The relevant auditing standards for communicating with audit committees are as follows:
PCAOB (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board):
PCAOB Standard No. 16, Communications with Audit Committees
The standard can be found on the PCAOB's website under "Standards."
AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants) and IAASB (International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board):
AICPA and IAASB have harmonized their standards on communicating with those charged with governance. The relevant standards are:
AICPA - AU-C Section 260, The Auditor's Communication with Those Charged with Governance
IAASB - ISA 260 (Revised), Communication with Those Charged with Governance
These standards can be found on the AICPA's and IAASB's websites under "Standards and Guidance."
The scope of communication intended in the PCAOB standard is more comprehensive compared to the harmonized AICPA/IAASB standards. The PCAOB standard emphasizes the importance of continuous communication with the audit committee throughout the year, including discussions about the audit plan, significant audit findings, and the auditor's independence. The AICPA/IAASB standards also cover similar topics but may have some differences in specific requirements.
The AICPA/IAASB standards define "those charged with governance" as the individuals or organizations with responsibility for overseeing the strategic direction of the entity and obligations related to the accountability and financial reporting process.
The shift in focus by the profession regarding audit committee/auditor communication can be attributed to several factors. These include a greater emphasis on corporate governance and accountability, increased regulatory scrutiny, and the recognition of the audit committee's vital role in ensuring effective financial reporting and audit quality.
According to the PCAOB standard, the four objectives of the auditor in communicating with the audit committee are:
To provide an overview of the overall audit strategy, including timing and significant risks.
To communicate significant audit findings, including any material weaknesses in internal control.
To discuss the auditor's evaluation of the entity's financial statements and significant accounting policies.
To address other matters required to be communicated by auditing standards, laws, or regulations.
Learn more about relevant here
https://brainly.com/question/24553900
#SPJ11
how
to find out post closing balance in retained earning
when income statement, change in equity statement, balance
sheet is given
The post-closing balance in the retained earnings is calculated by using the change in equity statement. It is computed by adding the opening balance of the retained earnings with net income, less dividends paid for the period.
The opening balance of the retained earnings is determined from the balance sheet, whereas net income and dividends paid are determined from the income statement. It is calculated after the closing entries of the current accounting period are recorded in the books of accounts. Therefore, the balances of revenue, expenses, and dividends accounts are transferred to the retained earnings account.The equation for the calculation of the post-closing balance of retained earnings is as follows:Opening balance of Retained Earnings + Net income for the period – Dividends paid for the period = Post-Closing balance of Retained EarningsThe retained earnings is an account that records the earnings and losses accumulated over the years, including dividends paid to shareholders. It is an important item on the balance sheet that reflects the amount of income left over after dividends are paid. It is also a source of funds that can be used for future business investments.
Learn more about Retained earning here,Retained earnings is a. The positive cash flows of a company. b. The net worth of a company. c. The owners' equity that ...
https://brainly.com/question/15175380
#SPJ11
Question 37
The total amount the government owes across all years is called the _________.
Arrears
Liabilities
Debt
Deficit
Top of Form
Question 38
Sales taxes are ________, and most income taxes are ________.
Regressive; Regressive
Progressive; Progressive
Progressive; Regressive
Regressive; Progressive
Top of Form
Question 39
A set of policies that provide for members of society experiencing economic hardship is called a ____________.
Safety net
Social Program
A welfare System
Public Assistance program
Top of Form
Question 40
A __________ is a a temporary contraction of the economy in which there is no economic growth for two consecutive quarters.
Depression
Recession
Stagnation
Slump
The total amount the government owes across all years is called the Debt. Sales taxes are Regressive, and most income taxes are Progressive.
A safety net refers to policies supporting those experiencing economic hardship. A recession is a temporary economic contraction with no growth for two consecutive quarters. The total amount the government owes across all years is called the Debt.
Sales taxes are Regressive, and most income taxes are Progressive.
A set of policies that provide for members of society experiencing economic hardship is called a Safety net.
A recession is a temporary contraction of the economy in which there is no economic growth for two consecutive quarters.
Learn more about Sales taxes here:
https://brainly.com/question/15575221
#SPJ11
What i need is a paragraph or two, talking about the theoretical "Resource Capabilities" of my company.
Umbrella Footwear seeks to increase sales by 100% in the current fiscal year in the trail running shoes market by providing products that emphasize foot protection and personalization. The different durable internal and external materials help protect consumers’ feet, as well as the shoes from abrasion and tears. Also, we plan to offer personalization by way of custom colors, cushioning, fit, heel-to-toe drop, and shoe type.
Umbrella Footwear aims to achieve a 100% increase in sales within the trail running shoes market by focusing on two key aspects: foot protection and personalization.
Umbrella Footwear's emphasis on foot protection and personalization gives the company a competitive edge in the trail running shoes market. By prioritizing the well-being of their customers' feet, they provide a product that caters to the specific needs of trail runners.
Moreover, the company's focus on personalization allows customers to create a shoe that suits their individual preferences and requirements. This customization option provides a unique selling point, appealing to consumers who value personal style and functionality. By offering customizable features such as colors, cushioning, fit, heel-to-toe drop, and shoe type, Umbrella Footwear positions itself as a brand that understands the importance of catering to each customer's distinct needs.
To know more about sales follow:
https://brainly.com/question/29436143
#SPJ11
You are planning to sell your electronic manufacturing plan originally costing 250 000 pesos when it was put up 15 years ago some equipment originally costing 10 000 pesos was replaced 10 years ago with new equipment costing 15 000 pesos. The equipment installed 10 years ago has depreciated by 7 500 pesos. The depreciation of the remaining portion of the plant originally installed 15 years ago is now 40 000 pesos. Dwtermine the present book value of your plant.
The present book value of the plant is 232,500 pesos.
Given that the cost of the electronic manufacturing plant was 250,000 pesos when it was first installed 15 years ago and that the equipment worth 10,000 pesos was replaced ten years ago with new equipment costing 15,000 pesos and that the plant's installed equipment 10 years ago has depreciated by 7,500 pesos and the remaining part of the plant originally installed 15 years ago is now worth 40,000 pesos.
