The gradual pattern observed in normal distribution plots is fairly common, with points tending towards a particular pattern in the corresponding data distribution.
Observing a stepped pattern in a Gaussian plot means that the variables are discrete. By observing these patterns, we can infer the existence of discrete data.
What is discrete data?
Collect data to find relationships, trends, and other concepts. For example, if you're tracking the number of push-ups you do each day for a month, your basic goal is to assess your progress and improvement rate.
Apart from that, your daily balance is a separate and isolated number. The relationship remains undefined as there is no clear range for the number of push-ups you can do in a day. The more information you collect over time, the more insight you gain.
Hence, we can conclude this might be the case because the variables were recorded not as categorical but discrete for which the stepwise pattern is observed.
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Which one of the following pairs of people has the exact same genome?
A. Father and son
B. Mother and daughter
C. Identical twins
D. Fraternal twins
E. None of the other answer options is correct
Identical twins share the same genome because they result from a first zygote division into two identical cells that develop independently. C) Identical twins have the exact same genome.
What are identical twins?
Identical twins emerge after the division of an ovule fertilized by a sperm cell. This is, fertilization occurs first, and then the division of the diploid cells.
The fertilized diploid cell suffers a division, separate, and two identical cells are created carrying the same genetic material. Each of them will then suffer successive mitosis and develop a new individual.
As a result, identical twins always have the same genome and the same sex. The genetic sequences in the identical twins' genome are almost identical and minimum.
These identical twins are also known as monozygotic twins and are said to be natural clones.
Option C. Identical twins have the exact same genome.
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1. What 3 codons oct as termination signals?
2. What codon means start?
A trait that is found in and shared by two or more species, but is not derived from a common ancestor is known as?.
Wherein a trait turned into present inside the ancestral species it is stated to be a homologous trait. If the trait became now not a gift within the ancestral species but appeared independently in the lineages, it is known as an analogous trait that arose thru evolutionary convergence.
A synapomorphy is a shared, derived person, common among an ancestor and its descendants. A man or woman, or trait, is something observable approximately the organism.
Tendencies that get up via convergent evolution are called analogous structures they're contrasted with homologous structures, which have a not unusual starting place. the alternative to convergent evolution is 'divergent evolution wherein related species evolve extraordinary traits.
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In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repairing tissues by __________ old or damaged cells.
Cell division in adult animals is mostly limited to repair and replacement. A cell develops many sub-cellular structures when it differentiates in order to perform certain functions. It now functions as a specialized cell. Chromosomes composed of DNA molecules are found in a cell's nucleus.
Our telomeres are long when we are born, but as we age and our cell division more frequently, they get shorter and shorter. The chromosomes are less protected when cell division telomeres shorten, and eventually the chromosomes are exposed to damage and cell division is halted.
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TRUE/FALSE. single-cell profiling of tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment in advanced non-small cell lung cance
The statement is False, i.e. single-cell profiling of tumor heterogeneity and the microenvironment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Tumor cells can vary in their cellular shape, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential, among other physical and behavioral characteristics. Tumor heterogeneity is the term for this phenomenon. This phenomenon has an impact on tumors both within them and between them (inter-tumor heterogeneity) (intra-tumour heterogeneity). Every time a cell multiplies, whether it be healthy or cancerous, a few mutations are picked up, creating a diverse population of cancer cells. This minor degree of intra-tumor heterogeneity is a clear outcome of the flaw in DNA replication. Because cancer cells vary greatly in their characteristics, creating effective treatment programs is substantially more difficult. But research into recognizing and explaining heterogeneity can help us better understand the origins and progression of disease. This could then serve as guidance for the creation of more complex treatment plans that account for heterogeneity to yield higher efficacy. A population of tumor cells only contains a small subset of cells that are tumorigenic, claims the cancer stem cell paradigm (able to form tumours). These cells, which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into progeny that are not tumorigenic, are known as cancer stem cells (CSCs).
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Select the scenarios that can result in active immunity.
bone marrow transplant
antibodies cross the placenta
immunization with a vaccine
infection with a pathogen
plasma transfusions to treat Ebola virus infection
The scenarios that can result in active immunity are infection with a pathogen and immunization with a vaccine.
What do immunity—both active and passive—mean?Immunity includes two types: active and passive. Active immunity is when our own immune system protects us from a pathogen. We acquire passive immunity to a virus when we gain immunity from another person.
