in a study of classical conditioning, a. j. repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into his eye. blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

The mirror neuron activity is the reason people often yawn when they observe others yawning. Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning. Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to mirror neuron activity.

The function of mirror neurons is to enable people to understand the experiences of others. They fire up in the brain when people see or hear someone else doing something or experiencing an emotion, and they become stimulated in a comparable manner as if they were the ones doing the activity or experiencing the emotion.

Mirror neurons are neurons that fire when a person acts or when a person observes another person performing a particular action. These neurons, which are located in the brain's premotor cortex, aid in the formation of an individual's understanding of the actions of others.

Mirror neurons were discovered by an Italian neuroscientist named Giacomo Rizzolatti and his team. They did a study in the early 1990s, in which they were examining the brains of macaque monkeys.

They discovered that when a monkey was picking up a peanut, some of the same neurons in the monkey's brain fired as though it were the monkey's hand that was performing the activity.

This is why when we observe another person yawning, mirror neurons become stimulated in our brain, causing us to mimic the behavior without conscious reflection. Therefore, mirror neuron activity is the reason people often yawn when they observe others yawning.

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Mrs Grundy believes that boarding schools provide the best education because after attending such a school, she found herself well-prepared for college. The fallacy in her thinking is the "hasty generalization".

What is a Hasty generalization?

A hasty generalization is a fallacy in which a conclusion is reached based on insufficient or incomplete information. They are based on anecdotal or isolated evidence. It's also called an insufficient sample, a faulty generalization, a biased generalization, or jumping to a conclusion.

There is a lack of evidence to back up Mrs Grundy's assertion since her own experience is just one out of many possible experiences at a boarding school. Another reason that shows her argument is a fallacy is that her experience might not be universal. She is merely assuming that everyone will have a similar experience in a boarding school, which is not necessarily the case.

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Societies decide who should get the goods they produce by B. considering which citizens should get their wants fulfilled.

Societies decide who should get the goods they produce by ensuring that all citizens have their most important needs met. This can be achieved through various means, such as providing basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare to all citizens, implementing social safety net programs to assist those in need, and ensuring that wealth and resources are distributed fairly across society.

The goal is to ensure that all members of society have access to the goods and services they need to live fulfilling and productive lives, rather than prioritizing the wants of a select few.

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The full employment level of GDP has various aspects such as cyclical unemployment, full employment, etc.

a. Yes, this economy has cyclical unemployment.

b. The minimum decrease of $2,500 in taxes will lead to an increase of $2,000 in GDP, which is enough to reach full employment.

c. The increase of $2,500 in government spending will lead to an increase of $2,000 in GDP, which is enough to reach full employment.

d. No, the answers to questions b and c are not numerically identical.

e. Yes, an equal increase in government spending and taxes could be used to reach full employment GDP.

Explanation:

a. Cyclical unemployment occurs when the level of GDP is lower than the full employment level, as it is in this case.

The full employment level of GDP is $10,000 and the current level of GDP is $8,000, meaning that the economy has a shortfall of $2,000. This results in a shortage of demand for labor, leading to a rise in cyclical unemployment.

b. The minimum decrease in taxes necessary to reach full employment GDP is $2,500. This is because the MPC is 0.8, meaning that a decrease in taxes of $1 will lead to an increase in GDP of $0.80.

c. The minimum increase in government spending necessary to reach full employment GDP is $2,500. This is because the MPC is 0.8, meaning that an increase in government spending of $1 will lead to an increase in GDP of $0.80.

d. This is because the magnitude of the decrease in taxes and the increase in government spending needed to reach full employment will depend on the level of the MPC.

In this case, the MPC is 0.8, so the minimum decrease in taxes and the minimum increase in government spending needed to reach full employment are both $2,500.

e. The amount of the increase would need to be $2,500, as this is the amount needed to offset the current GDP shortfall of $2,000.

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a. Based on a number of variables, including their financial situation, lifestyle, and potential dangers, people choose the type of insurance they require. To protect their finances in the event of an accident, someone who owns a car, for instance.

b. Health insurance is an essential type of insurance that offers a number of advantages. Healthcare expenses can be high, and without insurance, some people would not be able to pay for required medical care. Prescription medicines, hospital stays, and other medical costs may be covered by health insurance. Additionally, certain health insurance plans could provide preventative healthcare services like vaccinations and wellness checks, which can promote wellbeing and identify health risks early.

c. Property insurance with specialized coverage for particular costs may not always be required. For instance, having flood insurance is often only necessary for those who reside in flood-prone areas. Depending on the precise coverage required, the price for specialized types of property insurance might vary greatly. Protection against losses that might not be covered by regular insurance policies is one of the benefits of having specific types of property insurance.

d. The decision to insure a particular object with property insurance will be based on a variety of considerations, including the item's monetary value, sentimental value, and the dangers involved in having it. It might be worthwhile to insure the item if it is precious and difficult to replace. In contrast, it might not be essential to insure a replacement or insignificantly valuable item.