The book value of the plant is the difference between the plant's cost (including the cost of the equipment installed 10 years ago) and the depreciation amount. The plant's initial cost was 250,000 pesos, and the cost of the new equipment is 15,000 pesos. As a result, the plant's initial cost is 265,000 pesos.
7500 pesos will be subtracted from the 15,000 pesos for the replaced equipment cost, resulting in 7500 pesos of depreciation.
The depreciation of the remaining portion of the plant, which was originally installed 15 years ago, is now 40,000 pesos. Thus, the present book value of the plant is calculated as follows:
P.B.V = Initial cost of the plant + cost of new equipment installed - total depreciation cost= 265,000 + 15,000 - 40,000 - 7,500= 232,500 pesos
Know more about depreciation here:
https://brainly.com/question/30883869
#SPJ11
Cheer Inc. purchased machinery on January 1,2020 for $80,000. Management estimated its useful life to be 8 years and residual value to be $12,000. On December 31,2021 the machinery was sold for $40,000. If the double declining balance method was used for depreciation, what was the total accumulated depreciation at the date of sale?
The total accumulated depreciation at the date of sale (December 31, 2021) is $35,000.
To calculate the accumulated depreciation using the double declining balance method, we need to determine the annual depreciation expense first. The formula for double declining balance depreciation is:
Depreciation Expense = (1 / Useful Life) x 2 x Book Value at the Beginning of the Year
First, let's calculate the annual depreciation expense for the machinery:
Depreciation Expense = (1 / 8) x 2 x $80,000 = $20,000
The book value at the beginning of 2021 can be calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the initial cost:
Book Value at the Beginning of 2021 = $80,000 - Depreciation Expense for 2020 = $80,000 - $20,000 = $60,000
Now, we can calculate the depreciation expense for 2021:
Depreciation Expense for 2021 = (1 / 8) x 2 x $60,000 = $15,000
To find the accumulated depreciation at the date of sale (December 31, 2021), we add up the depreciation expense for 2020 and 2021:
Total Accumulated Depreciation = Depreciation Expense for 2020 + Depreciation Expense for 2021 = $20,000 + $15,000 = $35,000
Therefore, the total accumulated depreciation at the date of sale (December 31, 2021) is $35,000.
learn more about sale here
https://brainly.com/question/29436143
#SPJ11
If you need to pay $12,000 after 7 years for the money you borrowed from a friend, how much will you get now if it has a 4% interest rate compounded semiannually? a) $9,094.50 b) $9,681.30 c) $9,947.10 d) $15,833.75
The correct option is c. The amount you need to borrow now is approximately $9,681.30 to pay back $12,000 after 7 years at a 4% interest rate compounded semiannually. This calculation takes into account the compounding of interest over time.
To calculate the amount that needs to be borrowed now, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P[tex](1 + r/n)^(^n^t^)[/tex]
Where:
A = Total amount after time t
P = Principal amount (initial loan amount)
r = Annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = Number of times interest is compounded per year
t = Number of years
In this case, the principal amount (P) is the unknown value we need to find. The future value (A) is given as $12,000 after 7 years. The annual interest rate (r) is 4% (0.04), and the interest is compounded semiannually (n = 2).
Plugging in the values into the formula, we have:
12,000 = P[tex](1 + 0.04/2)^(^2^*^7^)[/tex]
Simplifying the equation, we get:
12,000 = P [tex](1.02)^1^4[/tex]
Dividing both sides of the equation by (1.02)^14, we find:
P = 12,000 /[tex](1.02)^1^4[/tex]
Calculating this expression, we arrive at the answer:
P ≈ $9,681.30
Therefore, the amount you need to borrow now is approximately $9,681.30.
Learn more about interest rate
brainly.com/question/14556630
#SPJ11
Which of the following statements regarding a deposit bail program is false? bail is forfeited O if the defendant fails to appear in court, the full amour the need for a bail bond agent is elimina the defendant only has to post a percentage of the full bail O if the defendant appears in court as required, the full amount posted is returned
The false statement regarding a deposit bail program is "the defendant only has to post a percentage of the full bail."
In a deposit bail program, defendants are required to deposit a certain amount of money with the court as a form of bail. However, unlike a traditional bail bond, where defendants typically pay a percentage of the full bail amount to a bail bond agent, a deposit bail program does not involve a percentage-based payment.
In a deposit bail program, the defendant is required to deposit the full amount of the bail set by the court. This means that the defendant must post the entire bail amount in order to be released from custody. The purpose of the deposit is to ensure that the defendant appears in court for their scheduled hearings.
If the defendant fails to appear in court as required, the bail is forfeited, meaning the court keeps the deposited amount. On the other hand, if the defendant appears in court as required, the full amount posted is typically returned to the defendant at the conclusion of the case, regardless of the outcome.
In a deposit bail program, defendants are required to post the full amount of the bail set by the court, rather than a percentage. It is important to accurately understand the requirements and conditions of the specific bail program in place, as different jurisdictions may have variations in their bail systems.
To know more about bail, visit
https://brainly.com/question/6940746
#SPJ11
Your credit card charges an interest rate of 207% per month. You have a current balance of $1,040, and want to pay it off. Suppose you can afford to pay $90 per month. What will your balance be at the end of one year? You will still owes after one year. (Round to the nearest cent)
At an interest rate of 207% per month, with a current balance of $1,040 and monthly payments of $90, the balance after one year would be approximately $1,042.79.
To calculate the balance after one year, we can divide the annual interest rate by 12 to get the monthly interest rate: 207% / 12 = 17.25%.
In the first month, the interest accrued on the balance of $1,040 would be 17.25% of $1,040, which is $179.40. Subtracting the monthly payment of $90, the remaining balance would be $1,129.40.
For the following months, the interest would be calculated based on the new balance. After 12 months, the balance would decrease gradually, and the final balance after making 12 payments of $90 would be approximately $1,042.79.
Please note that this calculation assumes that no additional charges or fees are added to the balance during the one-year period and that the interest rate remains constant. It is always advisable to check with the credit card issuer for the most accurate information regarding interest rates and payments.
learn more about interest here:
https://brainly.com/question/15242332
#SPJ11
What is a major disadvantage of flexible benefit plans? Select one: a. They do not appeal to most employees b. No company has reported any major success with them.
c. Too much flexibility can lead to employees hurting their backs and getting injured d. Too much choice can damage the economy e. Organizations may have to pay more to acquire some benefits because they lose economies of scale
Flexible benefit plans are a type of employee benefit plan that provides workers with a range of choices for their benefits packages. Although there are several advantages to flexible benefit plans, they also have some major disadvantages that should be considered before implementing them in an organization.