When the immune system produces antibodies to disease after being exposed to the disease organism, this is known as active immunity. Natural or vaccine-induced immunity can be used to build up active immunity.
Individuals who are undergoing passive immunotherapy, also known as passive immunization, receive antibodies from a source other than their own body. Short-term immunity from infection is provided through passive immunity.
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which of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup alveolata? multiple select question. flagella or cilia secondary or tertiary plastids pseudopodia saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery cellulose plates kinetoplasts within a large mitochondrion
Characteristics of at least some members of the supergroup Alveolata are:
- secondary or tertiary plastids
- saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery
- flagella or cilia
- cellulose plates
In the field of science, Alveolata can be described as a group of protists that are monophyletic or supergroups. Some members of the supergroup Alveolata have secondary or tertiary plastids.
Some of the alveolata also have the ability to move via flagella or cilia. These are hair like projections that help in movement.
Cellulose plates, which means that the cellulose is divided into plates is also an essential feature in some of the Alveolata supergroups.
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The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
A. Muscularis mucosae
B. Serosa
C. Adventitia
D. Lamina propria
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the Lamina propria (Option D).
What are the capillary blood vessels?The capillaries are small vessels capable of transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body in order to perform cellular respiration, which is fundamental to obtaining energy in the form of ATP.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the small capillary blood vessels that lie in the lamina propria and other tissues in the body are required to transport both oxygen and nutrients.
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lactic acid was generated by the leg muscles after a bunch of hard squats and is now circulating in the blood which of the following is likely to occur as a compensation of this lactic acid buildup
The following are likely to occur as a compensation of lactic acid buildup:
Decreased urinary pHIncreased H+ in bloodIncreased hyperventilationIncreased H+ selectionWhat is lactic acid?
Red blood cells and muscle cells are the principal producers of lactic acid. When oxygen levels are low, it develops when the body metabolizes carbohydrates for energy.
In the body, lactic acid serves three basic purposes:
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an economy with an expansionary gap will, in the absence of stabilization policy, eventually experience a(n) FITB in the price level, leading to a(n) FITB in output.
An economy with an expansionary gap will, in the absence of a stabilization policy, eventually experience an increase in the price level, leading to an increase in output.
What is an expansionary gap?Actual production surpasses potential output in an expansionary gap. In other words, as measured by real GDP, the economy is currently working over its long-run capacity.
A stabilization strategy aims to reduce volatile fluctuations in the economy's total production, as measured by the nation's GDP, as well as surges in inflation or deflation. Stabilization of these elements often leads to stable employment levels.
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Which organelles are found in an animal cell?check all that apply. Endoplasmic reticulumcentriolescell wallvacuoleslysosomesmitochondriachloroplastscell membrane.
The organelles present in an animal cell are-endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and cell membrane.
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. It facilitates the production of chemical compounds as well as their transport into and out of the nucleus.
During meiosis and mitosis, centrioles are crucial to cell division.
Vacuoles play a key role in the storage of waste materials and aid in regulating the pH of the cell.
The waste molecules are broken down into simpler substances by lysosomes.
The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell because they contribute to the production of ATP, which the cell uses as energy for a variety of tasks.
The cell's protective barrier is the cell membrane. It controls how things get into and out of the cell.
The complete question is:
Which organelles are found in an animal cell? check all that apply.
(A). Endoplasmic reticulum
(B). Centrioles
(C). Cell wall
(D). Vacuoles
(E). Lysosomes
(F). Mitochondrial
(G). Chloroplasts
(H). Cell membrane
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During the cell cycle, the cell divides its nucleus and chromosomes during. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide during. Before the cell can divide again, it must grow and synthesize proteins during the phase and duplicate its chromosomes during the phase.
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.
The fluidy substance that fills a cell's inside is called cytoplasm. Salts, water, and numerous organic compounds make up its composition. Membranes surround some intracellular organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, and keep them from coming into contact with the cytoplasm. One cell (the mother) splits into two genetically identical new cells (the daughters) during the process of mitosis, a kind of cell division. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis refers to the stage of cell division during which the DNA in the nucleus of the cell is divided into two identical sets of chromosomes.
