How does wet heat sterilization, such as an autoclave, work to inactivate bacteria and other infectious pathogens?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer and Explanation:

The microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are basically composed of biological macromolecules (lipids, proteins, polysaccharides). As the temperature increases, the structure of proteins is disrupted and they lose their function. For example, enzymes that catalyze biological reactions are inactivated.

Therefore, wet heat sterilization is a process in which the material is heated during a certain time at a certain high temperature to destroy the microorganisms by producing the denaturation of structural proteins and enzymes.


Related Questions

What is the complementary DNA strand for this DNA strand : GTTACGAACT

Answers

Answer:

CAATGCTTGA

Explanation:

n
Mauna Loa is the most active volcano on Earth.
O True
O False
h

Answers

Answer:

it's "True"

Mauna Loa is the most active volcano on Earth

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Because A^2+B^2=C^2

Warfarin acts by inhibiting the activity of the VKORC1 protein, which helps to produce functional clotting factors. There is a variant in the VKORC1 gene that lowers the dose of warfarin required for treatment, and individuals with this variant have increased risk of bleeding when they are treated with warfarin. This variant is found 1639 base pairs upstream of the translational start site. This variant likely:______.
a. decreases the activity of the VKORC1 protein.b. increases the activity of the VKORC1 protein.c. decreases expression of the VKORC1 gene.d. increases expression of the VKORC1 gene.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer - c. decreases expression of the VKORC1 gene.

Explanation:

Mutation of Guanine nucleotide into Adenosine is the reason for this particular type of mutation. This mutation expresses the less expression of the VKORC1 protein.

The mutation results in a decrease in the affinity of the binding site of the transcription factor which causes less expression. Since the VKORC1 protein is less in the body so Warfarin doses are decreased  

Thus, the correct answer is - decreases expression of the VKORC1 gene.

Explain why virus could not fit into any one of the five kingdom

Answers

Answer:

To make copies of themselves they necessarily need the intervention of a cell. Therefore, viruses are not living beings. That is why they are not included in any Kingdom in which living beings are included

A reproductive cell must differ from other normal body cells. The reproductive cell must ______________ because it will soon fuse with another reproductive cell to form a new individual

Answers

I'm not 100% sure what the exact answer is to this, because lots of things could be said about what gametes need to do for reproduction.

I suppose since it says that it's combining with another cell, it's hinting at the fact that reproductive cells are haploid.

If this is multiple choice I would choose the choice that has to do with gametes being haploid.

A reproductive cell must differ from other normal body. The reproductive cell must Haploid because it will soon fuse with another reproductive cell to form a new individual.

How is a reproductive cell specialized?

The requires the union of two specialized cells, called gametes, each of which contains one set of chromosomes.

Thus, haploid is the  answer.

To learn more about haploid click here:

https://brainly.com/question/7212380

vai trò, cấu tại, thuộc tính của hợp chất thứ cấp

Answers

Hợp chất thứ cấp là các chất không có chức năng trực tiếp trong các quá trình đồng hóa, hô hấp, vận chuyển, tăng cường và phát triển thực vật. Chức năng chủ yếu của các hợp chất thứ cấp là bảo vệ thực vật chống lại các tác nhân gây bệnh và động vật ăn cỏ. Nhiều chất thứ cấp có hoạt tính sinh học mạnh được dùng làm chất diệt côn trùng, nấm, dược chất. Hợp chất thứ cấp được phân làm ba nhóm chính ở thực vật: Các terpen, các hợp chất phenolic và các hợp chất chứa Nitrogen.

First, you introduce to the parents the importance of karyotype test, by describing its ability to detect two broad categories of abnormalities in chromosomes, (1)______________________ and (2)_______________________. You provide a few examples of genetic disorders that can be caused by chromosomal abnormalities, such as (3)_________________________ and (4)_____________________. Some parents would like to know what is the main cause of these genetic disorders. Without going into too much detail, you explain to them that chromosomal abnormalities are usually caused by (5) ____________________ in meiosis I and meiosis II, when the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiotic cell division.