One of the major disadvantages of flexible benefit plans is that organizations may have to pay more to acquire some benefits because they lose economies of scale. This occurs because employers must choose from a variety of benefit options rather than choosing a single option for all employees, making it difficult to negotiate discounts with providers.
Additionally, there may be additional administrative expenses, such as record-keeping costs and increased communication with employees, resulting in higher overall costs for the employer.Another disadvantage of flexible benefit plans is that too much choice can lead to decision paralysis.
When employees are presented with too many options, they may become overwhelmed and struggle to make decisions, which can lead to dissatisfaction and a decrease in the perceived value of the benefits. Additionally, some employees may not have the knowledge or expertise to evaluate and select the most appropriate benefits for their needs, resulting in suboptimal choices.
Finally, implementing a flexible benefit plan requires a significant amount of time and resources to design, communicate, and administer. This can be a major challenge for small organizations with limited HR resources, and it may not be feasible for some organizations to implement a flexible benefit plan due to cost or other considerations.
In conclusion, flexible benefit plans offer several advantages to employees and employers, including increased choice and flexibility. However, they also have some major disadvantages, such as increased costs, decision paralysis, and administrative challenges, which should be carefully considered before implementing a flexible benefit plan in an organization.
To know more about Flexible benefit plans here
https://brainly.com/question/31812439
#SPJ11
Develop five (5) open-ended questions to collect data for a study entitled " investigate the impact of working from home on employee satisfaction". These questions will form part of an interview schedule for a report due to senior management.
The study aims to investigate the impact of working from home on employee satisfaction. These questions will be used to gather insights from employees and provide valuable information for the report to senior management.
The questions are designed to encourage employees to share their thoughts, experiences, and feelings regarding working from home. Here are five open-ended questions that can be included in the interview schedule:
How has working from home affected your overall job satisfaction? Please provide specific examples or instances that highlight the positive or negative impact.
In your opinion, what are the main advantages and disadvantages of working remotely? How have these factors influenced your satisfaction with your job?
Can you share any challenges you have faced while working from home? How did you overcome them, and did they have any impact on your satisfaction as an employee?
Have you noticed any changes in your work-life balance since transitioning to remote work? How has this affected your overall satisfaction with your job?
What kind of support or resources do you feel are necessary to enhance your satisfaction as an employee working from home?
These questions allow employees to reflect on their experiences, providing insights into the impact of remote work on their job satisfaction. By collecting data through open-ended questions, the study can capture a wide range of perspectives, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the topic and providing valuable input for the report to senior management.
Learn more about management here:
https://brainly.com/question/14523862
#SPJ11
First National Bank charges 14.3 percent compounded monthly on its business loans. First United Bank charges 14.7 percent compounded semiannually. Calculate the EAR for each bank.
The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for First National Bank is 15.18% and for First United Bank is 14.8%. The EAR takes into account the compounding frequency and provides a standardized measure
To calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for each bank, we need to take into account the compounding periods and the nominal interest rates.
For First National Bank:
Nominal interest rate (annual) = 14.3%
Compounding frequency = Monthly
To calculate the EAR, we use the formula:
EAR = (1 + (Nominal interest rate / Number of compounding periods))^Number of compounding periods - 1
Number of compounding periods per year for monthly compounding = 12
Nominal interest rate per compounding period = Nominal interest rate / Number of compounding periods
Nominal interest rate per compounding period = 14.3% / 12 = 1.19%
EAR for First National Bank = (1 + (1.19% / 100))^12 - 1
EAR for First National Bank = (1.0119)^12 - 1
EAR for First National Bank = 0.1518 or 15.18%
For First United Bank:
Nominal interest rate (annual) = 14.7%
Compounding frequency = Semiannually
Number of compounding periods per year for semiannual compounding = 2
Nominal interest rate per compounding period = Nominal interest rate / Number of compounding periods
Nominal interest rate per compounding period = 14.7% / 2 = 7.35%
EAR for First United Bank = (1 + (7.35% / 100))^2 - 1
EAR for First United Bank = (1.0735)^2 - 1
EAR for First United Bank = 0.148 or 14.8%
Therefore, the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for First National Bank is 15.18% and for First United Bank is 14.8%. The EAR takes into account the compounding frequency and provides a standardized measure that allows for accurate comparisons of the true cost of borrowing between different banks or financial institutions.
Learn more about Effective Annual Rate (EAR) here
https://brainly.com/question/31329457
#SPJ11
Review your company’s revenue recognition note in the notes to the financial statements. Explain the details of the revenue recognition policies and procedures based on the disclosures found in the financial statements. How does this information help the user of the financial statements understand when and why revenue is recognized? How does each company comply with the rules as provided in the FASB Codification?
Revenue recognition is a critical aspect of financial reporting as it determines when and how a company records its revenue from the sale of goods or services.
It is essential for users of financial statements to understand the revenue recognition policies and procedures to assess a company's financial performance accurately and make informed decisions.
The revenue recognition policies and procedures disclosed in the financial statements typically include information about the following aspects:
Recognition Criteria: Companies disclose the specific criteria they use to determine when revenue is recognized.
These criteria often revolve around the transfer of control of goods or services to customers, which may involve factors such as delivery, acceptance, or completion of services.
Learn more about Revenue here:
https://brainly.com/question/17108809
#SPJ11
Foss, Albertson, and Espinosa are partners who share profits and losses 50%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. Their capital balances are $114,000, $61,000, and $42,000, respectively. (a) Assume Garrett joins the partnership by investing $86,800 for a 25% interest with bonuses to the existing partners. Prepare the journal entry to record his investment. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually). Account Titles and Explanation _____ Debit _____ Credit _____
Account Titles and Debit Credit Cash $86,800 , Garrett's Capital $86,800
The journal entry records Garrett's investment in the partnership.
