The answer is 0.72g of agarose gel.
Agarose gels are prepared using a w/v percentage solution.
Materials required to prepare gel solution and perform electrophoresis are :
1. An electrophoresis chamber and power supply.
2. Gel casting trays, are available in various sizes and are composed of UV-transparent plastic.
3. Sample combs, where molten agarose is poured to form sample wells in the gel.
4. Electrophoresis buffer, usually Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) or Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE).
5. Loading buffer, which contains something dense (e.g. glycerol) to allow the sample to "fall" into the sample wells, and one or two tracking dyes, which migrate in the gel and allow visual monitoring or how far the electrophoresis has proceeded.
6. Ethidium bromide, a fluorescent dye used for staining nucleic acids.
7. Transilluminator (an ultraviolet light box) is used to visualize ethidium bromide-stained DNA in gels.
- 0.72 g of agarose
- 60 ml of electrophoresis buffer with a pH at 9.2
1.2 x 60 / 100 = 0.72
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TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT
a. flagellin
b. lipopolysaccharide
c. peptidoglycan
d. cytokines
Answer: d
Explanation:
At which of the following times in the respiratorycycle is the intrapleural pressure most negative?A.just after the beginning of inhalation (inspiration)B.just before the end of inhalationC.just after the beginning of exhalation (expiration)D.just before the end of exhalationE.any of the above, since the intrapleural pressure isconstant during the normal respiratory cycle
The intrapleural pressure is most negative just before the end of exhalation.
The pressure inside the pleural cavity is referred to as intrapleural pressure in physiology. When the pressure inside the pleural cavity is normally just a little bit lower than the surrounding pressure, it is classified as negative pressure.
When the pleural cavity is torn or ruptured and the intrapleural pressure increases above the surrounding pressure, pneumothorax may ensue.
Different from intrathoracic pressure is intrapleural pressure. The pleural space only encompasses the region between the parietal and visceral pleura around the lungs, whereas the thoracic cavity also contains the lungs, heart, and pleura.
The ventilation stage, ambient pressure, and the size of the intrapleural cavity all influence intrapleural pressure.
There is a negative intrapleural pressure when at rest. The lungs enlarge as a result of the transpulmonary pressure this produces.
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the volume of blood ejected from the heart during one beat is known as ________.
Answer:
stroke volume
Explanation:
Why can't yeasts produce ATP anaerobically indefinitely?
Yeasts can't produce ATP anaerobically indefinitely because at higher levels ethanol is a toxic waste product and causes cell disruption of yeasts.
What are yeasts?
Yeast, one of about 1,500 species of unicellular fungi, most of which belong to the phylum Ascomycota and a few to the phylum Basidiomycota. Yeast fungi are found on soils and plant surfaces worldwide and are especially common in sugar-rich media such as floral nectar and fruits.There are hundreds of economically important Ascomycota yeast cultivars. Species commonly used in the production of bread, beer and wine are selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several yeasts are dangerous pathogens of humans and other animals, most notably Candida albicans, Histoplasma, and Blastomyces.
Therefore, Yeasts can't produce ATP anaerobically indefinitely because at higher levels ethanol is a toxic waste product and causes cell disruption of yeasts.
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Which of the below animals is the least related to the others, evolutionarily?A.LobsterB.Parasitic nematode wormC.SnailD.BeetleE.Centipede
Snail is the least related to the others, evolutionarily comparing to the following animals.
It is believed that the first land snail evolved around 350 million years ago, when plants required extremely wet conditions. snail is a mollusk type of animal. Survival on land meant a period of unfavorable conditions, with climatic changes affecting the snail's body, which is still mostly water. There is evidence of primitive gastropods dating back to the late Cambrian period; all land snails have made numerous adaptations to survive. Their main adaptation is the transition from aquatic to terrestrial (or land) organisms. They accomplished this by losing their gills and developing air-breathing lungs.