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OFB (Output Feedback) mode encryption is a method of encryption that requires an initialization vector (IV) that is different for each execution of the encryption operation. If the IV is not different for each execution of the encryption operation, the OFB mode can be attacked. An attacker can decrypt the plaintext without knowing the key in this case.

The OFB mode encryption method is similar to the CBC mode of encryption. Instead of using the previous ciphertext block as input to the encryption algorithm in OFB mode, it uses the previous ciphertext output as input to the encryption algorithm to produce a keystream.

In OFB mode, the same keystream is generated for each plaintext block. The keystream is generated by encrypting the initialization vector with the encryption algorithm. The ciphertext is then XORed with the keystream to produce the plaintext.

OFB mode can be attacked if the IV is not different for each execution of the encryption operation. An attacker can encrypt the plaintext with the same key and IV, and then XOR the ciphertext with the ciphertext of the message they want to decrypt.

As a result, the keystream generated will be the same, and they will be able to recover the plaintext without knowing the key.Thus, the IV must be unique for each execution of the encryption operation to avoid such attacks.

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All of the following are social-cognitive critiques of the trait approach to personality EXCEPT that there are not enough traits to describe the many ways in which people behave. Hence, option A is correct.

The social-cognitive theory is frequently criticized for not being a comprehensive theory. This suggests that the many components of the theory could not be related. For instance, according to the social-cognitive perspective, researchers have not yet discovered a relationship between observational learning and self-efficacy.

According to the social cognitive theory, which is applied to psychology, education, and communication, a person's knowledge acquisition might be in part directly tied to how they see other people in the setting of social experiences, and outside media influences.

Human behavior is described by social cognitive theory as a triadic, dynamic, and reciprocal interaction of individual characteristics, behavior, and environment. This idea states that each of these three variables independently determines an individual's behavior.

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You are aware that convergence is the process of a strong wind merging with a weak breeze. A divergence of air happens as height contours separate, second. Stronger winds converge into lesser winds, replenishing the mass lost due to the divergence in the turbulent flow.

As in the case of the plum and apricot genes in the plucot, convergence is when two or more things combine to produce a new whole. Convergence is derived from the word con-, which indicates jointly, and the verb verge, which means to turn in that direction.

Convergence can refer to something that is coming together, like the gradual convergence of your opinions with those of your mother, or it can refer to something that has already come together, like the intersection of two roads, or it can refer to something that already exists where two things overlap, like the convergence of your aunt's eccentric wardrobe with avant-garde fashion.

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Latent learning is knowledge that does not become apparent until it is required. The best choice is b.

Latent learning: What is it?

The subconscious retention of knowledge without reinforcement or incentive is known as latent learning. Latent learning occurs when memory of the knowledge is not yet fully formed, and behaviour changes only when there is adequate incentive.

When something can influence future behaviour without being directly experienced, it is said to have latent learning. Several things can be learned through observation.

Even when no one is praising them for doing that behaviour, a human sees it and then repeats it at a later time.

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The first step in problem-solving and critical thinking is to identify the problem.

A ubiquitous part of most activities, problem-solving is the process of getting past obstacles in order to accomplish a goal. There are many different types of difficulties that need to be resolved, from simple daily tasks to complex issues in the commercial and technical realms.

Critical thinking is the process of examining the available data—facts, evidence, observation, and arguments—in order to reach a conclusion. There are many multiple definitions for what it means to study or assess factual material in a fair, rational, and objective manner, and the subject is challenging.

Distinctly determining the source of a problem. Creating a thorough problem statement that describes how the issue affects the health of a population. These are some of the steps to identify a problem.

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The final answer are acquisition of fear of snakes that is exhibited by Davon after watching his father recoil from a snake in fear is an example of stimulus generalization. Stimulus generalization is the process by which stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.

When an organism generalizes a learned response to a new stimulus that is similar to the original, it is known as stimulus generalization. For example, a rat that has been taught to fear a particular tone might also fear other, somewhat different tones.