Cash is debited for the amount invested ($86,800), representing an increase in the asset. Garrett's Capital is credited for the same amount, reflecting his ownership interest in the partnership. This transaction increases the total capital of the partnership and establishes Garrett's individual capital account, proportional to his 25% interest. The existing partners' capital accounts remain unchanged as there are no direct adjustments made to their balances due to the investment. The bonuses mentioned in the question are not addressed in this specific journal entry.
Learn more about journal entry
https://brainly.com/question/30499005
#SPJ11
New industries in developing countries must be temporarily protected from international competition to help them reach a position where they can compete on world markets with the firms of developing countries.
Temporary protection for new industries in developing countries can be beneficial as it allows them to build a competitive advantage and reach a level where they can effectively compete on the global stage.
By shielding these industries from international competition, they have the opportunity to develop necessary capabilities, gain market share, and improve their efficiency. This protection can come in the form of tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or other trade barriers.
Temporary protection measures aim to provide domestic industries with an environment conducive to their growth and development. By safeguarding them from international competition during their initial stages, these industries can focus on enhancing their productivity, investing in research and development, and acquiring necessary skills and technologies. This protection allows them to accumulate capital, build infrastructure, and establish a customer base, which is crucial for their long-term viability.
Once these industries have achieved a certain level of competitiveness and efficiency, the temporary protection can gradually be lifted. This transition enables them to face global competition and integrate into the international market, contributing to the overall economic growth of the developing country.
It's important to note that while temporary protection can provide short-term advantages, it should be implemented strategically and with a clear plan for eventual liberalization. Overprotection or prolonged reliance on trade barriers can lead to inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and hinder the overall economic progress of the country.
Learn more about progress here:
https://brainly.com/question/22899420
#SPJ11
At the end of the first month of operations for SloMo Delivery Service, the business had the following accounts Accounts Receivable, $11,400 : Piepaid Insurance, $500 : Equipment, $2,6,300 and Cash, $21,700, On the same date. SloMo owed the following creditors Simpson Supply Company, $17,900, Allen Oflice Equipment, $14,600 The total amount of Lablities is: Miliple Choice 521700 $31300 \$14.600" 526.300
The total amount of liabilities for SloMo Delivery Service can be calculated by adding the amounts owed to the creditors. In this case, the total amount of liabilities is $32,500.
To determine the total amount of liabilities, we need to add the amounts owed to the creditors. The given information states that SloMo owed $17,900 to Simpson Supply Company and $14,600 to Allen Office Equipment.
Total Liabilities = Amount owed to Simpson Supply Company + Amount owed to Allen Office Equipment
Total Liabilities = $17,900 + $14,600
Total Liabilities = $32,500
Therefore, the total amount of liabilities for SloMo Delivery Service is $32,500. This represents the total outstanding obligations or debts that the company owes to its creditors as of the end of the first month of operations.
Learn more about SloMo Delivery here:
https://brainly.com/question/15106593
#SPJ11
Rainbow Pte. Ltd. recorded rent expense transaction as follows:
DR Rent expense $144,000
CR Bank $144,000
The above rent is paid for the period starting from 1 July 2021 to 31 March 2022. If the company’s year-end is 31 January 2022, which of the following is the best adjusting entry to be passed on 31 January 2022?
a. DR Rent expense $32,000
CR Prepaid expense $32,000
b. DR Rent expense $64,000
CR Prepaid expense $64,000
c. DR Prepaid expense $32,000
CR Rent expense $32,000
d. DR Prepaid expense $64,000
CR Rent expense $64,000
The best adjusting entry to be passed on 31 January 2022 would be:
c. DR Prepaid expense $32,000
CR Rent expense $32,000
The adjusting entry is necessary to recognize the portion of the rent expense that has been incurred but not yet paid or recognized. Since the year-end is 31 January 2022, there are 11 months remaining from February 2022 to December 2022. Therefore, the prepaid expense would be calculated as 11/12 of the total rent expense ($144,000 * 11/12 = $132,000). The adjusting entry would then recognize $32,000 as an expense (DR Prepaid expense $32,000) and reduce the prepaid expense (CR Rent expense $32,000) to accurately reflect the portion of the rent expense for the current period.
Learn more about expense here:
https://brainly.com/question/29850561
#SPJ11
Nightwish Corporation shows the following information on its 2021 income statement: Sales = $227,000; Costs = $129,000; Other expenses = $7,900; Depreciation expense = $14,200; Interest expense = $13,700; Taxes = $21,770; Dividends = $10,500. In addition, you’re told that the firm issued $5,200 in new equity during 2021 and redeemed $3,700 in outstanding long-term debt. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
a. What is the 2021 operating cash flow?
b. What is the 2021 cash flow to creditors?
c. What is the 2021 cash flow to stockholders?
d. If net fixed assets increased by $30,000 during the year, what was the addition to net working capital (NWC)?
a. The 2021 Operating cash flow is $68,330.
b. The 2021 cash flow to creditors is $17,400.
c. The 2021 cash flow to stockholders is $5,300.
d. The addition to net working capital (NWC) is $10,800.
a. The 2021 operating cash flow of Nightwish Corporation can be calculated as follows:
Operating cash flow = Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) + Depreciation expense - Taxes
EBIT = Sales - Costs - Other expenses - Depreciation expense
= $227,000 - $129,000 - $7,900 - $14,200= $75,900
Operating cash flow = $75,900 + $14,200 - $21,770
= $68,330
b.The 2021 cash flow to creditors can be calculated as follows:
Cash flow to creditors = Interest expense - Net new borrowing
= $13,700 - (-$3,700)
= $17,400
c.The 2021 cash flow to stockholders can be calculated as follows:
Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends - Net new equity
= $10,500 - $5,200
= $5,300
d.The addition to net working capital (NWC) can be calculated as follows:
Change in NWC = Current assets - Current liabilitiesChange in NWC = (Net fixed assets + Current assets) - (Long-term debt + Current liabilities)
Change in NWC = ($30,000 + Current assets) - ($3,700 + Current liabilities)
Net new borrowing = $26,300 + Current assets - Current liabilities
Net new borrowing = $26,300 + $12,600 - $15,500
Net new borrowing = $23,400Change in NWC = $23,400 - $12,600
Change in NWC = $10,800
Therefore, the addition to net working capital (NWC) is $10,800.