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Which of the following statements about meiosis and mitosis is true?
a) In meiosis II and mitosis, a diploid cell divides.
b) Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that sister chromatids of each chromosome separate.
c) In mitosis and meiosis I, homologous chromosomes move independently of each other.
d) Each daughter cell produced during meiosis and mitosis is genetically identical to the parent cell.
Sister chromatids of each chromosome separate during meiosis II, which is identical to mitosis in this regard.
The ideal answer is B.
Which of the following statements concerning meiosis and mitosis is true?What is the correct way to describe meiosis and mitosis? While the byproducts of mitosis are all the same, those of meiosis can vary from one another (except for rare mutations).
How do meiosis and mitosis differ from one another?Meiosis creates cells that are genetically distinct from the parent and have half the amount of DNA as mitosis, which creates two genetically identical "daughter" cells from a single "parent" cell. The majority of cells in the body constantly undergo mitosis, while some do it more frequently than others.
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A student is studying the effect of testosterone in a specific signal transduction pathway. The student is using a special cell line that only contains testosterone receptors. Unfortunately, the student made an error when culturing the cells and all of the cells died! Thankfully a fellow classmate offered for the student to use their cell line. It is not the same cell line and does not contain the receptors that the student was studying. The student, however, points out that this is fine because there are other receptors that testosterone can bind to. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?
If the cell line does not contain the androgen receptors for testosterone this hormone (and related hormones neither) cannot bind to the target cell because the cell doesn't have receptors to bind for such hormone.
What is a hormone cell receptor?A hormone cell receptor is a structure in the cell that binds to hormone ligands depending on the specificity degree of this binding such as occurs in the case of androgen receptors and testosterone.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that hormone cell receptors are highly specific to bind hormone ligands.
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dissociative identity disorder mainly involves
Problems with memory, identity, emotion, perception, behavior, and sense of self are symptoms of dissociative disorders.
What is dissociative identity disorder?Dissociative disorders are mental illnesses that are distinguished by a lack of connection and continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, activities, and identity. Dissociative disorders cause people to abandon reality involuntarily and in hazardous ways, making daily functioning challenging.
Dissociative disorders typically arise in response to trauma and aid in the suppression of painful memories. Symptoms vary depending on the sort of dissociation disorder you have and can range from amnesia to other identities. Stressful situations might momentarily exacerbate symptoms, making them more noticeable.
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most animals have a ________. responses exoskeleton exoskeleton endoskeleton endoskeleton cartilaginous skeleton
one of the three forms of skeletons: endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and skeletons without hard parts.
Do fish with cartilage have skeletons?As their name suggests, cartilaginous fish have a structure made of cartilage, making them the oldest jawed vertebrates still alive.
Among them are chimeras, skates (elasmobranchii), rays, sharks, and rays (holocephali).
What are bony and cartilaginous?Bony fish have skeletons primarily made of bone, whereas cartilaginous fish have skeletons primarily made of cartilage.Additionally, these two types of fish are categorized in different taxonomic groups: cartilaginous fish are included in the class Chondrichthyes, whereas all bony fish are included in the superclass Osteichthyes.
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which of the following events in translation is the first to occur in eukaryotes? question 1 options: base pairing of activated methionine-trna to aug of the messenger rna binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits elongation of the polypeptide the small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mrna
First steps of the eukaryotes translation is base pairing of activated methionine-trna to aug of the messenger rna binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits.
Aminoacylation of tRNA is the First Step in Translation. It's additionally called tRNA activation or charge. In the presence of ATP, amino acids are activated and linked to a selected tRNA.
In each prokaryotes and eukaryotes step one of the initiation level is the binding of a selected initiator methionyl tRNA and the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit. The big ribosomal subunit then joins the complex, forming a practical ribosome on which elongation of the polypeptide chain proceeds.
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a researcher is studying a rodent species with a lot of variability in tail length. individuals may have short tails, medium tails, or long tails. the researcher has noticed that a new invasive predator, which catches prey by their tails as they try to escape, seems to catch individuals with long tails more often than those with short tails. based on a small field trial, the relative fitness of long-tailed individuals seems to be 0.6 compared to short-tailed ones (1.0), with medium tails in-between (0.8). use the examples tab to predict the outcome after selection for the rodent in regions with the invasive predator. what describes the population after 100 generations of selection? choose all that apply
Individuals with short tails are the most prevalent phenotype.