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Why is the lagging strand synthesized in a discontinuous fashion? The lagging strand is complementary to the leading strand. DNA synthesis must occur in a 5' to 3' direction, which imposes spatial constraints on the synthesis of the lagging strand. The DNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes the lagging strand can only synthesize short sequences of DNA before it falls off the template. The template of the lagging strand is discontinuous. All of these arc reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion. Indicate whether each of the following statements about the genetic code is true or false. a. The genetic code includes specific start and stop codons. T/F b. The genetic code is the same in almost all living organisms. T/F c. Deleting a single base from an mRNA molecule usually alters one codon only. T/F d. Stop codons have a dual function because each one also codes for an amino acid. T/F e. Most codons code for more than one amino acid. T/F f. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. T/F g. Only 20 different codons are used to code for amino acids. T/F h. In some cases, it is possible to change the sequence of bases in a codon and it will still code for the same amino acid T/F Indicate whether each of the following statements about the processing of mRNA transcripts is true or false. a. During transcript processing, noncoding regions, called exons, are removed and the coding regions, called introns, are spliced together. T/F b. The poly-A tail appears to play a role in the stability of mRNAs by protecting them from degradation. T/F
1) It is to be noted that all of the above are reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion. (Option D)
2)
a) Note that it is TRUE to state that the genetic code includes specific start and stop codons
b) It is also TRUE that the genetic code is the same in almost all living organisms.
c) It is FALSE to state that Deleting a single base from an mRNA molecule usually alters one codon only.
d) It is also FALSE to state that Stop codons have a dual function because each one also codes for an amino acid.
e) It is a FASLE statement to indicate that most codons code for more than one amino acid.
f) To state that most amino acids are specified by more than one codon is a TRUE statement.
g) To say that only 20 different codons are used to code for amino acids is FALSE.
h) The statement that in some cases, it is possible to change the sequence of bases in a codon and it will still code for the same amino acid is TRUE.
3) With regards to the processing of mRNA transcripts:
a) It is FALSE to say that "During transcript processing, noncoding regions, called exons, are removed and the coding regions, called introns, are spliced together"
b) The statement "the poly-A tail appears to play a role in the stability of mRNAs by protecting them from degradation." is a TRUE one.
What are some of the terms indicated above?mRNA - In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded RNA molecule that matches to a gene's genetic sequence and is read by a ribosome during the protein synthesis process.
Stop Codons - A stop codon is a three-nucleotide sequence (trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that instructs the cell to stop protein production. There are 64 trinucleotide codons in total: 61 of these define amino acids, whereas three are stop codons.
Amino Acids - Organic substances that possess both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups are known as amino acids. Although hundreds of amino acids occur in nature, the alpha-amino acids that constitute proteins are by far the most significant. The genetic coding contains only 22 alpha amino acids.
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Full Question:
1) Why is the lagging strand synthesized in a discontinuous fashion?
A)The lagging strand is complementary to the leading strand. DNA synthesis must occur in a 5' to 3' direction, which imposes spatial constraints on the synthesis of the lagging strand.
B)The DNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes the lagging strand can only synthesize short sequences of DNA before it falls off the template.
C) The template of the lagging strand is discontinuous.
D) All of these arc reasons why the lagging strand is synthesized in a discontinuous fashion.
2) Indicate whether each of the following statements about the genetic code is true or false.
a. The genetic code includes specific start and stops codons. T/F
b. The genetic code is the same in almost all living organisms. T/F
c. Deleting a single base from an mRNA molecule usually alters one codon only. T/F
d. Stop codons have a dual function because each one also codes for an amino acid. T/F
e. Most codons code for more than one amino acid. T/F
f. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. T/F
g. Only 20 different codons are used to code for amino acids. T/F
h. In some cases, it is possible to change the sequence of bases in a codon and it will still code for the same amino acid T/F
3) Indicate whether each of the following statements about the processing of mRNA transcripts is true or false.
a. During transcript processing, noncoding regions, called exons, are removed and the coding regions, called introns, are spliced together. T/F
b. The poly-A tail appears to play a role in the stability of mRNAs by protecting them from degradation. T/F
the heritability of intelligence refers to
Answer:
Heritability of intelligence refers to: the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics.
Explanation:
Which of the following is a description of trait of an area with a low carrying
capacity?
A. Most people have refrigerators in their homes.
B. Homes are large and have few people in them.
C. Food is usually shipped in from far away.
D. People spend hours each day collecting water.
The description of trait of an area with a low carrying capacity is that people spend hours each day collecting water. This is because of scarcity of water as the area is running low on carrying capacity.
What is carrying capacity?We know that the environment was not designed to support the existence of an unlimited number of individuals. There is a definite of number of individuals that can be supported by a given environment.