Know more about net working capital here:
https://brainly.com/question/30403411
#SPJ8
The DGM Company provides the following data:
Normal plant capacity…………………………………. 200,000 unit
Fixed cost ……………………………………………………… $120,000
Variable cost……………………………………………………$1.35 per unit
Sale price………………………………………………………….$2.25 per unit
Required:
(1) The break-even point in dollars and in number of units?
(2) The margin of safety and the margin of safety ratio when operating at normal plant capacity?
(3) The new break-even point in dollars, if the sales price is reduced to $2 and other data remain the same?
(4) Sales volume in dollars required to yield a profit $30,000 if the calculation is based on (a) the data of (1), and (b) the data of (3)?
(5) The break-even point in dollars, and in number of units, based on the data of (1), except that the fixed cost is reduced by $20,000?
(6) The expected profit if budgeted sales of $450,000 is realized, assuming costs are the same as at the beginning of the problem?
Please show complete working with calculations and formula used.
Through which formula answer is coming/calculation.
(1) The break-even point in dollars can be calculated using the formula:
Break-even point (in dollars) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin ratio
Fixed costs = $120,000
Contribution margin ratio = (Sale price - Variable cost) / Sale price
Contribution margin ratio = ($2.25 - $1.35) / $2.25 = 0.40
Break-even point (in dollars) = $120,000 / 0.40 = $300,000
To calculate the break-even point in number of units, divide the break-even point in dollars by the sale price per unit:
Break-even point (in units) = $300,000 / $2.25 = 133,333 units
(2) Margin of safety can be calculated as:
Margin of Safety = Actual Sales - Break-even Sales
Actual Sales = Normal plant capacity = 200,000 units
Break-even Sales = Break-even point (in units) = 133,333 units
Margin of Safety = 200,000 - 133,333 = 66,667 units
Margin of Safety ratio can be calculated as:
Margin of Safety ratio = Margin of Safety / Actual Sales
Margin of Safety ratio = 66,667 / 200,000 = 0.3333 or 33.33%
(3) The new break-even point in dollars, if the sales price is reduced to $2, can be calculated using the same formula as in (1):
New break-even point (in dollars) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin ratio
Contribution margin ratio = ($2 - $1.35) / $2 = 0.325
New break-even point (in dollars) = $120,000 / 0.325 = $369,230.77
(4)
(a) Sales volume in dollars required to yield a profit of $30,000, based on the data of (1):
Contribution margin ratio = 0.40
Fixed costs = $120,000
Target profit = $30,000
Sales volume (in dollars) = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio
Sales volume (in dollars) = ($120,000 + $30,000) / 0.40 = $375,000
(b) Sales volume in dollars required to yield a profit of $30,000, based on the data of (3):
Contribution margin ratio = 0.325
Fixed costs = $120,000
Target profit = $30,000
Sales volume (in dollars) = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin ratio
Sales volume (in dollars) = ($120,000 + $30,000) / 0.325 = $500,000
(5) The break-even point in dollars and in number of units, based on the data of (1), except that the fixed cost is reduced by $20,000:
Adjusted fixed costs = $120,000 - $20,000 = $100,000
Break-even point (in dollars) = Adjusted fixed costs / Contribution margin ratio
Break-even point (in dollars) = $100,000 / 0.40 = $250,000
Break-even point (in units) = $250,000 / $2.25 = 111,111 units
(6) The expected profit if budgeted sales of $450,000 is realized, assuming costs are the same as at the beginning of the problem:
Contribution margin ratio = 0.40
Fixed costs = $120,000
Budgeted sales = $450,000
Expected profit = (Budgeted sales - Fixed costs) * Contribution margin ratio
Expected profit = ($450,000 - $120,000) * 0.40 = $132,000
Please note that these calculations are based on the given data and assumptions provided.
Learn more about margin ratio here -: brainly.com/question/30459935
#SPJ11
1. (3 pts) In the late 1990s, the U.S. government moved from a budget deficit to a budget surplus and the trade deficit in the U.S. economy grew substantially. Using the national saving and investment identity, what can you say about the direction in which saving and/or investment must have changed in this economy?
2. (2 pts) Explain why the government might prefer to provide incentives to private firms to do investment or research and development, rather than simply doing the spending itself?
3. (2 pts) During the Great Recession, several economists argued that the change in the interest rates that comes about due to deficit spending implied in the demand and supply of financial capital graph would not occur. A simple reason was that the government was stepping in to invest when private firms were not. Using a graph, explain how the use by government in investment offsets the deficit demand.
In the late 1990s, the U.S. government moved from a budget deficit to a budget surplus, indicating that government saving increased. At the same time, the trade deficit grew substantially, which implies that domestic investment decreased
Or remained constant while foreign investment in the U.S. increased. This can be understood through the national saving and investment identity, which states that the domestic saving (including both private and government saving) must equal domestic investment plus the trade deficit (net capital inflow from abroad). Therefore, if the budget surplus increased government saving, and the trade deficit increased, it suggests that private saving or investment decreased or remained unchanged during that period. The government might prefer to provide incentives to private firms for investment or research and development.
Learn more about budget here:
https://brainly.com/question/31952035
#SPJ11
You expect to receive a one-time payment of $1,000 in 6 years and a second payment of $1,500 in 11 years. The annual interest rate is 4%. What is the present value of the combined cash flows?
We have discounted the two future payments back to their present value based on the given interest rate of 4% per year. The concept of present value is crucial in finance as it helps evaluate the worth of future cash flows in today's terms. By discounting future cash flows using an appropriate interest rate.
To calculate the present value of the combined cash flows, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and then sum them together.
For the first payment of $1,000 in 6 years, we can use the formula for the present value of a single future cash flow:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the annual interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
Using this formula, we have:
PV1 = $1,000 / (1 + 0.04)^6 = $747.26
For the second payment of $1,500 in 11 years, we apply the same formula:
PV2 = $1,500 / (1 + 0.04)^11 = $973.69
Finally, we can calculate the present value of the combined cash flows by summing PV1 and PV2:
Present Value = PV1 + PV2 = $747.26 + $973.69 = $1,720.95
Therefore, the present value of the combined cash flows is $1,720.95.
we can determine their present value, enabling better financial decision-making. In this case, we have discounted the two future payments back to their present value based on the given interest rate of 4% per year.
