Name all 4 of Earth’s sphere and describe what they include.

DNA is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are a alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups is backbone. The rungs of the ladder are 4 nitrogen bases, thymine (T), adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

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The following which cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle have in common include:

A actin

B myosin

C Z discs

E A band

This is referred to as a soft body tissue consisting of long cells that can contract and produce motion or movement and is an important part of the musculoskeletal system in the body.

They are involved in the movement of various parts of the body and they work hand in hand with the bones to ensure that there is adequate functioning between the cells and various tissues.

Skeletal and cardiac muscles have protein such as actin and myosin and there is also the presence of a Z disc and A band. Intercalated discs on the other hand is only present in the cardiac muscles which us therefore why they were chosen as the correct choice.

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Embryonic stem cells-Can evolve into any type of tissue and can be used to repair or replace damaged tissue

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-Can evolve into any type of tissue and can be used to repair or replace damaged tissue

Embryonic stem cells are cells that exist in the early stages of animal and human development. Their ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body makes them a promising tool for regenerative medicine and tissue repair.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell generated by reprogramming mature cells from an individual's body. Skin cells are generated in an embryonic stem cell-like state. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body and can be used to repair or replace damaged tissue.

Both embryonic stem cells and iPSCs have potential uses in a variety of medical applications, including repairing or replacing damaged tissue, developing new drugs and treatments, and studying diseases and conditions at the cellular level. However, the use of these cells in research and therapy is still an area of ​​active investigation and further research is needed to fully understand their potential and limitations.

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One light chain is linked to one heavy chain in an antibody molecule, and the two heavy chains are joined together by disulfide bonds to form a symmetrical Y-shaped configuration.

The immune system uses antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins or large Y-shaped proteins, to identify and eliminate foreign entities like dangerous germs and viruses. The pathogen molecule that the antibody specifically recognises as an antigen. When the immune system of the body detects harmful substances, or antigens, it produces an antibody, a type of protein. Antigens include substances and microbes (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), among others. In response to infection, the immune system creates proteins called antibodies.

In an antibody molecule, one light chain is bonded to one heavy chain, and the two heavy chains are bonded to one another with _____ bonds, creating a symmetrical Y-shaped arrangement?

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Muscle physiology is involved in stress management as Tension in the muscles is almost a natural response to stress.

Tension in the muscles is almost a reflex response to stress—the body's defense mechanism against pain and injury. When stress occurs suddenly, the muscles tense up all at once and then relax after the stress has passed. The muscles in the body become more or less constantly guarded under chronic stress.

Due to the constant signal from the nervous system that they should be contracting in preparation for the fight or flight response, many body muscles remain in a chronically contracted state. They don't get the nervous system's signal that the danger is over and they can relax.

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The protein produced by P. aeruginosa is an exotoxin, which is a type of toxin that is actively secreted into the environment.

This exotoxin has the unique ability to inhibit the synthesis of elongation factor 2 (EF2) in humans. Although it may sound dangerous, this property has been considered as a possible treatment for hepatitis B due to EF2's role in the replication of the virus. In addition, the protein also has potential applications in cancer treatments. It is believed that the effect of the exotoxin can be used to prevent the growth of tumor cells. Therefore, this protein produced by P. aeruginosa is a useful therapeutic tool for various medical conditions.

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To recap, intracellular receptors are inside the cell, whereas membrane receptors are attached to the cell's plasma membrane.

Intracellular receptors interact with ligands found within the cell, whereas membrane receptors interact with ligands found outside of the cell.

Signaling chemicals and the receptors on target cells to which they attach. Intracellular receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases.

GPCRs and single-pass transmembrane proteins are the two most common types of transmembrane receptors. The transmembrane region of certain receptors, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, generates a protein hole through the membrane or surrounding the ion channel.

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Answer:

Correct answer is E

Explanation:

The sister chromatids replicate during the S phase(synthesis phase) , rather than prophase.

The sequence starts with : interphase G1 , interphase S, interphase G2 , then prophase during mitosis.

She should contrast these two samples using a DNA microarray to assess gene expression. stems cultivated at 20°C and 5°C for cDNA, respectively.

The molecule of information is DNA. It holds the blueprints needed to create proteins, which are other big molecules. Each of your cells has these instructions, which are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures known as chromosomes. Numerous smaller DNA fragments known as genes make up each of these chromosomes.

