one of the three basic formations which became standard for infantry in the 18th century was the square.

Infantry square, known as hollow square, was a historic combat formation in which an infantry unit formed in close order, usually when it was threatened with cavalry attack.

What is the infantry square?

The infantry square became the accepted tactic of late 18th, 19th century for dealing with a massed cavalry attack on infantry. The dynamics of early modern battlefield meant that infantry was inherently vulnerable to the speed and manoeuvrability of cavalry who could deliver rapid and devastating charges on infantry caught in line or open order.  

Although it is possible to trace evolution of square infantry formations back to ancient warfare. The hollow infantry square developed more directly from formation by Spanish called the Tercio or ‘Spanish Third’ during the 16th century. The Tercio was comprised 3,000 pikemen and musketeers who were usually fielded with two other Tercios - making up division of three Tercios/Thirds totaling approximately 9,000 men.  During the 16th century Spanish Tercio formation dominated battlefield tactics with many European armies emulating it.

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