Answer:
The correct order is:
1.- pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate react form hydroxyethyl-TPP, CO2 is released
2.- an acetyl group is added to a coenzyme bound to PDH, forming acetyl-dihydrolipoamide
3.- the acetyl group is transferred to CoA, forming acetyl-CoA
4.- the reduced coenzyme bound to PDH is reoxidized using electrons from FAD
5.- electrons from FADH2 are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH and H+
Explanation:
Pyruvate reacts with thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) on the complex enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1). This process cleaves CO2 and generates acetaldehyde bound to TPP or hydroxyethylamine. E2 is Dihydrolipoyl-transacetylase and has Lipoamide attached. In the transfer from E1 to E2, the hydroxyethyl is oxidized to acetyl, at the same time that the disulfide bridge of the lipoamide is reduced to dihydro-lipoamide, although as this is acetylated, the product is acetyl-dihydrolipoamide. Acetyl group of acetyl-lipoamide (thio-acyl bond) is transferred to CoA-SH, to form Acetyl-S-CoA (thio-acyl bond).Acetyl-CoA is released into the mitonchondrial matrix. Lipoamide is reduced as Dihydro-lipoamide. The last reaction is catalyzed by dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, where it is reestablished in the disulfide bond of lipoamide to make it reactive again. For this, FAD is used as an intermediate, which is reduced to FADH2 and oxidizes the sulfides (which are then linked again). Finally, FADH2 reacts with NAD, which is reduced to NADH and H+ released, restoring FAD for a new reaction.
I need the word scramble part only
Answer:
look it up or fail
Explanation:
What type of duck only has 2 legs DONT LOOK IT UP
Answer:
dont all ducks have 2 legs?
What are the PRODUCTS (what is made) of aerobic respiration? Select all that apply
Answer:
carbon dioxide and water
How many ATP are made in the kreb cycle part of cellar respiration?
Answer:
2 ATP are created in Kreb cycle
What is an example of a eukaryotic cell?
Explanation:
Plant cell
Is the best example of a eukaryotic
[tex] \bf Eukaryotic \: cells : - [/tex]
They are complex and larger than the prokaryotic cells its name is drived from a Greek word meaning 'good' or 'true nuclei' they consist of the cell wall which protects and supports the plasma membrane these cells are found in all organisms except bacteria and blue green algae for example plant animal fungi etc all are eukaryotes. Amoeba is a eukaryote because it has a distinct nucleus which is bound by nuclear membrane.
Additional information :-Cell :- Smallest structural and functional unit of a living organisms.
Unicellular organisms :- The organisms made up of one cell only.
Multicellular organisms :- The organisms made up of two or more cells.
Cell wall :- The covering of cellulose outside plasma membrane also called plasma membrane.
Centriole :- The cell organelle that helps in cell division found only in animal cell.
Chloroplast :- The photosynthetic originals found in a plant cell green in colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.
Tissue :- A group of cells having the same structure performing the same function.
Nucleus :- The control centre of the cell
A positive control is a sample in an experiment that produces a known result to compare with the test sample after the same treatment. It is used to control for unknown variables and confirms that all your reagents work.
In this case, the positive control is a cell line expressing wild-type CCR5.
Which of the following do you think will be a good positive control for this experiment?
a) T Cell Helper Line
b) Macrophage cell line without CD4
c) Unedited wild type macrophage
d) Edited macrophage
Explanation:
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enters target cells by first binding to the primary receptor CD4 and then to a coreceptor, generally one of the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 (4). CD4 binding induces structural changes in the envelope (Env) glycoprotein that form and expose the coreceptor binding site. There are two main interactions between Env and coreceptor (13, 14, 25, 50, 51): the base of the third variable loop (V3) engages the N terminus of the coreceptor, while the crown of the V3 loop that includes the highly conserved GPGR/Q arch motif binds to the extracellular loops of the coreceptor, with the second extracellular loop of the coreceptor being particularly important (16, 25, 35, 48, 62). Although some HIV-1 strains are able to use a variety of different G protein-coupled receptors to gain entry into CD4+ cell lines, the great majority of these viruses use CCR5 and/or CXCR4 as coreceptors to infect primary cells (3, 4, 10, 23, 47, 66). CCR3, GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1 are among the most frequently used alternative coreceptors when overexpressed on cell lines (11, 26, 43, 47, 57). Rare cases of HIV-1 strains that are able to use FPRL-1 and GPR1, but not CCR5 or CXCR4, have been reported (57); however, their in vivo relevance remains unknown.