There is no longer a long-tailed phenotype.This serves as an illustration of directed selection.In this case, stabilizing selection was used.What is Phenotype?
The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as height, eye color, and blood type. Both a person's genetic make-up (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.Phenotypes include things like height, wing length, and hair color. In addition to measurable traits that may be observed and tested in a lab, phenotypes also include blood cell or hormone levels.Phenotypes include things like height, wing length, and hair color. In addition to measurable traits that may be observed and tested in a lab, phenotypes also include blood cell or hormone levels.What is selection?
The environment will change, even if a parent was well acclimated to it, leaving the offspring poorly adapted to it. Only the finest and fittest creatures can reproduce since there are many species and little resources. Natural selection, which is conceived of as the environment and forces acting to prevent organisms from surviving and reproducing, operates against all living things. As a result, living things have the ability to pass on their DNA to the next generation. These DNA sequences are "selected" for by this.Hence Individuals with short tails are the most prevalent phenotype.
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those with lower levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in aggression whereas those with higher levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in aggression.
Those with lower testosterone levels are more likely to act aggressively, whereas those with higher testosterone levels are less likely to do so Because natural fluctuations in testosterone levels lead to a rise or fall in aggression.
Receptors that bind to hormones produced by the endocrine system, particularly steroid hormones produced by the gonads, are abundant in many vertebrate brain structures involved in the control of aggression. A male's aggressiveness is clearly linked to his circulating levels of androgens like testosterone, a hormone made in the testicles, in a wide variety of vertebrate species.
From fish to vertebrates, aggression levels rise and fall with regular changes in testosterone levels. There is evidence that people who exhibit aggressive behavior, such as prisoners who have committed violent crimes, have higher testosterone levels.
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Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. During periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways: glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen system. Figure 1 shows the rates at which the three metabolic pathways produce ATP following the start of an intense period of exercise.
Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term source of ATP for muscle cells?
ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period.
ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period.
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular energy source for usage and storage. An adenine-based nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three serially bound phosphate groups make up the nucleoside triphosphate structure of ATP. When macromolecules like proteins and lipids are moved into and out of the cell, ATP is an essential component of the process. Active transport mechanisms are able to move these molecules over a concentration gradient because the hydrolysis of ATP supplies the energy needed. The source of energy in a cell is ATP. Cells are able to safely store energy in tiny packets and only release it when absolutely necessary. In other words, ATP bridges the gap between activities that need energy, like synthesis and those that release energy, like the breakdown of food.
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gluconeogenesis is the conversion of pyruvate to glucose. several cofactors are needed in this metabolic pathway. the overall unbalanced reaction is shown.
The complete equation to produce 1 glucose equivalent:
2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 4ATP + 2GTP ⇒ 1 glucose + 2NAD⁺ + 4ADP + 2PDB + 6P
Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing or making glucose from non-carbohydrate compounds in the body. This process occurs when glucose levels are not available, so the body converts amino acids or glycerol into glucose to then be used as energy for the body.
Glucose will be made from other non-carbohydrate compounds and molecules, such as:
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describe one homeostatic imbalance of the peripheral nervous system.
Because it is made in the brain, thrombin affects both pathology and physiology by changing the homeostatic behavior.
What impact does homeostasis have on the peripheral nervous system?Because it interprets alterations in the environment and enables the brain to communicate with the body to induce it to take action via motor neurons, the peripheral nervous system aids in the maintenance of homeostasis.
An illustration of a homeostatic imbalance is what?Because of homeostatic imbalance, aging is a common example of a disease. An organism's internal environment becomes unstable as it ages due to weaker feedback loops. Age-related physical changes are brought on by this absence of homeostasis, which also raises the risk of sickness.