The resulting present value represents the combined worth of the two cash flows at the present time, accounting for the time value of money.
To know more about crucial refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/30235598#
#SPJ11
In order to make jobs more interesting, job designers use all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. increase in wages. O b. job rotation C. self-directed teams. 9 d. job enrichment O e. job enlargement.
To make jobs more interesting, job designers use all of the following EXCEPT an increase in wages.
Job designers use different approaches and methods to make the work environment more appealing and exciting for the employees. The goal of these methods is to motivate the workers to increase their productivity and reduce employee turnover, which can be costly for organizations.The approaches include job enrichment, job enlargement, self-directed teams, and job rotation. Job enrichment is the process of adding new responsibilities to an employee's job description, while job enlargement involves increasing the number of tasks that an employee must do, making the work more varied and interesting. Self-directed teams are groups of employees that work together and manage themselves without the need for a supervisor or manager, while job rotation involves periodically changing an employee's work task in order to provide a broader range of experience and expertise.However, among these four methods, none involves an increase in wages. While it may be helpful to increase the workers' salaries and provide other financial incentives to enhance employee satisfaction, these approaches cannot solely make jobs more interesting. It is necessary to incorporate other job enrichment methods that can make jobs more varied, exciting, and satisfying for the employees.
To know more about job designers, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29033158
#SPJ11
What is the effect of the following business activity on the element indicated?
1) increase to one and decrease to another
2) no effect
3) increase
4) decrease
1) The effect of the business activity is an increase in one element and a decrease in another.
2) The business activity has no effect on the element indicated.
3) The business activity leads to an increase in the element indicated.
4) The business activity results in a decrease in the element indicated.
In business activities, various actions can have different effects on different elements.
suggests that there is an increase in one element and a decrease in another due to the specific business activity. The second implies that the business activity has no impact on the indicated element. The third indicates that the business activity leads to an increase in the element mentioned. Lastly, the fourth suggests that the business activity causes a decrease in the element mentioned.
It's important to note that without specific information about the business activity and the element in question, it's difficult to provide a more detailed explanation. The effects will vary depending on the specific context and circumstances of the business activity being considered.
Learn more about business here:
https://brainly.com/question/15826604
#SPJ11
36 Which of the following is NOT a common warning sign? Changes in business strategy Requests for increased debt funding Changes in dividend payments Review Later Delays in reporting
The correct answer is "Review Later." "Review Later" is not a common warning sign. The other options - changes in business strategy, requests for increased debt funding, changes in dividend payments, and delays in reporting - are all commonly recognized as warning signs that may indicate potential issues or problems within a business or organization.
"Review Later" is not a common warning sign because it does not indicate any specific concern or potential issue within a business. On the other hand, changes in business strategy, requests for increased debt funding, changes in dividend payments, and delays in reporting are all commonly observed warning signs. These signs may suggest shifts in the company's direction, financial strain, possible financial distress, or transparency issues. Recognizing and addressing these warning signs promptly can help mitigate risks and ensure the overall health and stability of the business.
Learn more about business here;
https://brainly.com/question/13160849
#SPJ11
Warner Bros. Supply Chain Connections
Warner Bros Entertainment Inc is a fully integrated, broad-based entertainment company and a global leader in the creation, production, distribution, licensing and marketing of all forms of entertainment and their related businesses. A Time Warner Company, the fully integrated, broad-based studio is home to one of the most successful collections of brands in the world and stands at the forefront of every aspect of the entertainment industry.
In the early 2000s, the five main divisions in Warner Bros are movies, television shows, animation, home video, and interactive entertainment (video games). Dividing such a large organisation along product lines allowed each business sector to develop product, pricing, and promotion policies, as well as supply chain strategies, independent of one another. But to the distributors and retailers who were Warner Bros’s direct customers, the view was quite different. Each of these customers had to deal with five separate billing and logistics processes – one for each business division. This created a wide range of problems as it did not allow customers to purchase all Warner Bros. products (DVDs and reels from different divisions) together for delivery on the same truck. Some customers went several days without receiving an order, only to have several trucks with Warner Bros orders arriving at the receiving dock at the same time on the same morning. Different product categories were shipped on different trucks with different invoices. The separate pricing and promotion policies, coupled with non-coordinated management of logistics activities across the five business divisions, resulted in different prices per item and order quantities of less-than-full truckloads.
After 2010, and having listened to customer complaints over the years, Warner Bros launched its streamlined logistics initiative. This simplified pricing and promotion structures. But, more importantly, Warner Bros redesigned the information and physical flows across the business divisions so that customers had to deal with only one Warner Bros billing process and one set of logistics processes. Optical discs, hard drives, satellite links, or the internet are the new ways of sharing the products of Warner Bros.
Source: Warner Bros Online
QUESTION:
1.The scenario highlights some of the areas where supply chain professionals have to apply their minds. Most companies will be impacted by some of the longer-term trends in supply chain management. Analyse the major trends in supply management and their impact from a strategic perspective.
2.To keep up with global competition and tap into the abilities of world-class suppliers, Warner Bros. must put in place sourcing systems. Critically analyse the sourcing strategies that can be applied by Warner Bros and the advantages that can accrue from each strategy.
1. The major trends in supply management and their impact from a strategic perspective are globalization, technology, sustainability, customer-centricity, risk management, and collaboration.
Globalization: With supply chain globalization, companies now have access to larger markets, cheaper labor, and greater competition. The primary strategy for managing global supply chains is to have robust communication processes, adaptability to change, and understanding of international regulations, currencies, and languages.
Technology: The trend of technology in supply chain management has been rising rapidly in recent years. Technology such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and automation play a vital role in the supply chain. Technology helps organizations to optimize processes, increase efficiency, and reduce costs.
Sustainability: Organizations are increasingly being judged by their environmental and social impact. Sustainable supply chain management is aimed at balancing economic, environmental, and social aspects of business operations. It can help companies to cut costs, improve efficiency, and build a positive reputation.
Customer-centricity: Customers are now demanding high-quality products at affordable prices, and they want to be able to purchase and receive them quickly and conveniently. Companies that focus on customer-centric supply chain strategies tend to experience improved customer satisfaction, loyalty, and profitability.
