The history of science is also a history of people resisting new discoveries that conflict with conventional wisdom.
When Galileo promoted Copernicus’ theory that the Earth revolves around the sun – counter to church doctrine about the Earth being the center of the universe – he wound up condemned by the Roman Inquisition in 1633. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution – that new species develop as a result of natural selection on inherited traits – ran into opposition because it contradicted long-held scientific, political and religious beliefs. Alfred Wegener’s 1912 proposal that Earth’s continents move relative to each other – the theory of continental drift – was rejected for decades, in part because scientists held fast to the traditional theories they’d spent careers developing.
These kinds of examples aren’t only historical, unfortunately. We’re used to hearing about how the general public can be dense about science. You might expect some portion of everyday folks to take their time coming around on truly groundbreaking ideas that run counter to what they’ve always thought.
But scientists, too, hold their own personal beliefs – by definition, based on old ways of thinking – that may be holding back the innovation that’s at the heart of science. And that’s a problem. It’s one thing for an average Joe to resist evolving scientific theories. It’s quite another if a scientist’s preconceived notions holds us back from discovering the new and unknown – whether that’s a cure for Zika or a cutting-edge technology to combat climate change.
Personal beliefs as publication roadblocks
Real scientific progress occurs when laboratory or field research is reported to the public. With luck, the finding is accepted and put into practice, cures are developed, social policies are instituted, educational practices are improved and so on.
This usually occurs though publication of the research in scientific journals. There’s an important step between the lab and publication that laypeople may not know about – the evaluation of the research by other scientists. These other scientists are peers of the researcher, typically working in a closely related area. This middle step is commonly referred to as peer review.
In a perfect world, peer review is supposed to determine if the study is solid, based on the quality of the research. It’s meant to be an unbiased evaluation of whether the findings should be reported via journal publication. This important step prevents sloppy research from reaching the public.
However, in the real world, scientists are human beings and are often biased. They let their own beliefs influence their peer reviews. For example, numerous reports indicate that scientists rate research more favorably if the findings agree with their prior beliefs. Worst of all, these prior beliefs often have nothing to do with science but are simply the scientists’ personal views.
‘But that’s counter to what I thought…’
How is this a problem for scientific innovation? Let’s look at how some personal beliefs could prevent innovative science from reaching the public.
Minorities aren’t good at STEM.” The stereotype that “women are not good at math” is commonly held – and also happens to be incorrect. If a scientist holds this personal belief, then he is likely to judge any research done by women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) more negatively – not because of its quality, but because of his own personal belief.
For instance, some studies have shown that female STEM applicants in academia are judged more harshly than their male counterparts. Because of this gender bias, it may take a female STEM researcher more time and effort before her work reaches the public.
Some racial minorities face similar kinds of bias. For example, one study found that black applicants are less likely to receive research funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health than equivalently qualified whites. That’s a major roadblock to these researchers advancing their work.
However, people often believe that comic books are just low-brow entertainment for kids. If a scientist holds this personal belief, then she’s likely to judge any psychology research using comic books more negatively. Because of this, scientists like me who focus on comic books may not be able to publish in the most popular psychology journals. As a result, fewer people will ever see this research.
The history of psychology supplies one example. Behaviorism was psychology’s dominant school of thought for the first part of the 20th century, relying on observed behavior to provide insights. Its devotees rejected new techniques for studying psychology. During behaviorism’s reign, any talk of internal processes of the mind was considered taboo. One of the pioneers of the subsequent cognitive revolution, George A. Miller, said “using ‘cognitive’ was an act of defiance.” Luckily for us, he was defiant and published one of the most highly cited papers in psychology.
The scientific endeavor requires belief. There would be no science if people didn't have faith in the objectivity of other scientists' work.
What is the importance of scientific discoveries?New techniques, new galaxies, new planets, and potentially even the existence of life on them are just a few of the previously unthinkable possibilities that science has made feasible. Further possibility lies in the future.
Scientism is a very odd word, but for reasons we will see, it is an important one. Despite being a relatively new term, it is connected to numerous other “isms” that have a long and violent history.
The moral standing of professors and mentors, the order and understanding of nature, and the compatibility of reason and truth.
Therefore, scientific discovery in today’s world that has been overshadowed by popular belief.
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7. HELP URGENT BEAINLYWhat does most cell division produce?
Answer:
There are two mitosis and meiosis.
PLEASE HELPPP ANSWER NEEDED ASAP
The negative effects of
include flash floods, mudslides, and droughts.
Answer:
Deforestation would be your answer.
hope it helps!
Together the entire process of aerobic respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs
Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain) produces about
Blank molecules of ATP
Answer:
ALL the aerobic respiration produces about 36 ATP molecules.
Explanation:
What is the material that allows plants to capture energy from the sun? How many different types of this material are there? (site 1)
Answer: The molecules of chlorophyll contained in the chloroplasts absorb energy in the form of light from the sun. This is the process called Photosynthesis, by which plants convert energy from the sun. It is the process that allows plants to create organic molecules that they use as fuel.