To characterize the biological processes underlying HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission, we recently developed an experimental strategy that permits the identification, enumeration, and molecular cloning of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses (28, 53). This strategy, which employs single-genome amplification (SGA) and direct amplicon sequencing of HIV/SIV RNA or DNA from the plasma or infected cells, makes it possible to infer the nucleotide sequence of the viral strain(s) that initiated productive infection weeks earlier (1, 28, 29, 37, 53, 58, 67). An important prediction of this approach has been that inferred T/F viruses are fully functional and encode all proteins necessary to establish a new infection. Indeed, this prediction has been borne out in numerous studies, which have shown that T/F viral genes as well as full-length genomes are biologically active. Sets of T/F Envs have been shown to mediate efficient virus entry in single-round infection assays, and they invariably use CCR5 as a coreceptor (28, 34). Similarly, T/F infectious molecular clones (IMCs) of HIV-1, SIVmac and SIVagm all produce replication competent virus that grow to high titers in primary CD4+ T cells (22, 38, 54).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Amplification of the HIV-1 env gene. Serial plasma samples collected from an acutely infected plasma donor, ZP6248, were purchased from ZeptoMetrix. A total of seven plasma samples were collected between 12 February and 9 March 1997, and viral loads (VLs) were determined by the COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test.
Sequence analysis. All SGA amplicons were sequenced directly by cycle sequencing and dye terminator methods using an ABI 3730xl genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Individual sequences were assembled and edited using the Sequencher program 4.7 (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, MI). The env sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL W (60), and manual adjustment for optimal alignment was done using MASE (20).
Many animals, like mice, ______ when they sense danger. run, freeze, eat, hiss.
Help! My FREEZE answer was graded CORRECT ?!
This question has already been answered twice, a lot, for both Run AND Freeze so I need to ask again!!
My cousin had this same question from another curriculum provider at a lower grade level and her correct answer was run!!!!
You'd think anything would run is common sense! But....My question depends on what curriculum is given!
MY correct answer for my question was from biology unit 3, assignment 2, Animal Behavior and Interdependencies, printed page 3, under AVOIDING CAPTURE section, video transcript, part 1, right after 1st image, sentence " Many animals will freeze up if they hear an unfamiliar sound or feel or smell an approaching predator." and THAT'S what my ody ssey question wanted as the correct answer. Wow! So my question is... who's curriculum and test wants the run answer?
Answer:
Run
hope it will help you
pollution in the____will have the greatest effect on human health.
Answer:
TROPOSPHERE
Explanation:
pollution the TROPOSPHERE will have the greatest effect on human health.
ANSWER THIS ASAP!!!!!!
what impact do you think the flooding river will have on the surrounding landscape
Explanation:
erosion
lossing of fine sidement
Floods Cause Sedimentation and Erosion riverbanks and forcing them to collapse, for instance, floodwater also can change the terrain. Floodwater suspends silt within the water as it drags debris from the eroding banks, which may deteriorate the water's quality and cause toxic algae blooms.
What about floods?Floods, the foremost common sort of natural disaster, happen when an more than water submerges normally dry ground.Floods are typically caused by lengthy, intense rain, rapid snowmelt, storm surges from tropical cyclones, or tsunamis in coastal areas.Flooding often happens when heavy rain falls for an extended period of your time over a short period of time, or when a river or stream overflows due to an ice or debris trap. Flooding also can happen when a levee or other water-controlling structure, sort of a dam, fails. Loss of human life is one among the negative outcomes of flooding. Infrastructure and property destruction. Dangers of landslides, erosion, and road closures. Damage of crops and loss of livestock.The most vulnerable areas to flooding are river floodplains and coastal regions, although flooding can also happen in places with exceptionally lengthy periods of heavy rain. These have the potential to harm coastal food supplies, limit coastal production, and deteriorate aquatic habitats.Learn more about floods here:
https://brainly.com/question/134213
#SPJ2
Which two processes are responsible for the formation of fog?