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Drag the resting membrane determinants to their appropriate locations in the figure. Answers may be used once, or not at all.
Drag the appropriate labels to their targets. Note that pink labels should go in pink targets, blue labels should go in blue targets, and green labels should go in green targets.
The resting membrane capacity is determined mainly by using two factors: the variations in ion concentration of the intracellular and extracellular fluids and. the relative permeabilities of the plasma membrane to one-of-a-kind ion species.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is set at -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outdoor. At relaxation, there are distinctly more sodium ions outdoor the neuron and extra potassium ions internal to that neuron.
The resting membrane ability of a neuron average -70mV (millivolts). All neural activities start with an alternative within the resting membrane capability of a neuron.
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Select the amino acids that will be produced by the DNA template strand sequence:
3′ TAC GTG TCA TTT ATT 5′
Select FIVE amino acids by clicking on the codon chart. Selected answers appear shaded
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The amino acids that will be produced by the DNA template strand sequence:3′ TAC GTG TCA TTT ATT 5′ are tyrosine-valine-serine-phenylalanine-isoleucine.
What is a codon or triplet of nucleotides?A codon or triplet of nucleotides is a specific three consecutive nucleotide chain in the DNA chain that will be used to add an amino acid according to the genetic code.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a codon or triplet of nucleotides is used by the genetic code in order to specify an amino acid.
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If a specimen is found to have large quantities of bilirubin, then it should be stored away from ________, which causes the breakdown of bilirubin, until further testing.
If a specimen is found to have large quantities of bilirubin, then it should be stored away from Light, which causes the breakdown of bilirubin, until further testing.
How do you keep bilirubin in the sample from degrading?
Because bilirubin oxidizes slowly when exposed to light, specimens obtained for bilirubin levels should be kept away from light. In addition, freezing alters bilirubin levels in plasma samples. A visible yellow coloration of the plasma can indicate elevated total bilirubin.
The best way to handle bilirubin is to Analyze it within two hours or shield it from light with foil or an amber tube. Keep refrigerated. Samples are stable for 8 hours at room temperature, 1 week at 2-8 degrees C, and 3 months at -20 degrees C when protected from light.
Therefore, Light causes the breakdown of bilirubin.
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Genes contain the keys for constructing
Genes contain the keys for constructing proteins. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What are genes?A gene is the fundamental structural and operational component of hereditary material. DNA is the material that forms genes. Some genes' only purpose is to provide instructions for making larger molecules known as proteins. However, many genes do not have the coding necessary to produce proteins. Genes in humans may be as little as a few hundred DNA bases or as large as more than 2 million DNA bases.
The process by which a gene is translated into a protein is intricate and meticulously regulated inside each cell. The process may be broken down into its two primary components: transcription and translation.
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Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. The male complains of __________ and the female complains of __________.
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease, the male complains of swollen testicles and the female complains of yellowish vaginal discharge.
What is a sexually transmitted disease?Gonorrhea in males can result in a painful infection in the testicles and prostate gland, which in a small percentage of instances may impair fertility.
In a small percentage of cases, untreated gonorrhea can spread through the bloodstream and result in life-threatening infections in other body areas (sepsis).
Therefore, for a number of reasons, women in particular are more likely than males to get gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia.
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T/f: the medulla oblongata contains all the ascending and descending tracts that connect the spinal cord and various parts of the brain.
True- The medulla oblongata has many important features and functions.
It is a conduit for many ascending and descending nerve tracts that carry the information between the brain and spinal cord. It holds the organs that control crucial bodily processes including breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
The last section of the brainstem is called the medulla oblongata. It is located underneath the tentorium cerebelli in the posterior cerebral fossa. The pontomedullary junction is formed when the rostral medulla connects superiorly to the pons. Just above the starting point of the first pair of cervical spinal nerves, the caudal medulla extends inferiorly onto the spinal cord. Numerous significant traits and abilities are present in the medulla oblongata.
Many ascending and descending neural networks that transmit information between the brain and spinal cord use it as a conduit.