Answers

Answer:

Abnormalities in Chromosomes

1. Numerical

2. Structural

3. Down Syndrome

4. Turner Syndrome

5. Disorder or Error

Explanation:

Numerical chromosome abnormalities occur due to extra or missing chromosomes.  Structural chromosome abnormalities occur due to the irregular formation or rearrangement of the chromosomal DNA, normally called translocation.  Down syndrome occurs with extra chromosomes, more than 46. Turnover syndrome results from partial or missing X chromosomes, less than 46.

i.Name two heart diseases in humans.


ii.State three causes of heart diseases.​

Answers

Answer:

Arrhythmia

Atherosclerosis

Common causes of heart diseases

Diabetes.

Drug abuse.

Excessive use of alcohol or caffeine.

High blood pressure.

What cause disease blood cancer

Answers

Answer:

-Advanced age

-Certain types of infections

-Compromised immune system due to such conditions as HIV/AIDS, taking corticosteroids, or organ transplant

-Exposure to certain chemicals

-Exposure to radiation or certain types of chemotherapy

-Family history of blood cancer

-HIV/AIDS

-Solid organ transplant recipient

-Personal history of certain blood disorders

-Personal history of certain genetic disorders (Down syndrome)

-Smoking

Explanation:

Leukemia

A type of cancer which affects the production and function of blood cells. This causes swollen lymph nodes, recurrent nosebleeds, tiredness, frequent infections, weight loss, bleeding, and bone pain. Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common signs and symptoms of leukemia include:

Swollen lymph nodes especially in the neck and armpits

Experience pain in bones

Night sweats - excessive sweating, especially at Night

Weakness and fatigue

Rapid weight loss

Red spots on the skin

Bleeding and bruising easily

Fever or chills

Frequent infections

Causes

The exact cause is not known. Hereditary and environmental factors may play a role in developing the disease.

The risk factors include:

Mutations in the DNA are frequently a major cause.

Sometimes chromosome translocation can also promote activation of oncogenes (the cancer inducing genes) and this can lead to disease progression.

Exposure to certain chemicals and radiation can also induce cancer.

A scientist is tracking an object orbiting the Sun that is found between Mars and Jupiter. Which additional feature can
be used to determine the object is an asteroid?
O produces a coma
O has an irregular shape
O has a tail of ice and dust
O produces a streak of light

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is actually B. Has an irregular shape.

D - Telophase
C - Anaphase
A - Prophase
B - Metaphase
th
Choose the correct description for each phase of mitosis.

Answers

Answer:

A-B-C-D

Explanation:

PROPHASE; 1. chromosomes become thicker

2. nuclear membrane disintegrates

3. centrosome divide to form centrioles

4. centrioles move to the opposite polls of the cell

METAPHASE; 1. chromosomes get arranged at the equator

2. centrioles produce spindle fibre that attach to the middle of the chromosomes

ANAPHASE; 1. shortest stage of mitosis

2. spindles will pull apart each chromosomes to form chromatids

TELLOPHASE; 1.  each chromatid moves to opposite polls of the cell

2. nuclear membrane appears around both of them

3. the centrioles sill stop producing spindles

4. centrosomes will then form again

cytokinesis then divides by the cleavage furrow to form the two daughter cells

Cell Parts and Their Jobs
1. Label the parts of these two cells in the spaces provided. (pg. 175)
I
Mitochondrion
cell membrane
enroplasmic reticulcm
nucleus
nucleolus
Go
cytoplasm
0
MO

Answers

Answer:

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Explanation:

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What is the role of the spindle fibers in mitosis?

Answers

Answer:

Spindle fibers are a type of protein that splits a cell's genetic material. During both kinds of nuclear division, mitosis and meiosis, the spindle is required to evenly divide the chromosomes in a mother cell into two daughter cells. The spindle fibers are referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis.

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Defined forestry and its important in nepal?​

Answers

Explanation:

In a mountain- ous country such as Nepal, forests are important for the protection of water catchments, the conservation of soil and the maintenance of biodiversity, as well as for their contributions to sustainable rural livelihoods and the maintenance of the environment.

Answer:

forest is defined as a large area that has many trees and other plants, or a dense area that is like a forest.

its important in nepal are:

1.for the protection of water catchments,

2.for the conservation of soil and

3.for the maintenance of biodiversity,

4.. for their contributions to sustainable rural livelihoods

5.the maintenance of the environment.

6.it increase the natural beauty of nepal

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जय नेपाल

The scientists mapping the SNPs in the human genome noticed that groups of SNPs tended to be inherited together, in blocks known as haplotypes, ranging in length from 5,000 to 200,000 base pairs. There are as few as four or five commonly occurring combinations of SNPs per haplotype. Integrating what you've learned throughout this chapter and this unit, propose an explanation for this observation.