In this case, Davon witnessed his father's fear of a snake and generalizes his father's fear of snakes to all snakes as a result of the similar characteristics they share. When a person acquires a phobia of an object or situation, it's often as a result of stimulus generalization.

When a person with arachnophobia encounters a spider, for example, their fear response is triggered. The fear response is then generalized to any object or situation that resembles a spider in some way. This may occur when the person comes into contact with cobwebs, for example.

The correct option is stimulus generalization.

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Yes, according to the levels-of-processing approach, the intention to learn is necessary to produce good memory.

The level of processing  states that memory is affected by how deeply and thoroughly the material is processed. If an individual is motivated to learn, they are likely to pay more attention, think more critically, and understand the material more deeply.

The level of processing theory suggests that memory recall is influenced by the type of encoding processes used during encoding. In this theory, the memory trace is the result of the depth of processing. This deeper level of processing is more likely to result in better memory.

Good memory is also the result of rehearsing and repeating the material to help retain the information.

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The tolerance range of an organism refers to the range of environmental conditions in which it can survive and reproduce.

These environmental conditions can include factors such as temperature, moisture, pH, light, nutrients, and other physical and chemical variables.

Each organism has its unique tolerance range, which can vary depending on factors such as genetic makeup, developmental stage, and past environmental experiences. Some organisms have very narrow tolerance ranges and can only survive in very specific environmental conditions, while others have broad tolerance ranges and can survive in a wide variety of conditions.

The tolerance range of an organism refers to the range of environmental conditions in which it can survive and reproduce.

Understanding an organism's tolerance range is important for predicting how it will respond to changes in its environment, such as those caused by climate change, pollution, or habitat destruction. By studying an organism's tolerance range, scientists can gain insights into how it might adapt to changing environmental conditions or how it might be affected by human activities.

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Tessie Mobley is most closely aligned with the theory and practice of volunteerism among the three options given. Option A is the correct  answer.

Volunteerism is the practice of individuals freely offering their time, skills, and energy to a cause or organization without expectation of financial compensation. Among the three individuals mentioned, Tessie Mobley is most closely associated with volunteerism. Mobley was a social activist and community organizer who dedicated her life to volunteer work, particularly in advocating for the rights of African American women and children in the United States. She was a key figure in the civil rights movement and worked tirelessly to improve the lives of those in her community.

Paul Robeson was a renowned singer, actor, and political activist who fought against racism and injustice throughout his career. While he was known for his activism, he was not primarily associated with volunteerism. Herbert Hoover was a politician who served as President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Although he supported volunteerism as a way to address social issues, he is more closely associated with economic policies and responses to the Great Depression.

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Answer:

E, F, and G

Explanation:

Legislative Branch approved

The given statement “The difference between theory and philosophy is that theory provides a belief system about how the world works while philosophy is based on principles used to explain behavior” is true.

Theory is a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. It is an attempt to give meaning to facts and observations. The theory provides a belief system about how the world works. Theories are commonly used in scientific and academic contexts and are based on systematic observations and empirical data.

Philosophy is the study of basic ideas about knowledge, reality, and existence. It is based on principles used to explain behavior. It is a way of understanding the world and the human experience. Philosophers use logic, argumentation, and analysis to explore a wide range of questions about life, existence, and the nature of reality.

Hence the given statement is true.

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The concept of face refers to the projected image of one's self in a relational situation. Face is a fundamental aspect of social interaction, particularly in cultures that emphasize social harmony and collective values. Hence option c. is correct.

The projected image of one's self in a relational situation refers to the concept of face. A public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself or herself is another option.

People seek to present themselves in a favourable light in social settings, and this image is created by how people react to them. This favourable image, or face, can be lost, given, and fought for by individuals.

Face is an important aspect of social life in many cultures, particularly those that emphasize social harmony and collective values. Hence option c. is correct.

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Based on the concrete of classical conditioning and the situation described the right description is that there is a Conditioned Response: To allow other drivers to merge ahead of her.

Conditioned Response is a term that is used to describe the behavior that does not come naturally but must be learned by the individual by pairing a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus.

Generally, conditions response comes from previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulus normally yielding the response.

Therefore, in this case, Beth allowing drivers to merge ahead of her whenever there is an opportunity to do so is a conditioned response, which was raised from her previous experience of a driver that smiled and waved at her in the past for allowing him to pass.