All biological life forms, including humans, have DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genomes. However, a few viruses have RNA (ribonucleic acid) genomes. The polymeric molecules DNA and RNA are composed of chains of monomeric building blocks called nucleotides.

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race-specific genetic variation is greater than that between races.

Lewontin came to the following conclusion after conducting this analysis: "Since such racial categorization is now revealed to be of essentially no genetic nor taxonomic relevance either, no reason can be made for its persistence." Phase 1 of the The Human Genome Project (HGP) established that there is no genetic foundation for race and that there is more genetic variety within a race than between them, with the average human population of the world now being 99.9% genetically similar [2]. race-specific genetic variation is greater than that between races.The majority of the diversity (80–85%) among human populations is located within local geographic groupings, according to a seminal 1972 research by Lewontin, whereas variations related to traditional "race" groups make up just a small portion of human genetic differences (1–15%).

(Led by Richard Lewontin, the Human Genome Project found.....

A) More genetic variation within races than between races

B) More genetic variation between races than within races

C) Equal genetic variation for all groups

D) None of these)

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Besides increasing blood pressure and causing drinking, angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone.

A steroid hormone made by means of the adrenal cortex. It allows for managing the balance of water and salts within the kidney by using preserving sodium and liberating potassium from the frame. Too much aldosterone can purpose excessive blood strain and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.

In hyperaldosteronism, overproduction of the hormone aldosterone leads to fluid retention and improved blood pressure, weak point, and, rarely, periods of paralysis. Hyperaldosteronism can be a result of a tumor in the adrenal gland or can be a response to some illnesses.

Aldosterone reasons sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen through principal cells.

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The correct order of answer is:

a) Incubate nutrient agar plate

b) Place antiseptic or disinfectant onto the agar

c) Place paper disc onto nutrient agar plate

d) Dip paper disc onto an antiseptic or disinfectant Swab surface of nutrient agar plate with bacteria

An antibiotic is a particular type of antiseptic agent that combats microorganisms. Because they are the most efficient sort of antibacterial agent for doing so, antibiotic medications are frequently used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial illnesses. Bacteria can be eliminated or their growth can be stopped. Only a small number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal qualities. Antiviral medications, also referred to as antivirals, are prescribed pharmaceuticals that work to stop the spread of viruses rather than treating specific viruses like the flu or the common cold with antibiotic properties. Antifungal medications, which stop the spread of fungus, are also ineffective against fungi.

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When populations get very small, harmful alleles may be expressed in individuals more often because:

This is why it is important for populations to maintain a certain level of genetic diversity, which can help to buffer against the negative effects of harmful alleles and preserve the overall health of the population.

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Adaptations are unique characteristics that allow animals to survive in their environment. There are three types of adaptations: structural, physiological, and behavioral.

Animals can live in their environment thanks to their special adaptations. Adaptations can be of three different types:

structural,

physiological, and

behavioral.

An animal's capacity to endure or even prosper in its surroundings might be influenced by its physical constitution. The camel species has evolved versatility in order to survive (or change). In order to construct houses, resist the elements, acquire food, stay secure, and attract mates, animals rely on their physical characteristics. Animals can defend themselves against predators and bad weather by adapting. Unlike weeds, insects, and other species that may alter their color to fit in, many birds can conceal themselves in the thick grass. As a result, when they are searching for food, predators have a hard time locating them.

The complete question is:

Different organisms have adaptations that allow them to remove cellular waste effectively. They vary according to___________ .

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The definition of metabolism is option A: breaking down of body compounds is known as catabolism

Amino acids becoming protein is an anabolic reaction is true

The sugar that helps make up ATP from which B vitamin is CoA, or coenzyme A, derived is Pantothenic acid.

In the ribosomes of a cell, amino acids, smaller molecules, are converted into proteins. Each protein is made up of a chain with a unique arrangement of amino acids. Protein synthesis is anabolic because proteins are constructed from smaller molecules to create larger ones.

Anabolic processes are used to assemble amino acids into proteins. Molecules are broken down into smaller pieces or converted into energy through catabolic processes. Since amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, the process of turning amino acids into proteins is known as anabolism.

Therefore, Another water-soluble vitamin called pantothenic acid creates coenzyme A, the primary transporter of carbon molecules inside of cells. For glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to enter the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA serves as the carbon carrier.

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C. Mitochondria have their own DNA. suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria.