Explanation:
During the process of photosynthesis, plants capture light energy and use it to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen (released into the air) and glucose (stored in the plant and used as food). The photosynthesis process occurs in all plants and algae, as well as in some bacteria species.
The evolution of new organs usually builds on preexisting structures that are modified in form and sometimes function. The embryos of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have pharyngeal pouches or gill slits. These pouches develop into gills in adult fish and they are used to absorb oxygen from their watery environment. These same pouches become parts of the in_________ humans.
a) eyes and lungs
b) ear and throat
c) eyes and nose
d) lungs and heart
Answer:
lungs and heart
Explanation:
lungs and heart is the answer because human lungs is use for gas exchange during respiration or while you breathe. When humans breathe, the lungs absorb oxygen from the inhaled sir into the blood and carbondioxide leaves the blood when we breathe out. The heart pumps the blood, and oxygenated blood are carried in the blood when air is inhaled and carbondioxide leaves the blood when you exhale. The blood carries nutrients and oxygenated blood. Therefore, lungs and heart work hand in hand in absorbtion of oxygen from it's environment.
Please help!!! Thank you so much
Answer:
biological, mechanical, and chemical
Answer:
1. Biological
2.Mechanical
3.Chemical
Nietzsche believes that aesthetics is not as promising as religion.
true or false
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Believe in me
The belief of Nietzsche that aesthetics is not as promising as religion is definitely true.
What is Aesthetics?Aesthetics may be defined as a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
Religion is significantly a part of life that is different from the aspects of aesthetics, eating items, and thought processes.
Religion is something that deals with the concept of peace, joy, and prosperity among the people of the same or different religions.
Therefore, the belief of Nietzsche that aesthetics is not as promising as religion is definitely true.
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why might the author have capitalized the word "DO"
Answer:
To express a feeling in a sentence. Or, if someone is saying it to bolden the meaning.
Explanation:
What are the first questions you will ask upon arrival at GNMH to begin your investigation?
Answer:
''What is your problem''
''How long you will observe this type of problem in your life''
Explanation:
''What is your problem'' is the first question i will ask when a patient arrived at GNMH in order to fully know the condition of the patient. ''How long you will observe this type of problem in your life'' is the second question I will ask the patient, these two questions are enough for knowing the problem. After these two questions I will give him or her the suitable treatment for the removal of the disease or problem.
The question would be ''What is your problem'', ''How long you will observe this type of problem in your life''.
What do you mean by investigation?An investigation is a thorough inquiry for facts, especially those that are remote or need to be sorted out in a complex situation.
The goal of an investigation is usually to define how or why something happened. Investigations are usually formal and official.
Thus, one can be asked such a question.
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Which of the following medications is created using molecular cloning and recombinant DNA technology?
Insulin(humulin), somatostatin, interleukine, Penicillin etc
Read the article and use it to answer the question that follows.
Sex Linked Inheritance
Why are women often carriers of X-linked traits but rarely affected by them?
Answer:
See the answer below
Explanation:
Women are often carriers of X-linked traits but are rarely affected by the trait because they have two X chromosomes and the two have to carry the X-linked allele in order for them to be phenotypically affected, especially if the trait is a recessive one.
Unlike men that are XY and only require one X-linked allele in order to be affected for X-linked recessive traits, women need two alleles - one on each chromosome - in order to be affected. One of the X chromosomes of a woman usually comes from the woman's father and the other one from her mother. In order to be affected, a woman must inherit an affected chromosome from her father and her mother respectively, thereby reducing the probability of having the trait.
The X chromosome of a man usually comes from his mother. Hence, a man only needs to inherit an affected chromosome from his carrier mother to be affected for the trait, thereby increasing the probability of having the trait when compared to a woman.
This is not the case for X-linked dominant traits where both men and women have an equal chance of being affected.
Women carry two XX chromosomes in their cells. They carry the X chromosome but rarely gets affected by the trait because to be phenotypically affected they should carry X linked disease trait on both the X chromosomes.
Especially in the case when the trait is recessive then they should have two XX chromosomes which are linked to traits.
In the male, they have one X and one Y chromosome so they acquire an X chromosome and gets affected by it.
In male presence of one X chromosome from the carrier mother is enough to pass the trait. While in females to have X linked recessive trait they should have two alleles.
The woman does not get affected as one chromosome comes from the father and the other from the mother so to be affected the woman must acquire genes with traits from both parents.
Therefore, women are often carriers but are rarely affected by them.
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produces hydronium ions
a) acids
b)base
c) both
Answer:
A: Acid
Explanation:
None
Answer: the answer is Acids
Explanation:
An acid is a compound that dissolves in water to make a particular kind of solution, and hydronium ions can be formed when an acid is present in water or simply in pure water
How does the amount and type of fuel impact the distance a spacecraft can travel?
A space ship's momentum will continue to carry it forward indefinitely at a constant speed after the engines are turned off.