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is a Conditioned Response: To allow other drivers to merge ahead of her.

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An increase in the rate of inflation, an increase in the frequency with which workers are paid, and an increase in the availability of interest-bearing checking accounts will cause an increase in the velocity of money.

The velocity of money is defined as the number of times a unit of money is used to purchase goods and services in a given period. It is calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to the money supply. According to the quantity theory of money, velocity is proportional to the ratio of nominal GDP to the money supply. The velocity of money tends to increase when people have lower money balances and tends to decrease when people have higher money balances. This is because as people have less money, they tend to spend more of it in order to meet their basic needs.

The following factors can increase the velocity of money:

An increase in the rate of inflation: Inflation erodes the value of money over time. As a result, people are motivated to spend their money more quickly in order to avoid losses due to inflation. This increased spending leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

A long period of low inflation: A long period of low inflation can create an environment in which people feel more secure about their financial situation. This increased sense of security can lead people to spend more freely, which leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

An increase in the frequency with which workers are paid: When workers are paid more frequently, they tend to spend more of their money. This increased spending leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

An increase in the availability of interest-bearing checking accounts: When interest-bearing checking accounts are available, people are more likely to deposit their money in them. This increased availability of interest-bearing checking accounts leads to an increase in the velocity of money.

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They also complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems, discriminates against developing nations, says that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries, and charges that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people. However, the WTO aims to assist governments in establishing a sustainable trade policy by increasing the transparency of the global trade environment. What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a forum for countries to negotiate trade agreements. The organization promotes free and fair trade, as well as economic growth and development. The WTO is designed to create rules that governments agree to follow to make trade more accessible and predictable.

Moreover, it helps to ensure that countries have a voice in trade negotiations, which increases their ability to participate and prosper in the global economy. The WTO has been the subject of numerous criticisms by several interest groups. Some of the criticisms are based on the belief that the organization is responsible for several of the world's economic problems, while others suggest that the organization is inefficient and ineffective at achieving its objectives.

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Answering questions like Authority, Bias, Relevance, and Audience is an important part of evaluating websites to ensure they are appropriate for research purposes.

This process is known as website evaluation and is crucial for students, researchers, and anyone who wants to use reliable and credible sources in their work.

By evaluating a website's authority, we can determine whether the author or publisher has the necessary qualifications, expertise, or experience to provide accurate and trustworthy information. Evaluating bias helps us identify any potential biases or hidden agendas that may influence the information presented. Relevance evaluation involves determining whether the website provides relevant and up-to-date information on the topic we are researching. Finally, considering the audience helps us understand who the website is intended for, and whether it is suitable for our research purposes.

Overall, evaluating websites using these criteria helps us determine whether a source is appropriate and reliable for use in research, and allows us to make informed decisions about the quality of the information presented. It is a crucial skill for any researcher, and can help us avoid inaccurate or misleading information that can undermine the credibility of our work.

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People from every nation rely on the same petroleum and steel to drive their cars and build their homes. These two products are examples of what type of need?

These two products are examples of universal need. What is petroleum? Petroleum is a viscous, homogenous, and a naturally occurring liquid consisting of complex hydrocarbons and various organic compounds. Petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that are mainly found beneath the earth's surface in sedimentary rocks.What is homogenous?A homogenous mixture is a blend of substances that have been mixed thoroughly and evenly distributed throughout the mixture. It is the same throughout its entire composition; its composition is uniform throughout. It may contain a single phase or multiple phases. Click here for more information about Petroleum.

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The generally accepted belief in the United States that women are more nurturing and better able to care for children is an example of gender stereotypes.

A stereotype is a fixed and preconceived idea that is not based on any evidence or reason. It is widely believed to be true about a person, group of people, or a thing. For example, in American society, gender stereotypes are prevalent. It is widely assumed that women are more emotional and nurturing than men, while men are more aggressive and assertive than women.

These stereotypes limit people's capacity and restricts them from achieving their full potential. In conclusion, the generally accepted belief in the United States that women are more nurturing and better able to care for children is an example of gender stereotypes.

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Because you're not used to seeing her outside of class and are unsure of how to act, this makes for an awkward interaction. Due of audience segmentation, the interaction is awkward.

vandalism in which people interact. -Users who rely on swearing to convey their ideas. -Users who purposefully publish offensive comments to elicit an emotional response.

These are coercion, conflict, cooperation, exchange, and rivalry. Let's take a closer look at these five sorts.