The number of individual organisms that can be supported by a given environment is what we call the carrying capacity of the environment. Now we know that as long as the environment has not exceeded the carrying capacity, the resources would remain sufficient for individuals in the environment.
The resources in an environment would become scarce and difficult to get if the carrying capacity is low.
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Answer:
D. people spend hours each day collecting water
Explanation:
i just did this
an earthquake is a _______. group of answer choices chemical hazard physical hazard biological hazard lifestyle hazard cultural hazard
The mainshock is the term used to describe the greatest earthquake.Aftershocks that follow mainshocks are a given.These subsequent, smaller earthquakes take place in the same location as the primary shock.
Why not explain earthquakes?Despite the tectonic plates' constant gradual movement, friction causes them to become impermeable at their edges.It causes an earthquake which releases electrons in waves that pass through the earth's mantle and give rise to the shaking we experience when the stress just on edge exceeds the friction.
One quick answer: How do earthquakes form?Usually, subsurface rock abruptly rupturing and rapid movement along a fault are the causes of earthquakes.The shock waves that shake the earth are brought on by this quick release of energy.
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a woman has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. at a fertility clinic, they discover that she has blocked fallopian tubes. using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. the procedure is successful, but the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type o. the woman claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type a and her husband has type b. also, neither parent is color-blind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also color-blind. in regard to the baby's color blindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that
Though the parents have blood group A and B , still their son is of blood group and colorblind aswell is possible due to codominance.
What is codominance?
In terms of genetics, codominance is a sort of inheritance in which two distinct expressions (alleles) of the same gene result in distinct features in a person.
Red blood cells with blood type A have a specific antigen (class of protein) on their membrane. Red cells in type B blood have a unique antigen on their membrane, but neither is present in type O blood.
The type O gene is "recessive" because if you only have one copy of the O gene and one copy of the A gene, you will still have A antigens on your cell membranes. You must have two O parent cells in order to belong to group O. However, group O continues to be more prevalent merely because it is the ancestor form.
The X chromosome is where color blindness is most frequently inherited as a recessive trait. In genetics, this is referred to as X-linked recessive inheritance. As a result, men tend to be affected by the illness more frequently than women (8% male, 0.5% female). Males only get one X chromosome, thus even while the recessive trait is present, there isn't another X chromosome that would provide a dominant trait of normal color vision. On the other hand, most female offspring have a propensity to develop into what are known as "carriers," which are people who have the recessive gene (color blindness) as well as the dominant gene (normal color vision), resulting in the expression of the dominant feature.
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_____ provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use in their present jobs. a. Development b. Recruiting c. Networking d. Training
Answer:
D
Explanation:
A red blood cell will undergo hemolysis in A.water B.0.9% NaCl C.5% glucose D.5% NaCl E.10% glucose
A red blood cell will undergo hemolysis in (A) water.
A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Red blood cells have many solutes in their internal environment, but distilled water has no solutes. As a result, water osmotically exits the distilled water and enters the cells. As a result, the cells fill with water and explode in a process known as hemolysis.
The medical name for the breakdown of red blood cells is hemolysis. Red blood cells are constantly destroyed by the body and replaced by new ones. Red blood cell destruction is a natural, healthy process. However, sometimes there are too few red blood cells because they break down too quickly. As a result, the disease hemolytic anemia develops.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. if energy levels are low in a cell, the cytosolic concentration of___will be high and___will be turned on.
If energy levels are low in a cell, the cytosolic concentration of ATP will be high and glycolysis will be turned on.
Define ATP.
All living species' cells include the energy-conveying chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The chemical energy generated by the breakdown of food molecules is captured by ATP and then released to power other cellular functions.
By dissolving glucose into two compounds with three carbons each, the cytoplasmic pathway of glycolysis produces energy. Hexokinase, an enzyme, aids in the process of phosphorylation, which traps glucose. In this reaction, ATP is used, and the end product, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase. The ten steps of glycolysis are divided into five preparatory steps and five pay-off steps. The rate-limiting enzyme is phosphofructokinase.
High-energy substances like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate catalyze the substrate-level phosphorylation that produces ATP .All of the body's cells use glycolysis to produce energy. Pyruvate in aerobic environments and lactate in anaerobic environments are the end products of glycolysis. For additional energy production, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle.
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Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation
replicates DNA
transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation
transfers DNA vertically, to new cells
transcribes DNA to RNA
Answer: B
Explanation:
Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation. So, the correct option is B.