The majority of the chemical energy required to power the cell's biochemical reactions is generated by mitochondria, which are organelles of the cell that are bound by a membrane (mitochondrion, singular). A small molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores the chemical energy produced by the mitochondria.

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Could Have Been Primitive Bacterial Cells: This is supported by compelling evidence. The endosymbiotic theory describes this evidence. They have their own transcriptional and translational machinery as well as their own DNA, which is circular like that of bacteria. Bacterial membrane components, mitochondrial ribosomes, and transfer RNA molecules are comparable. Bacterial membrane components, mitochondrial ribosomes, and transfer RNA molecules are comparable.

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Based on the data, scientists claim that the reproductive behavior of European flycatchers is influenced by the availability of energy sources. The statement that best justifies this claim is option

Young European flycatchers, also known as Eurasian pied flycatchers, rely on a diet of insects, including caterpillars, during the nestling stage when they are growing and developing.

During this time, the young birds are fed by their parents, who bring them a steady supply of insects to eat. Caterpillars are an important food source for the young flycatchers, as they are high in protein and other nutrients that are necessary for growth and development.

Therefore, based on the above, Young European flycatchers have a better chance of surviving since the date of hatching coincides with the time when caterpillar biomass is at its highest.

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See full question below

European flycatchers feed caterpillars to their hatchlings. Graph 1 shows the average dates of hatching and fledging (leaving the nest), and the biomass of the caterpillars between early May (when flycatcher young hatch) and June (when fledging of young occurs).

Graph 1. Comparison of European flycatcher hatching and fledging dates and caterpillar biomass:

The figure presents two graphs of curves in two coordinate planes. One graph is above the other, and the graphs are related by dates indicated on the horizontal axes. A vertical line runs through the two graphs and is labeled with the date May twenty eighth. The graphs are described as follows. The upper graph consists of curves representing the distribution of flycatcher Hatching and Fledging dates and Hatchling Food Needs over a time period. The horizontal axis has no label, and the dates May fifteenth and June second are indicated along it. The vertical axis is labeled Frequency, and no numbers are indicated along it, although it ends in an arrowhead. The first curve, labeled Date of Hatching, is a bell curve which begins on the horizontal axis to the left of May fifteenth, peaks at May fifteenth, and ends on the horizontal axis to the right of May fifteenth but to the left of May twenty eighth. The second curve, labeled Date of Fledging, is a bell curve which begins on the horizontal axis to the right of May twenty eighth but to the left of June second, peaks at June second at the same height as the first curve, and ends on the horizontal axis to the right of June second. A third bell curve that is broader than the other two curves begins on the horizontal axis immediately before May fifteenth, peaks at May twenty eighth at the same height as the other two curves, and ends on the horizontal axis immediately to the right of June second. This broader curve is labeled Hatchling Food Needs. The lower graph consists of a curve representing the biomass of caterpillars over the same time frame as in the upper graph. The horizontal axis has no label, and the date May twenty eighth is midway along it. The vertical axis is labeled Biomass of Caterpillars, and no numbers are indicated along it, although it ends in an arrowhead. The curve is a bell curve which begins on the horizontal axis immediately before May fifteenth, peaks at May twenty eight, and ends on the horizontal axis at immediately before June second. The curve has approximately the same dimensions as the Hatchling Food Needs curve of the upper graph. The beginning of the curve is labeled Hatching, the peak is labeled Peak Mass, and the end of the curve is labeled pupae.

Based on the data, scientists claim that the reproductive behavior of European flycatchers is influenced by the availability of energy sources. Which of the following statements best justifies this claim?

A

Young European flycatchers hatch from eggs when caterpillar biomass is available for the young birds to consume and convert into energy for growth.

B

European flycatcher hatchlings begin to need energy to leave the nest only after the caterpillars have turned into pupae.

C

Female European flycatchers require energy to lay eggs, so they lay their eggs when the caterpillar biomass is maximal.

D

The energy requirements for hatching European flycatchers and caterpillars are proportional to each other.

Answer:

The connection between energy, growth, and the maintenance of an ordered can be described as grass requiring light energy to grow and maintain its ordered structure.

Energy is passed from the producers. Animals use the energy they get from their food to keep their bodies warm and carry out other metabolic tasks. During the process of cellular respiration, glucose, which is found in the food that animals eat, is broken down into an energy source called ATP. Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (which results in changes to free energy that are negative) with those that decrease entropy (which results in changes to free energy that are positive). To maintain order and power cellular processes, energy input must be greater than free energy lost to entropy.

