6. The scapular is extended at the suprascapular area and is shorter and broader, making it more mobile and arboreal, whereas the humeral head is rounded and globular. These faunal remains were discovered at Station 1 with the specimen at Station 2 Paleoenvironment.
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what role can individuals and families play in improving the status of global fish stocks (incorporate wild fisheries and fish farming in your answer)?
To improve the status of global fish stocks we should :1. Promote the management of sustainable fisheries.
There is room for improvement in the FAO's biennial State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) report, which provides an overview of the world's fisheries. The FAO should adopt a preventative stance and create norms.
2. Completely carry out the global plan of action for sharks Nearly ten years ago, COFI established the International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks, but its implementation has been patchy and frequently insufficient.
3. Boost data quality and detect reconstruction Reliable catch data are crucial for managing fisheries effectively and can aid nations in identifying catch trends and changes to significant fisheries.
4. Reduce illegal fishing by documenting catchesCatch documentation schemes (CDS) are important in reducing IUU fishing, also known as illicit, unreported, and unregulated fishing. When completely deployed, these programs aid in ensuring that the catch is lawful and tracable.
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What are other defenses the body has, in addition to its immune system, that help prevent infection and illness? A. Skin, tears, mucus, and saliva, which act as barriers to pathogens B. Nerve signals and hormones, which regulate body functions C. White blood cells and antibodies, which destroy pathogens D. The stomach, intestines, and liver, which digest bacteria and viruses
Answer:
A. Skin, tears, mucus, and saliva, which act as barriers to pathogens.
There are approximately 200 different types of cells in the human body, although all cells are dependent on other cells to
perform body functions. Explain how your model supports this statement?
Answer:
Without being able to see your model, it is difficult for me to answer your question, though I have done what I can to help you understand better.
Explanation:
In the human body, different types of cells have specialized functions that allow them to perform specific tasks. For example, nerve cells are specialized for transmitting electrical signals, while muscle cells are specialized for contracting to produce movement. Despite their specialized functions, however, all cells in the human body depend on other cells to perform their functions properly. This is because the body's various systems, such as the circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems, are made up of many different types of cells that work together to maintain the body's overall health and function. For example, nerve cells need support from other cells such as glial cells in order to properly transmit signals, and muscle cells need nutrients and oxygen supplied by the blood in order to contract and move. In this way, the different types of cells in the human body are dependent on each other to perform their functions and maintain the body's overall health.
neonicotinoids are compounds that used to be widely used on farms as effective insecticides. it appeared they were easily absorbed by plants and were present in pollen and nectar, killing honey bees. scientists discovered that neonicotinoids affect the cholinergic synapses in the nervous system of insects, causing their paralysis and death. how do neonicotinoids affect the synapses?
Answer:
Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that work by disrupting the transmission of nerve impulses in insects. The compounds are readily absorbed by plants and are present in pollen and nectar, making them highly toxic to bees and other pollinators.
When neonicotinoids come into contact with insects, they bind to certain receptors in the insects' nervous system, specifically the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These receptors are found at the junctions between nerve cells, known as synapses, where they play a key role in transmitting nerve impulses from one cell to the next.
The binding of neonicotinoids to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors interferes with the normal transmission of nerve impulses at the synapses, leading to paralysis and ultimately death in the affected insects. This mode of action is specific to insects, which is why neonicotinoids are effective at controlling insect pests but are relatively non-toxic to mammals.
which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (cn ix)?
Parasympathetic, sympathetic, sensory, and motor roots can all be found in the otic ganglion.
All branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve receive postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibres from the otic ganglion. Additionally, the parotid gland receives sympathetic vasomotor fibres from it. The infratemporal fossa's medial side and the tiny parasympathetic ganglion known as the otic ganglion are both situated just below the foramen ovale. It functions as the glossopharyngeal nerve's functional partner and innervates the parotid gland to stimulate salivation. The auriculotemporal nerve most likely sends signals to the superficial temporal artery from the otic ganglia. Because migraine attacks involve the superficial temporal artery, this is clinically intriguing.
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The otter allele is found in Lane 2. To which population does it belong
DNA fingerprints are all the genetic markers used to differentiate individuals or populations. In the exposed example, the otter from lane two belong to population 2, Esther passage, because its band is 890 PB in length.
What is DNA fingerprint?
We can refer to DNA fingerprint as the group of genetic markers that differentiate an individual from another individual, or a population from another population.
Genetic markers are unique DNA fragments that are not identical in all individuals or populations. These fragments provide unique information about the individual or the population, so they are usually used to analyze differences, identify a progenitor, or solve a crime.
DNA prints are used to identify the population origin of an individual, or filial relationships, among others.
In the exposed example, we have DNA samples of 8 individuals belonging to three different populations.
Two alleles are used as markers to identify the individual belonging to each group.
Population 1 ⇒ Unakwik inlet ⇒ 610 and 890 bp band length ⇒ both allelesPopulation 2 ⇒ Esther passage ⇒ 890 bp band length ⇒ one allelePopulation 3 ⇒ Wells bay ⇒ 610 bp band length ⇒ the other alleleTo identify individuals belonging to each group, we just need to count the number of band they express.
In the case of individual number 2 (lane 2), there is only one band. So we can dismiss population 1 (because this population has the two alleles).
The expressed band is approximately 890 pb length. It means that it belongs to population 2, Esther passage.
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In a myofibril, a thick filament is composed of pairs of _____ molecules intertwined together
In a myofibril the thick filament is composed of pairs of myosin molecules that are intertwined together.
The protein myosin makes up thick filaments. Near the M line, a myosin molecule's tail joins with other myosin molecules to form the thick filament's core region, while the thick filament's heads align on either side where the thin filaments overlap. The thick and thin myofilaments that make up the myofibrils are what give the muscle its striped appearance. Along with two other muscle regulating proteins, tropomyosin and troponin, the thick filaments are made up of strands of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are made up of strands of the protein actin.
In addition to myosin, which forms the thick filament's backbone, four additional proteins—titin, myomesin, obscurin, and myosin binding protein-C—that are tightly attached to the filament also perform crucial structural and regulatory functions.
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4. MSUD is found in one newborn in 200,000 throughout the United States, but one newborn in 200 in the Amish and Mennonites of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania has the disease. Why is there such a difference in the prevalence of the disease?
Answer:
MSUD stands for Maple Syrup Urine Disease. It is very rare, it occurs in about 1 of every 185,000 births worldwide. A child is born with MSUD when both parents are carriers of three specific gene mutations (changes) – one copy from each parent. These three specific amino acids are leucine, isoleucine and valine. Without the needed enzymes, the three amino acids build up and so do their toxic byproducts that are known as ketoacids.
MSUD occurs more often in communities that have little genetic variation (such as the Mennonite and Amish community) These groups have a closure of people (like they marry with their closed relatives) who are carriers of the mutated gene.