Every person has a unique communication style, which determines how they interact and impart information to others. The four basic communication tenors are passive, aggressive, passive-aggressive, and forceful. Understanding each communication technique and the justifications for its use is crucial.

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"All America is taking its rise out of Mexico," Emerson wrote.

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1. The remark made by an actor to the audience is known as an aside.
2. Avant-garde is a movement that breaks with traditional conventions.
3. A catharsis is the purge of pity and fear resulting from tragedy.
4. A chorus is a group of masked actors who sing, dance, and comment on the moral implications.

Drama terms refer to the specific vocabulary and concepts used in the world of theatre and performance. They include words and phrases that are used to describe the different elements of a play.

Here are some common drama terms:

Act: A major division in a play, similar to a chapter in a book.

Scene: A smaller division within an act, usually defined by a change in time or location.

Dialogue: The conversation between characters in a play.

Monologue: A long speech given by one character to other characters on stage.

Soliloquy: A speech given by a character alone on stage, revealing their inner thoughts and feelings.

Aside: A remark made by a character to the audience that is unheard by other characters on stage.

Characterization: The techniques used by a playwright or actor to create a character, such as dialogue, actions, and costume.

Protagonist: The main character in a play, often involved in a conflict or struggle.

Antagonist: The character or force that opposes the protagonist in a play.

Plot: The sequence of events that make up the story of a play.

Stage directions: Instructions in a play that describe the setting, characters' movements, and other elements of the performance.

Dramatic irony: When the audience knows something that the characters on stage do not.

Tragedy: A play with a serious and often sad ending, typically involving the downfall of the protagonist.

Comedy: A play with a happy ending, typically involving humorous situations and characters.

Set design: The physical space and objects on stage that create the setting for the play.

Catharsis: describes the release of strong emotions, such as pity, fear, or sadness, that the audience experiences when watching a tragic play.

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Eric, a novice salesman, works for a pharmaceutical company. He is heading out on a sales trip. He should ask a small favor before making a big request to succeed in his sales effort. Hence option C. is correct.

Eric, a novice salesman, works for a pharmaceutical company. To succeed in his sales effort, he should ask a small favor before making a big request.

Eric should request small commitments that are much simpler for customers to say yes to before proceeding to more significant commitments.

This approach helps establish trust and commitment from the customers while also aiding in the sale of products.

It is possible that he might offer one-sided messages to present the product in the most favourable light, but such messages are only effective in specific cases where the product is self-explanatory.

Hence option C. He should ask a small favor before making a big request is correct.

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Stephan is "respecting cultural differences" by adapting to the posture and communication style of the expatriate without making fun of them, which creates a comfort zone and welcoming environment.

In today's globalized world, it is common for people from different cultures and backgrounds to work together. Therefore, it is important to respect cultural differences and to create an inclusive work environment. By adopting the expatriate's general posture and communication style, Stephan shows that he values and accepts the expatriate's way of doing things.

This creates a positive work environment that fosters creativity, productivity, and teamwork, while reducing misunderstandings and conflicts that can arise from cultural differences.

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Iago uses a metaphor to emphasize the severity of his intentions in Act II, Scene III of Othello. He states, “I will wear my heart upon my sleeve/For daws to peck at.”

This metaphor suggests that Iago's true feelings and intentions will be plainly visible to all, making them vulnerable to attack.

The metaphor is effective in emphasizing the gravity of his feelings and intentions because it paints a vivid picture of his emotions being exposed to the world, thus making them very real and undeniable.

Additionally, this metaphor alludes to the idea that Iago is no longer able to hide or disguise his intentions, thereby further emphasizing their importance.

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Maps of the Barrow plantation in 1860: In 1860, slaves lived in communal quarters near the owner's house.

Maps of the Barrow plantation 1881: In 1881, former slaves working as sharecroppers lived all over the plantation.

The effects of emancipation on rural life in Georgia were significant and far-reaching. Following the end of slavery, African Americans in Georgia faced new challenges and opportunities as they sought to build new lives and communities in the face of ongoing discrimination and inequality.

The most significant impacts of emancipation was the transformation of Georgia's agricultural economy. With the loss of their enslaved labor force, many white plantation owners struggled to adapt to the new economic realities of the post-emancipation era.

Some turned to sharecropping and tenant farming, in which former slaves and poor whites rented land and worked for a share of the crops. This system often resulted in debt and poverty for tenant farmers, who lacked the resources and bargaining power to secure fair terms from landowners.

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