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Note that the given year is positive, the expressions for XXX, YYY, and ZZZ that will output the correct range is: "year > 0 / year > 100 / year > 200." (Option B). This is a Range Output exercise in programming.

In the context of the above exercise, range output is a string that specifies a range of values for the variable "year". The output would depend on the value of "year", and there are four possible outputs: "1-100", "101-200", "201-300", or "Other".

The above option is correct because the first condition, year > 0, will cover all positive values of the year.

The second condition, year > 100, will cover all values between 101 and 200.

The third condition, year > 200, will cover all values between 201 and 300.

If the year is not within any of these ranges, the final Else condition will output "Other".

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1. A character is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.

2. A  trait is one particular variation of a character.

3. A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a monohybrid cross.

4. Most human genes come in alternate versions called alleles.

5. If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the dominant allele.

6. If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the recessive allele.

7. The physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype.

8. The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

Black eyes are dominant to orange eyes, and green skin is dominant to white skin. Sam, a MendAlien with black eyes and green skin, has a parent with orange eyes and white skin. Carole is a MendAlien with orange eyes and white skin. If Sam and Carole were to mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio of their offspring would be 1 black eye, green skin: 1 black eye, white skin: 1 orange eye, green skin: 1 orange eye, white skin Sam's genotype is BbGg, and Carole's genotype is big.

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Answer:

A, b,d

in meiosis those occur

The foramen magnum allows access to the cranial cavity where the brain is located posteriorly.

The largest foramen of the skull is called the foramen magnum, which is Latin for "great hole." The most noticeable characteristic in the floor of this aspect of the cranial base is a huge central opening with an oval shape that is located in the deepest part of the posterior cranial fossa. It is contained within the anteromedian aspect of the occipital bone, specifically. The superior articular facets on the lateral masses of the atlas (vertebra C1) engage with the occipital condyles on the anterolateral edges of the foramen magnum, allowing nodding movements. The external occipital crest, a conspicuous ridge, also extends from the midline posterior boundary of the foramen magnum to the external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone.

Hence, opening provided to interconnected spinal cord and brain.

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Which statement regarding VSM function and cytoskeletal dynamics is best supported by the data in Table

A. Vasoconstriction is associated with an increase in the ratio of F-actin to G-actin.

Describe the cytoskeletal system.All eukaryotic cells and a large number of prokaryotic cells have cytoskeletal systems, which are networks of polymer. They serve as a means of information transmission and integration between cellular dimensions and aid in the transformation of a disorganized horde of macromolecules into a spatially structured, living cell.microtubules, intermediate filaments, etc. Myosin is frequently linked with microfilaments.

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Engineering the viral genome such that genes required for its DNA replication are regulated by cellular rather than viral proteins is an important scientific endeavor. This type of engineering is known as “re-engineering the viral genome,”.

The first step in re-engineering the viral genome is to identify the genes that are necessary for the replication of the virus. These genes are typically found in the viral DNA, and they encode the instructions for viral replication. Once these genes have been identified, the next step is to determine which cellular proteins can be used to regulate the expression of these genes. This is done by analyzing the cellular protein-DNA interactions that occur during the replication process.

Once the cellular proteins that can be used to regulate the expression of the viral genes have been identified, the next step is to engineer the viral genome to ensure that these proteins are expressed in the right amounts and at the right times. This involves introducing DNA sequences into the viral genome that will control the expression of the desired proteins. For example, a promoter sequence can be inserted into the viral genome to ensure that the cellular proteins are expressed when they are most needed. Similarly, transcription factors can be introduced to control the expression of the proteins at specific times and in specific concentrations.

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What strategy would you use to achieve this goal?

The reactions in Photosystem I and Photosystem II from first to last in order, are :

Photosystem I :

Photosystem II :

An antenna complex and a response center make up a photosystem. Based on the varying chlorophyll absorption wavelengths, there are typically two types of photosystems. Photosystem I and Photosystem II are the two photosystems.

These two photosystems, PS I and PS II, are membrane protein complexes with many subunits that take part in oxygenic photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the pigment that is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy.

Light energy stimulate and eject electrons from Photosystem I, and electrons then convert NADP+ to NADPH in Photosystem I.