What do you mean by momentum?Momentum in a simple way is a quantity of motion. Here quantity is measurable because if an object is moving and has mass, then it has momentum. If an object does not move then it has no momentum.
Momentum, finance, refers to the capacity for a price trend to sustain itself going forward. Strong momentum can continue in an upward or downward trend, which can be confirmed by changes in trading volume and other technical indicators.
Momentum is how we measure mass that is in motion. Any moving object will have momentum. Under the law of physics, the object's momentum equals mass times velocity. Momentum is affected by the parameters' mass as well as velocity.
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Sand blowing against a rock is an example of
erosion
physical weathering
chemical weathering
Answer:
physical weathering
Explanation:
if a news article contains bias what should you do?
A.take it as fact
B.read another article on the same topic
C.throw the article away
D.automatically agree with the reporter
Answer: B
Explanation:
Answer:
B!
Explanation:
E d g e 2021
When there is a relationship between
two factors it is called a–
a. correlational effect.
b. positive feedback.
c. negative feedback.
d. causal effect.
What can you conclude about the structure of mitochondria?
Answer:
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate
Explanation:
hope that helped ;/
Answer:
Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity. They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae
Your teacher sends you out to collect some limestone, how can you be sure what you have is limestone, not shale?
Answer:
if it has crystol lysoles in it which u can see with the naked eye its a limestone
Explanation:
HELP WILL GIVE BRANLIEST!Can all animals regenerate? Explain.
Answer:
Almost all the animals can heal wounds, but only some can regenerate. One hypothesis is that certain regeneration-specific genes are expressed exclusively in regenerative species and evolutionarily lost in nonregenerative species.
Explanation:
Good luck and have a great day!
Describe the process of megagametogenesis.
Answer:
Megagametogenesis is the process of maturation of the female gametophyte, or megagametophyte, in plants During the process of megagametogenesis, the megaspore, which arises from megasporogenesis, develops into the embryo sac, which is where the female gamete is housed
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Answer:
Megagametogenesis is the process of maturation of the female gametophyte, or megagametophyte, in plants During the process of megagametogenesis, the megaspore, which arises from megasporogenesis, develops into the embryo sac, which is where the female gamete is housed.
Explanation: my brain is bigger than jimmy neutron
PLZ HELP ASAP PLEASEE
True breeding plant round seeds (DD) were bred with true breeding smooth
seeds(dd) to produce F1 offspring. F1 offspring were then bred with other F1
offspring. What is the genotypic ratio of the resulting F2 offspring? What is the
phenotypic ratio of the resulting F2 offspring?
Answer:
Genotypic ratio F2 = 1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio F2 = 3:1
Explanation:
In this case, parental genotypes can produce only one type of gamete, i.e., one parent can produce only D gametes, while the other parent can produce only d gametes. Therefore, all F1 generation will be heterozygous (Aa). An F1 hybrid is the first filial generation of offspring obtained from crossing between different parent types. The F1 will produce two gametes (A; a) in a ratio 1:1, thereby the F2 obtained by crossing F1 offspring will have a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (3 D_; 1 dd) and a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 (1 AA; 2 Aa; 1 aa).
How many chromatids are found in this nucleus?
Six chromosomes in metaphase are shown. They resemble the letter X with red dots in the center.
A.
3
B.
6
C.
12
D.
24
Each chromosome has 2 chromatids so 2*6=C.12 chromatids
Answer:
C. 12
Explanation:
Each chromosome has 2 legs called chromatids. There are 6 chromosomes, so 6*2 = 12.
"What is the function of the organelle known as the mitochondria" a:to make carbon hydrates b: to make lipids c: to make ATP d: protein synthesis
Answer:
To make ATP
Explanation:
circulatory system summary
Answer:
The circulatory system or vascular system is an organ system that helps in the transport of the blood from and to the heart. The blood transport also takes oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other components from the heart to the various part of the brain with the help of the arteries and carry waste such as carbon dioxide to the heart in veins.
The oxygenated blood enters in the left atrium and moves to the left ventricle to the aorta and starts its journey to the body whereas deoxygenated blood enters in the right upper chamber or right atrium of the heart and pump to the right lower chamber and to the lungs to carry the oxygen again. This process is a continuous process.
Using the chart on page 257 in your text as a guide, explain how the two memory systems (automatic and effortful) processes work.
GORAN
NARGO MYSETS
OMSRANOG
LECL
SUSTIE
Unscramble these words plssss
Provide an
example of how energy from the sun affects patterns of movement in the ocean.
Answer:
The sun's heat evaporates some water and raises the concentration of the salt, causing the water to be more dense. Or it could be the gravitational pull of the sun from Earth, just like how the moon affects tides. I hope this helps you :)
Explanation:
From which countries have pandemic flu outbreaks originated? Check all that apply.
Russia
Mexico
USA
Canada
Answer: USA, And Russia
Explanation:
Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are most likely due to similarities in their
environment
analogous structures
ancestory
fossil forms
Answer:
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Explanation:
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