Answers

Answer:

SNPs have shown that only 0.1 % of DNA sequences are different in the human genome between different individuals, thereby all the inherited phenotypic variation observed in our species is associated with only 0.1 % of differences at the genome level  

Explanation:

Haplotypes are block-like sequences of DNA that are inherited together due to low recombination rates. Moreover, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping is a very useful methodology used to map the site of SNP mutations (i.e., SNP variants). In this regard, it has been observed that there are approximately 10 million common SNPs in the human genome. These SNPs contribute to the wide range of phenotypic variation observed in human populations for different traits (e.g., eye color, hair, weight, height, etc). Moreover, researchers have determined that SNPs can be clustered into haplotypes, thereby haplotypes can be accurately sampled by as few as approx. 300,000 selected SNPs, which are sufficient to represent all of the genetic variation across different human genomes.

Contrast potential and kinetic energy. Give an example of potential being changed to kinetic energy.

Answers

Answer:

First, the raised hammer has more potential energy since it has the potential to go higher or lower. Second, when you hit the hammer on the table, the stored potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the hammer is falling. (It's the falling hammer that has kinetic energy)

Explanation:

Another example-When rolling a ball down a ramp the ball at its highest point has potential energy but when it rolls down the ramp it converts to kinetic energy

Hope this helps :)

What would be the most likely candidate for a complete transmembrane segment of a protein in the lysosomal membrane?

Answers

Answer:

Alpha-helical and beta-barrels.

Explanation:

Alpha-helical and beta-barrels are the types of transmembrane protein and both are most likely candidate for a complete transmembrane segment of a protein in the lysosomal membrane. A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of membrane protein that spread in the whole cell membrane. Transmembrane proteins act as gateways that permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane of the cell.

have fewer branches than astrocytes. are star-shaped cells. are branched extensions off of a neuron. are small, phagocytic cells in the central nervous system. are the supporting cells of the nervous syste

Answers

Answer:

Neuroglia - the supporting cells of the nervous system

Oligodendrocytes - fewer branches than astrocytes

Dendrites - branched extensions off of a neuron

Astrocytes - star-shaped cells

Microglia - small, phagocytic cells in the central nervous system

Explanation:

The given cells in the question are cells of different types of neuroglial cells that are astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes are different types of neuroglial cells. The nervous systems are supported by this Neuroglia.

As the name indicates Astrocytes are star-shaped cells and carry many branches whereas, Dendrites are the smaller, but higher in numbers, projections of the neuron cell body. It has also axon projection bind to the cell body.

• Microglia are phagocytic cells that protects  thenervous system

Discuss how important you think it is to protect ecosystems from human-induced change, such as changes in habitat or introduction of invasive species. Should natural conditions be preserved at all costs, should human needs always prevail, or is the answer somewhere in between? Discuss the negative consequences of taking an approach that you disagree with.

Answers

Answer:

Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water.  ecosystems are vital for human welfare and survival, as they provide us with essential products and benefits.

Over 90% of our food comes from terrestrial ecosystems, which also provide energy, building materials, clothes, medicines, fresh and clean water, and clean air. Protecting wildlife and preserving it for future generations also means that the animals we love don't become a distant memory. And we can maintain a healthy and functional ecosystem.

what are the biological structures

Answers

Answer:Biological structures are able to adapt their growth to external mechanical stimuli and impacts. For example, when plants are under external loads, such as wind force and self-weight, the overloaded zones are reinforced by local growth acceleration and the unloaded zones stop growing or even shrink. Such phenomena are recorded in the annual rings of trees. Through his observation of the stems of spruce, K. Metzger, a German forester and author, realized that the final goal of the adaptive growth exhibited by biological structures over time is to achieve uniform stress distribution within them. He published his discovery in 1893.12 A team of scientists at Karlsruhe Research Centre adopted Metzger's observations and developed them to one single design rule: the axiom of uniform stress. The methods derived from this rule are simple and brutally successful like nature itself. An excellent account of the uniform-stress axiom and the optimization methods derived from it is given by Claus Mattheck in his book ‘Design in Nature’.13 The present study utilizes one of these methods, stress-induced material transformation (SMT), to optimize the cavity shape of dental restorations.