In Photosystem II, light energy activates Photosystem II, ejects electrons, hydrogen ions enter the thylakoid space, and hydrogen ions exit the stroma, resulting in the production of ATP.

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Biological organisms are open systems. Through the consumption of energy-storing molecules and the release of energy to the environment through labor, they exchange energy with their surroundings.

Energy is governed by the rules of physics, just like everything else in the physical universe. The movement of energy inside and between all systems in the universe is governed by the principles of thermodynamics. Cells are biological systems on their own. One way to think about systems is as having some degree of order open systems. A system needs energy to be brought into order. The lower the entropy, the more organized a Biological organisms.

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a) The STAT receptor dimerizes, resulting in the adhesion of these attributes to response elements in the nucleus.

b) The introduction of the Growth hormone receptor or insulin to the hepatocyte culture is the dependent variable in the experiment. The negative control for the additament of insulin in the hepatocyte cell will be the assessment of the accumulation of the STAT5 protein inside the cell. The experiment lasted 240 minutes in order to investigate and perceive the signaling cascade activation mechanism within the cell.

c) The rate of decrease in phosphorylated STAT5 protein levels from 10 to 30 minutes is equal to 3 minutes.

d) The increase in insulin levels causes the transformation of glucose molecules to glycogen, which is stored within the liver. This is insulin's effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The addition of growth hormone leads to an increase in fat degradation and the generation of triglycerides and fatty acids, while inhibiting the intake and utilization of glucose molecules within human body cells.

The linkage of the growth hormone to the growth factor receptor activates the protein phosphorylation cascade. The JAK2 protein is phosphorylated, which induces activation, and the STAT5 protein is phosphorylated, which is required for adhesion to the glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter region of the gene. The STAT receptor dimerizes, resulting in the adhesion of these factors to response components in the nucleus.

When insulin is introduced to the hepatocyte culture, it binds to the insulin receptors on the cells, activating the various cell signaling mechanisms. This results in tyrosine receptor phosphorylation and activation of the IRS protein phosphorylation signaling mechanism.

The inclusion of the Growth hormone receptor or insulin to the hepatocyte culture is the dependent variable in the experiment. The stimulation of the cell signaling cascade, as well as the degree of contamination of these proteins inside the cell prior to degradation, determine the experiment's half life. The analysis of the levels of the phosphorylated kinase protein B in the growth hormone added hepatocyte cell will be the negative control, and the analysis of the concentration of the STAT5 protein inside the cell will be the negative control for the addition of insulin in the hepatocyte cell. The experiment lasted 240 minutes in order to analyze and perceive the signaling cascade activation mechanism within the cell.

The increase in insulin levels induces the transformation of glucose molecules to glycogen, which is stored in the liver. This is insulin's effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The addition of growth hormone leads to an increase in fat degradation and the production of triglycerides and fatty acids, while inhibiting the intake and utilization of glucose molecules within human body cells. Growth hormone also tends to increase glycogen breakdown to release glucose molecules within the human body. Both insulin and growth hormone action causes the secretion and production of the insulin-like growth factor IGF-I, which leads to an increase in the amino-acid biosynthesis pathway.

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Subsistence can include research including food and clothing although it is most commonly looked at as the “quest for food, documented almost everywhere by the waste products of food preparation, both plant and animal.Food, energy and water: this is what the United Nations refers to as the ‘nexus’ of sustainable development.

As the world’s population has expanded and gotten richer, the demand for all three has seen a rapid increase. Not only has demand for all three increased, but they are also strongly interlinked: food production requires water and energy; water power can be used as a source of energy; agriculture provides a potential energy source.Ensuring everyone in the world has access to a nutritious diet in a sustainable way is one of the greatest challenges we face. On this page you can find our data, visualizations, and writing relating to the environmental impacts of food.Food security speaks to the availability of food in a country (or geography) and the ability of individuals within that country (geography) to access, afford, and source adequate foodstuffs. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.The availability of food irrespective of class, gender or region is another element of food security.

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The functions that are controlled by that right or left hemisphere are properly grouped below:

Right cerebral hemisphere: memory of shape, left hemisphere, nonverbal thought, hearing nonvocal sounds

Left cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere, Superior language comprehension, speech, Verbal memory Intuitive.

The cerebral hemisphere is defined as the division of the cerebrum which is one of the major part of the brain. The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres which include the following:

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