Risk management: Supply chain risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and mitigating potential supply chain disruptions. Such risks include natural disasters, geopolitical factors, supplier failures, and cyber-attacks. A proactive approach to risk management can help companies to minimize the impact of unexpected disruptions.
Collaboration: Supply chain collaboration involves collaboration between supply chain partners, including suppliers, distributors, and customers, to achieve a common goal. Collaboration can help companies to optimize their supply chain operations, increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve profitability.
2. Warner Bros can apply different sourcing strategies such as single sourcing, dual sourcing, multi-sourcing, outsourcing, and global sourcing. The advantages of each strategy vary.
Single sourcing: Warner Bros can choose to source from only one supplier. The advantages of single sourcing include reduced costs, improved supplier relationships, easier management of the supplier relationship, and greater economies of scale. The disadvantages include a high risk of supply chain disruption and over-reliance on a single supplier.
Dual sourcing: Dual sourcing involves sourcing from two different suppliers. The advantages of dual sourcing include reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions and ensuring a competitive market environment. However, this sourcing strategy may increase the complexity of supply chain management.
Multi-sourcing: Multi-sourcing involves sourcing from several suppliers. The advantages include reduced risks of supply chain disruptions, lower prices, and more competitive bidding processes. However, it may increase the complexity of the supply chain management process.
Outsourcing: Outsourcing involves delegating specific business functions to an external company or supplier. The advantages of outsourcing include cost savings, increased efficiency, and expertise. However, it may increase risks and reduce control over the outsourced functions.
Global sourcing: Global sourcing involves sourcing from suppliers around the world. The advantages of global sourcing include access to new markets, lower costs, and higher quality products. However, global sourcing may increase risks, such as geopolitical risks, cultural differences, and currency exchange risks.
To know more about Technology visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15059972
#SPJ11
What sort of investments do large corporations make? Why? Search the Web and find the financial statements for a major corporation and describe with their long-term investments consist of. How much is invested in dollars? Do you think the amount is excessive? Justify your response. Your main post must be a minimum of 200 words.
Large corporations make a variety of investments to diversify their portfolios, generate returns, and support their long-term growth strategies. These investments can include:
1. Stocks and Bonds: Large corporations often invest in stocks and bonds of other companies. These investments can provide a steady income through dividends and interest payments and also offer potential capital appreciation.
2. Real Estate: Many corporations invest in commercial properties, office buildings, and retail spaces. Real estate investments can provide rental income and potential appreciation in property value over time.
3. Mergers and Acquisitions: Corporations may invest in acquiring other companies to expand their market presence, gain access to new technologies or intellectual property, or diversify their product offerings. Mergers and acquisitions can drive growth and create synergies within the organization.
4. Research and Development: Large corporations invest in research and development (R&D) to develop new products, improve existing ones, and stay competitive in the market. R&D investments are critical for innovation and long-term sustainability.
5. Strategic Partnerships: Corporations may invest in forming strategic partnerships with other companies to leverage each other's strengths, access new markets, or share resources. These partnerships can provide mutual benefits and enhance competitiveness.
To find the financial statements of a major corporation, it is recommended to search on the official investor relations website or relevant financial reporting platforms. The specific details of long-term investments, including the dollar amount invested, will vary depending on the corporation. It is not possible to provide an exact figure without specific information on a particular corporation. Whether the amount of investment is excessive or not depends on various factors such as the corporation's financial position, industry norms, growth strategies, and risk appetite. Without specific information, it is challenging to assess the appropriateness of the investment amount.
Learn more about financial statements here: brainly.com/question/32555550
#SPJ11
The personal tax on interest payments is 33%. The personal tax rate on equity capital gain is 15%. The corporate tax is 35%. Given all these tax rates and all other factors are kept constant, will investors have a preference to debt or equity? O Cannot determine from the information provided OM-M Proposition I holds and the investors are indifferent between debt and equity. O Debt is preferred to equity. O Equity is preferred to debt.
Given the provided tax rates, investors would have a preference for debt over equity.
The tax rates play a crucial role in determining the preference for debt or equity investments. In this case, the personal tax rate on interest payments is 33%, while the personal tax rate on equity capital gain is 15%. Comparatively, the corporate tax rate is 35%.
When considering debt, interest payments are subject to a higher personal tax rate of 33%. On the other hand, equity capital gains are subject to a lower personal tax rate of 15%. This implies that investors would pay a higher tax on interest income from debt investments compared to the tax on capital gains from equity investments.
Given the higher personal tax rate on interest payments, investors would have a preference for equity over debt. This preference arises from the desire to minimize the tax burden and maximize after-tax returns. By choosing equity investments, investors can benefit from the lower personal tax rate on capital gains, which leads to a more favorable tax treatment and potentially higher after-tax returns.
Therefore, based on the provided tax rates, equity is preferred to debt by investors seeking to optimize their after-tax returns.
Learn more about tax here:
https://brainly.com/question/31518227
#SPJ11
.The law of demand for financial capital states that as interest rates increase, the quantity demanded for financial capital like loans or credit cards will:
A- increase
B -decrease
C - remain unchanged
D - shift
The law of demand for financial capital states that as interest rates increase, the quantity demanded for financial capital like loans or credit cards will decrease.
The correct option is (B).
According to the law of demand, there is an inverse relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity demanded. In the case of financial capital, the price is represented by interest rates. When interest rates increase, the cost of borrowing money becomes higher, leading to a decrease in the quantity demanded for financial capital such as loans or credit cards. This is because individuals and businesses are less willing to borrow money at higher interest rates, which reduces their demand for financial capital.
Therefore, the correct answer is (B) decrease.
Learn more about the law of demand:
https://brainly.com/question/31803226
#SPJ11
The following events took place for Digital Vibe Manufacturing Company during January, the first month of its operations as a producer of digital video monitors: a. Purchased $168,500 of materials. b. Used $149,250 of direct materials in production. c. Incurred $360,000 of direct labor wages. d. Incurred $120,000 of factory overhead. e. Transferred $600,000 of work in process to finished goods. . Sold goods for $875,000. g. Sold goods with a cost of $525,000. h. Incurred $125,000 of selling expense. i. Incurred $80,000 of administrative expense. Using the information given, complete the following: a. Prepare the January income statement for Digital Vibe Manufacturing Company. Digital Vibe Manufacturing Company Income Statement For the Month Ended January 31 Operating expenses: Total operating expenses Feedback a. Use "1, g, h, and i" in preparing the income statement. b. Determine the Materials Inventory, Work in Process Inventory, and Finished Goods Inventory balances at the end of the first month of operations.