Explanation:

Answer:

Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules (especially proteins, made up of amino acids, RNA or DNA, made up of nucleotides, and membranes, made up of lipids), how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function.

Biological structures are able to adapt their growth to external mechanical stimuli and impacts. For example, when plants are under external loads, such as wind force and self-weight, the overloaded zones are reinforced by local growth acceleration and the unloaded zones stop growing or even shrink. Such phenomena are recorded in the annual rings of trees. Through his observation of the stems of spruce, K. Metzger, a German forester and author, realized that the final goal of the adaptive growth exhibited by biological structures over time is to achieve uniform stress distribution within them. He published his discovery in 1893.12 A team of scientists at Karlsruhe Research Centre adopted Metzger's observations and developed them to one single design rule: the axiom of uniform stress. The methods derived from this rule are simple and brutally successful like nature itself. An excellent account of the uniform-stress axiom and the optimization methods derived from it is given by Claus Mattheck in his book ‘Design in Nature’.13 The present study utilizes one of these methods, stress-induced material transformation (SMT), to optimize the cavity shape of dental restorations.

Which of the following explains why the Midwest is not suffering as severe damage from acid rain as are the northeastern states?
a. Midwest has few sources of acid rain-forming pollutants.
b. pH of rainfall in Midwest is significantly higher than that in the Northeast.
c. soils in the Midwest have a higher buffering capacity than do those in the Northeast.
d. soils in the Midwest have a lower buffering capacity than do those in the Northeast.
e. Midwestern soils have lower concentrations of toxic metals to be leached into watersheds.

Answers

Answer:

a. Midwest has few sources of acid rain-forming pollutants.

Explanation:

Midwest has few sources of acid rain-forming pollutants because Midwest has  less number of factories which produces less pollution. Farming, mining, and manufacturing of different products are the major industries Midwest. Other industries like transportation, finance, and machinery are also important for the economy of Midwest. Due to less number of factories less amount of pollutants goes to the atmosphere and will not cause acid rain.

Select all the correct answers.
Which two of these characteristics does an organism with bilateral symmetry possess?

Answers

Answer:

symmetrical in many ways across a central axis" and  "presence of a head".

Explanation:

Bilateral symmetry is a characteristic that many organisms has at which if we divide the body using an imaginary line, we will see two mirror images. Two characteristics that an organism with bilateral symmetry possess are symmetrical in many ways across a central axis (known as well as the sagittal plane), and presence of a head that is at the middle of the central axis. The great majority of organisms posses bilateral symmetry, including the humans.

2. The process of obtaining and using energy is called
metabolism
O photosynthesis
reproduction
homeostasis

Answers

The answer is A) metabolism

Explanation:

the answer is photosynthesis because it oxidizes It produces energy by producing its own food, that is, it produces ATB.

Which of the following was not part of the original cell theory, but was added later after we learned more about cellular structure?

A. all cells have the same basic composition

B. all cells come from pre-existing cells

C. all cells have a nucleus

D. all cells have the same exact structures.​

Answers

Answer:

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what is the total number of bones in the skeleton system​

Answers

Answer:

Bones provide the structure for our bodies. The adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones.

OAmalOHopeO

Question 4 Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)
In the diagram below, what is the property of the wave indicated by the letter A?
- amplitude
- crest
-frequency
-trough

Answers

Answer:

- trough.

Explanation:

The Trough is the lowest wave section, the minimum wave part. It's the other way around from crest.A wave or alternating signal minimal point.

A long, narrow depression, waves or ridges between them.

A low point in a corporate cycle or on a graph.

An extended area of relatively low pressure, often in conjunction with the front.

Which of the following events is typical of meiosis but not of mitosis?
A the chromosomes are highlighted
B. the centrioles are formed
C chromatids separate
D. the homologous chromosomes are paired AND the spindle is formed

Answers

Answer:

D. the homologous chromosomes are paired AND the spindle is formed

Explanation:

Meiosis is the type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with each having a reduced number of chromosomes (by half). Both meiosis and mitosis occur in different stages including prophase, metaphase, anaphase etc but meiosis occurs in two series of division processes called meiosis I and meiosis II.

In prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes, which are similar but non-identical chromosomes from male and female parents pair to form tetrad or bivalent. This pairing of homologous chromosome is unique and peculiar to MEIOSIS but never mitosis.