What is Conjugation?Bacterial conjugation is defined as the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or a bridge-like connection between two cells that occurs through a pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria.
The donor bacterium contains a DNA sequence known as a fertility factor or F-factor that allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. does for. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together in which the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium.
Thus, Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation. So, the correct option is B.
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t24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of balb- and harvey-msv transforming genes
A transforming gene isolated from T24 human bladder carcinoma cells is closely related to the BALB murine sarcoma virus (MSV) onc gene (v-bas).
The 1.2-kbp polyadenylated transcript that this transforming gene produces, which contains v-bas-related sequences, is expressed from a 4.6 kilobase pair (kbp) area where it is localized. Moreover, higher amounts of a similar protein were found in T24 cells using antisera that are known to target the immunologically related onc gene products of the BALB- and Harvey-MSVs.
By using restriction enzymes and heteroduplex analysis, it was discovered that the T24 oncogene could not be distinguished from the v-bas normal human homologue. These findings suggest that the normal human v-bas homologue has been activated as a human transforming gene by relatively minimal genetic changes.
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Which condition would be most likely to turn off this abnormally active signaling pathway?.
Conditions that may turn off abnormally active signaling pathways are the addition of a drug that prevents the final kinase from interacting with its target protein in the nucleus.
The MAP kinase pathway is a series of proteins in cells that link signals from receptors on the cell surface to DNA in the cell nucleus. Signaling begins when growth factors bind to receptors on the cell surface. The final stage is when the DNA in the cell nucleus has expressed a protein and produces changes in the cell, such as cell division.
The pathway involves several proteins including the MAP kinase which engages by adding a phosphate group to adjacent proteins and acts as an on-and-off switch.
This question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Normal signaling works with a Ras protein acting downstream of a receptor kinase. You examine a cell line in which Ras is always activated even in the absence of a signaling molecule. This causes constant activation of the kinases in the MAP kinase pathway. Which of the following conditions would be MOST likely to turn off this abnormally active signaling pathway?
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TRUE/FALSE. with all other factors being equal, turf grown in partial shade has a greater need for fertilizer than that growing in full sun.
It is false that, with all other factors being equal, turf grown in partial shade has a greater need for fertilizer than that growing in full sun because turf grown in full sun has a greater need for fertilizer than that growing in shade. The chemical process that causes fertilizer burn on the leaf and nutrient and water absorption by the roots is the same, but going the other way.
What is fertilizer?
Fertilizer, a natural or synthetic substance with chemical components that enhance plant growth and productivity. In addition to increasing the soil's natural fertility, fertilisers can replenish chemical elements that previous crops had taken from the soil.
Different fertiliser kinds are created by combining the two primary end products, ammonium nitrate and urea, with other chemicals to create NPKs (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), CAN (calcium ammonium nitrate), or UAN (urea and ammonium nitrate solution).
Therefore, It is false that, with all other factors being equal, turf grown in partial shade has a greater need for fertilizer than that growing in full sun.
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Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?
(a) It results from hydrogen bonding.
(b) It helps to pull water through plants.
(c) It involves both cohesion and adhesion.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
Answer: a, b, c
Explanation:
It results from hydrogen bonding, It helps to pull water through plants. and It involves both cohesion and adhesion.
What is Tensile strength?The amount of load or stress that a material can withstand before stretching and breaking is known as its tensile strength. Tensile strength, as its name suggests, refers to a material's resistance to tension brought on by mechanical loads.
One of the most significant and frequently measured qualities of materials used for structural purposes is their capacity to resist breaking under tensile stress.
The tensile strength is the highest tensile stress that a material can withstand before failing, though the precise definition of failure will typically depend on the kind and design of the material.
Therefore, It results from hydrogen bonding, It helps to pull water through plants. and It involves both cohesion and adhesion.
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Covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that bind to methylated cytosines and block gene transcription.
a) DNA Methylation
b) miRNA
c) RNAi
d) tRNA
The correct option among the following was DNA Methylation.
define DNA Methylation ?
A biological process called DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to the DNA molecule. Without altering the sequence, methylation can modify the activity of a DNA region. DNA methylation often suppresses gene transcription when it occurs at a gene promoter. DNA methylation plays an important role in a variety of critical processes in mammals, including ageing, cancer, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, and transposable element suppression.