It holds the organs that control crucial bodily processes including breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
It houses the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerve, which are the four inferiormost cranial nerves (CN XII).
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Match each function with the correct cytoskeletal structure.
A. Motor Proteins
B. Microtubles
C. Intermediate filaments
D. Actin
The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. These structures give the cell its shape and help organize the cell's parts. In addition, they provide a basis for movement and cell division.
What are their functions?Each function with the correct cytoskeletal structure are as follows:
A.)Motor proteins:-Uses ATP to move vesicles within cells. Use ATP to bend filaments.
B.)Microtubles:-Chromosome sorting during mitosis.
C.)Intermediate filaments:-A strong structural protein that maintains cellshape.
D.)Actin:- Structural protein used to move cells. Structural protein used in muscle contraction.
What is ATP?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?
a. The pyrimidine uracil
c. The purine adenine
b. Five-carbon sugars
d. Phosphate groups
Answer:
A
Explanation:
what interaction is involved in the stimulation of a helper t cell?
Answer:
costimulatory reaction between a signaling protein known as B7
The connection between CD4 and the MHC II protein and the engagement of the T cell receptor with processed antigen.
What is the stimulation of a T cell?A CD4 receptor can be found on the surface of helper T-cells. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules and the CD4 receptor interact.
T helper cells are activated by the interaction between T-cell receptors (TCR) and peptide MHC class II molecules (pMHC II),
Which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). such as DCs, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells.
Therefore, CD4 and the MHC II, interaction is involved in the stimulation of a helper t cell.
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How is an element's atomic number like a person's fingerprint?
What amino acid sequence would be produced from the dna sequence tac ccc gca agt?.
According to the genetic code, the amino acid sequence that would be produced from the DNA sequence tac ccc gca agt is Tyrosine - Proline - Alanine - Serine.
What is the genetic code?The genetic code is a universal code encrypted in the DNA nucleotide sequence that specifies the amino acids that will be added to the protein during translation.
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotides called codons that indicate specific amine acids during polypeptide synthesis, for example, the codon gca encodes for the amino acids alanine, while ccc encodes for proline.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the genetic code is a code based on the linear order of nucleotides that are present in a given DNA nucleotide sequence and indicates the amino acids that will be added to the protein during the translation process in the cell.
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Write a short paragraph describing the role of all four types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.?
Explanation:
Fats, also known as triglycerides, stores energy, assists in body insulation, and protects the organ
Which of the following statements accurately describes both pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance? a. Polygenic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait refers to a single gene that affects a single trait. b. Polygenic inheritance refers to the effect of a single gene on a single trait. c. Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits ic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits ic inheritance refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
C.) Pleiotropy refers to a single gene that affects multiple traits. Polygenic inheritance refers to the cumulative effect of two or more genes on a single trait.
What is sea farming?
Answer: Aquaculture (sea farming) is the cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments.
Explanation:
Seawater farming addresses the severe lack of freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for agricultural activities in coastal regions. Saltwater, instead of freshwater, can be used to directly support a wide range of sustainable agricultural activities and enrich the soils in the coastal regions.
Answer: um well its kinda like ----- when animals and plants are controlled environments of farming seaweed and shellfish well it's like water based farming
Explanation: hope it helps
TRUE/FALSE. adna evidence supports speculation that hybridization occurred between modern humans and neanderthals/denisovans.
DNA evidence lends credence to the idea that modern people and Neanderthals have hybridized.
Explain about the DNA?A molecule that can be found inside cells and which contains the genetic material needed for an organism to grow and perform. DNA molecules allow for the transmission of this knowledge from one generation to the next.DNA, commonly referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid, is how humans and nearly all other organisms carry their genetic information. Almost every cell in a person contains their unique DNA.A molecule called DNA contains the biological code that gives each species its distinctiveness. During reproduction, mature organisms pass on their DNA and the instructions it contains to their offspring.The linear molecule is composed of four different types of smaller chemical molecules known as nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanineTo learn more about DNA refer to:
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