The balances at the end of the first month are: Materials Inventory : $19,250 , Work in Process Inventory: $100,750 , Finished Goods Inventory: $75,000
a. Prepare the January income statement for Digital Vibe Manufacturing Company.
Digital Vibe Manufacturing Company
Income Statement
For the Month Ended January 31
Sales Revenue: $875,000
Cost of Goods Sold:Beginning Inventory (0)
Plus: Purchased Materials ($168,500)
Less: Materials Used in Production ($149,250)
Direct Labor ($360,000)
Factory Overhead ($120,000)
Total Cost of Goods Sold
Gross Profit :
Operating Expenses:
Selling Expense ($125,000)
Administrative Expense ($80,000)
Total Operating Expenses
Net Income
Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:
Cost of Goods Sold = Purchased Materials - Materials Used in Production + Direct Labor + Factory Overhead
= $168,500 - $149,250 + $360,000 + $120,000
= $499,250
Calculation of Gross Profit:
Gross Profit = Sales Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold
= $875,000 - $499,250
= $375,750
Operating expenses are given as: Selling Expense ($125,000) and Administrative Expense ($80,000).
b. Determine the Materials Inventory, Work in Process Inventory, and Finished Goods Inventory balances at the end of the first month of operations.
Materials Inventory:
Beginning Inventory: $0 (not given)
Plus: Purchased Materials ($168,500)
Less: Materials Used in Production ($149,250)
Ending Materials Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchased Materials - Materials Used in Production
= $0 + $168,500 - $149,250
= $19,250
Work in Process Inventory:
Beginning Inventory: $0 (not given)
Plus: Transferred to Finished Goods ($600,000)
Less: Cost of Goods Sold ($499,250)
Ending Work in Process Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Transferred to Finished Goods - Cost of Goods Sold
= $0 + $600,000 - $499,250
= $100,750
Finished Goods Inventory:
Beginning Inventory: $0 (not given)
Plus: Transferred from Work in Process ($600,000)
Less: Goods Sold ($525,000)
Ending Finished Goods Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Transferred from Work in Process - Goods Sold
= $0 + $600,000 - $525,000
= $75,000
Therefore, the balances at the end of the first month are:
Materials Inventory: $19,250
Work in Process Inventory: $100,750
Finished Goods Inventory: $75,000
Learn more about material inventory :
brainly.com/question/21323235
#SPJ11
A US company knows it will have to pay 3 million euros in three months. Assume that the current exchange rate is 1.35 dollars per euro. Discuss how forward and options contracts can be used by the company to hedge its exposure.
To hedge its exposure to currency fluctuations, the US company can utilize forward and options contracts. Here's how each of these financial instruments can be used:
1. Forward Contracts:
A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date. In this case, the US company can enter into a forward contract to purchase euros at a predetermined exchange rate for delivery in three months.
If the US company expects the euro to appreciate against the dollar over the next three months, it can lock in a favorable exchange rate by entering into a forward contract to buy euros. This way, regardless of the actual exchange rate at the time of payment, the company will be able to acquire the euros at the agreed-upon rate, thereby eliminating the risk of currency fluctuations.
2. Options Contracts:
Options contracts provide the holder with the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price (strike price) within a specified period. The two commonly used types of options contracts for hedging currency exposure are:
- Call Options: The US company can purchase call options on euros, which would give it the right to buy euros at a predetermined strike price within the specified time frame. If the euro appreciates, the company can exercise the call options and buy euros at the predetermined price, thereby protecting itself from the higher exchange rate.
- Put Options: Alternatively, the US company can purchase put options on euros, which would give it the right to sell euros at a predetermined strike price within the specified time frame. If the euro depreciates, the company can exercise the put options and sell euros at the predetermined price, thereby safeguarding against the lower exchange rate.
Both forward and options contracts provide the US company with a means to hedge its exposure to currency fluctuations. The choice between using a forward contract or options contract depends on the company's specific risk management strategy, market expectations, and willingness to pay for the flexibility provided by options contracts.
Learn more about Forward Contracts here:
https://brainly.com/question/30021571
#SPJ11
In The Leadership Challenge the authors suggest that "leadership is a relationship." What do they mean by that? How strong are you at building relationships? What might be some ways you could improve your leadership by transforming your relationships with others?
What are the 10 commitment of leadership as described in The Leadership Challenge? Give yourself a rating 1-10 on each of the 10. Looking at the commitment that received your lowest rating, discuss how you might improve that commitment going forward.
Without taking the Strength-Based Leadership assessment, guess what some of your strengths might be. How often do you believe you use your strengths at work? How engaged do you believe you are at work? Does this relate to your use of strengths?
In "The Leadership Challenge," the authors emphasize that leadership is a relationship, emphasizing the importance of building connections with others. Improving leadership involves transforming relationships.
According to "The Leadership Challenge," leadership is seen as a relationship because effective leaders understand the significance of building connections, trust, and collaboration with others. They recognize that leadership is not solely about position or authority, but about establishing meaningful relationships that inspire and motivate others. Improving leadership requires transforming relationships by actively listening, valuing diverse perspectives, providing support, and fostering a positive work environment.
The book outlines the 10 commitments of leadership, which include challenging the process, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, modeling the way, and encouraging the heart, among others. By rating oneself on each commitment, areas for improvement can be identified. For the commitment that received the lowest rating, it is important to reflect on specific actions and behaviors that can be enhanced. This may involve seeking feedback, developing new skills, or seeking mentorship to improve in that area.
Without a specific strength-based leadership assessment, it is challenging to pinpoint individual strengths accurately. However, considering personal experiences and strengths commonly found in individuals, some strengths might include problem-solving, communication, empathy, adaptability, or creativity.
Learn more about Leadership here:
https://brainly.com/question/32786250
#SPJ11