Adenine and cytosine are the two nucleobases on which natural, enzymatic DNA methylation occurs as of 2016. N6-methyladenine[1], 5-methylcytosine[2], and N4-methylcytosine are the modified bases. [3]
The DNA nucleotide cytosine is methylated to create 5-methylcytosine at position 5 on the pyrimidine ring. This is the same place that separates thymine from the homologous RNA base uracil, which has no methyl group. 5-Methylcytosine undergoes spontaneous deamination and is changed into thymine. A T:G mismatch emerges from this. If A is substituted for G, the original C:G pair becomes a T:A pair, thus altering a base and producing a mutation. Repair mechanisms then fix it back to the original C:G pair.
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If RNA polymerase malfunctions,
one of the subunits of rRNA will not be transcribed from DNA.
amino acids will not be joined to their tRNA.
mRNA cannot bind to rRNA.
an mRNA will not be formed.
mRNA cannot copy itself.
If RNA polymerase malfunctions, an mRNA will not be formed.
Functions of RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase is an enzyme that functions primarily during the transcription of genes. It ensures that DNA sequences are transcribed to RNA sequences by adding complementary bases to the primer.
During transcription, genetic information on a DNA is transcribed into genetic codes in a special type of RNA known as messenger RNA or simply mRNA.
The coding strand of the double helix DNA act as the template for the transcription while RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA bases to the DNA primer which must have bonded to the DNA initially.
Thus, without the RNA polymerase enzyme working as it should, the addition of bases to the primer will not happen, and this will prevent the formation of mRNA.
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which compounds serve as major sources of energy for ruminant animals?
Volatile fatty acids are produced when cellulose is fermented by the rumen bacteria. The primary source of energy for ruminants is these volatile fatty acids, which are primarily propionic, butyric, and acetic acid.
Where does ruminant glucose come from?Less than 10% of the required glucose is frequently absorbed from the ruminant digestive system after dietary carbohydrates in ruminants are fermented to short-chain volatile fatty acids in the rumen (2, 6, 67). Therefore, up to 90% of the glucose that Rumi- nans require must be provided via gluconeogenesis.
What is the primary energy source and how is it created in ruminants?The rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum are the four digestive chambers found in ruminants. Volatile fatty acids are produced when rumen microorganisms ferment food.
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Which statement best explains why a soybean plant must generate glucose?
to better absorb sunlight.
O to produce lactic acid.
O to synthesize important alcohols.
O to replenish ATP in the cell
The statement that best explains why a soybean plant must generate glucose is to replenish ATP in the cell (option D).
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the metabolic process by which cells of green plants synthesize food in the presence of sunlight.
During the photosynthetic process, plants and algae convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (glucose) and waste oxygen using solar energy.
The glucose molecule is used to synthesise ATP (energy molecules) needed by the plants for their metabolic activities.
Therefore, the replenishment of energy in the cell is the reason why a soybean plant must generate glucose.
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agine that you have a sample of dna that contains a single, specific dna sequence. before you run your gel, you split your sample into two tubes. you run the dna from the first tube in lane two of your gel. you take the other tube and use an enzyme called a restriction enzyme that cuts the dna into two pieces at a specific point in the sequence. you then run this sample that was cut on the gel. which of the next three lanes (lane 3, 4, or 5) could be the same sample from lane two after it was cut into two pieces?
After being divided into two halves, the sample from lane two may still be present in lane 4, which is possible. Lane 2 is around 700 base pairs long, and lane 4 will add up to about 700 base pairs as well, despite the restriction enzyme that divides the DNA into two parts.
What is gel electrophoresis?
A laboratory technique called gel electrophoresis is used to divide combinations of DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their molecular sizes. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules that need to be separated are forced through a gel that has tiny holes by an electrical field.It involves an electrical field, specifically one that is applied such that the gel has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other. Negatively charged molecules like DNA and RNA will be drawn to the positively charged end of the gel. However, because proteins lack a negative charge, they must first be combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate, a detergent, in order to separate them using this method. The proteins are given a linear structure and a negative charge during this process, enabling them to move toward the gel's positive end and be separated. Finally, after utilizing it to separate the DNA, RNA, or protein molecules, bands representing of different molecular sizePrinciple of gel electrophoresis:
Since DNA is negatively charged, it will move toward the positively charged electrode when an electric current is supplied to the gel. The DNA fragments are organized in size order because shorter DNA strands travel through the gel more quickly than longer ones.
Steps in gel electrophoresis:
Pouring the gel first, getting your samples ready, the gel must be loaded, run, stained, exposed to an electric field while doing so.Hence all about the gel electrophoresis.
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