A muscle that is stimulated so frequently that the relaxation phase is eliminated is said to exhibit _______. Question 13 options: tetanus recruitment treppe wave summation

Answers

Answer:

tetanus

Explanation:

Tetanus causes a strong tonic contraction in skeletal muscles. This triggers a series of intermittent, progressive, and extremely painful muscle spasms. Tetanus is presented by patients who have stimulated a muscle too often, without allowing a moment of rest.

What do proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates all have in common?

Answers

First of all, it is pretty easy to see that proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids all have some common elements that are combined in different ways. The common elemental ingredients are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the correct volume of air to deliver during BVM ventilations?

Answers

the correct answer is 1.5 L
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A circular sheet covers 425cm on the table,find the area of the sheet.solve this question plz. The difference between playing a board game and a playing a video game is the:________. a. elimination of free riders b. involvement of fewer rivals c. involvement of free riders d. technology of the video game evaluate 523 base7 - 65base7 make v the subject of the relation f=vu/v+u 20. What is one of the major reasons there are concerns about the future of Social Security?a)People are making less money now, so they are paying less into Social Securityb)The Social Security tax rate has decreasedc)People are living longer, therefore collecting Social Security longerd)People can now being getting Social Security payments when they turn 50 i desperately need help with this one as well omg.. and i think it also needs a quadratic formula What is the difference between an artery and a vein?1 An artery carries blood away from the heart; a vein carries blood to the heart.2 An artery is responsible for carrying blood; a vein is responsible for gas exchange.3 An artery is responsible for gas exchange; a vein is responsible for carrying blood.4 An artery carries blood to the heart; a vein carries blood away from the heart. In a triangle ABC, b=13cm c=17cm A=86 degree. Find B,C and a The demand for aloe vera hand lotion, one of numerous products manufactured by Smooth Skin Care Products Inc., has dropped sharply because of recent competition from a similar product. The company's chemists are currently completing tests of various new formulas, and it is anticipated that the manufacture of a superior product can be started on December 1, one month in the future. No changes will be needed in the present production facilities to manufacture the new product because only the mixture of the various materials will be changed.The controller has been asked by the president of the company for advice on whether to continue production during November or to suspend the manufacture of aloe vera hand lotion until December 1. The controller has assembled the following pertinent data:Sales (400,000 units) $32,000,000 Cost of goods sold 28,330,000Gross profit $3,670,000 Selling and administrative expenses 4,270,000Loss from operations ($600,000)The production costs and selling and administrative expenses, based on production of 400,000 units in October, are as follows:Direct materials $15per unitDirect labor 17per unitVariable manufacturing cost 35per unitVariable selling and administrative expenses 10 per unitFixed manufacturing cost $1,530,000 for OctoberFixed selling and administrative expenses 270,000 for OctoberSales for November are expected to drop about 20% below those of the preceding month. No significant changes are anticipated in the fixed costs or variable costs per unit. No extra costs will be incurred in discontinuing operations in the portion of the plant associated with aloe vera hand lotion. 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Phyllis wants to hire a clown to entertain at her daughter's birthday party. The clown charges a $25 travel fee. The clown also charges $5.50 per hour to entertain.Which equation describes the relationship between the cost, C, Phyllis must pay and the number of hours, n, the clown providesentertainment? Samantha is being seen today because at approximately 10 a.m. today she experienced a sudden hearing loss in her right ear. Examination of the ear is negative for any foreign objects; however, she is not hearing out of that ear. She is being sent for an ENT consultation. Assessment: sudden idiopathic hearing loss. The code(s) for this care is/are ________ .a. H91.8x1b. H90.0, H91.21c. H91.91d. H91.21 PICTURE INCLUDED NEED HELP! Two particles have positions at time t given by s1=4t-t^2 and s2=5t^2-t^3. Find the velocities Suppose that many stocks are traded in the market and that it is possible to borrow at the risk-free rate, r. The characteristics of two of the stocks are as follows: Stock Expected Return Standard Deviation A 10 % 25 % B 18 % 75 % Correlation = 1 a. Calculate the expected rate of return on this risk-free portfolio? (Hint: Can a particular stock portfolio be substituted for the risk-free asset?) (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) b. Could the equilibrium r be greater than 12.00%?