Answer:
Explanation:
evaporation
Please help u have to do this today
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Both are igneous because lava/ magma form igneous rocks.
Do environmental or genetic factors affect growth of organisms most?
Answer:
Examples of local environmental conditions could include availability of food, light, space, and water. Examples of genetic factors could include large breed cattle and species of grass affecting growth of organisms. The environment in which an organism lives plays an important role in modifying the rate and extent of growth. Environmental factors may be either physical (e.g., temperature, radiant energy, and atmospheric pressure) or chemical. Organisms and the cells of which they are composed are extremely sensitive to temperature changes; as the temperature decreases, the biochemical reactions necessary for life occur more slowly. A lowering of the temperature by 10° C (18° F) slows metabolism at least twofold and often more.
I copied this stuff from a bunch of different biology websites. It doesn't answer your exact question but I would have to say based on what I typed here it would be the environment that affects the growth of an organism more.
chemical used in afb staining
Answer:
carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, and methylene blue.
.............
flammability is a measure of how easily something burns. is this a physical or chemical property? explain, using an example
Answer:
chemical property
Explanation:
Wood is a flammable substance. Depending how dry it is will determine its flammability or what temperature it will burst into flame. Burning wood undergoes chemical property changes: the brown hard wood becomes a black pile of ashes.
6. The two kinds of cells are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. How are they
different? *
Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
Prokaryotes are plant cells.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
There is no difference.
Answer:
Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
AZT works by interfering with HIV's production of offspring inside a host cell. It does so by interacting with a molecule called reverse transcriptase.
a. True
b.False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
AZT is an abbreviation for azidothymidine and it is the first effective drug against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thus, azidothymidine is considered to be the first anti-retroviral drug used for the prevention and treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AZT works by interfering with HIV's production of offspring inside a host cell. It does so by interacting with a molecule called reverse transcriptase.
Basically, the shape and composition of the reverse transcriptase plays a significant role in the interaction. Therefore, this anti-retroviral drug known as AZT may not work effectively if the shape and composition of the reverse transcriptase changes.
Furthermore, the high mutation or replication rate of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) owing to its enormous genetic diversity has made it extremely difficult to develop an effective and accurate vaccine against the virus.
Hence, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) possesses a high error rate.
Please help I’ll give brainliest to whoever’s right
Answer:
This is confusing I think theres missing info. Sorry
Explanation:
What is the role that genes play in making proteins?
I need answers like asap plz help
In 2003, scientists completed the Human Genome Project, in which they completed the mapping of the human genome. Which is one way that the
Human Genome Project, along with later mapping efforts, has affected the individual and society?
O A. Individuals may now modify their genes to prevent acquired diseases, such as bacterial infections.
O
B. Individuals may now modify their genes to alter traits such as height, eye color, and hair color.
C. Individuals may now select which genes to activate or deactivate.
D. Individuals may now have their DNA analyzed to determine ancestry.
Answer: D. Individuals may now have their DNA analyzed to determine ancestry.
Explanation:
What are three types of devices for measuring precipitation?
Answer:
rain gauge, snow gauge...
Which jobs does an animal's skeletal system do?
Answer:
"The Skeletal system has three very important jobs: Support, protection, and movement. Just think, if we did not have a skeletal system for support we would be just like a blob of Jell-O. The bones also protect many organs, and also the brain."
Explanation:
A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). What is the genotype?
Use a punnett square to solve.
OTT: 2/4; Tt: 2/4;tt: 0/4
TT: 2/4; Tt: 1/4;tt: 1/4
TT: 0/4; Tt: 4/4;tt: 0/4
TT: 1/4; Tt: 2/4;tt: 1/4
Answer: TT: 1/4; Tt: 2/4;tt: 1/4
Explanation:
The Punnett square is a diagram that is used in the predictions of genotypes. In this scenario, if we have a tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt), after using the Punnett square, the genotype that we will get are as follows:.
TT, Tt, Tt, tt
Therefore, the correct option is option D "TT: 1/4; Tt: 2/4;tt: 1/4
Answer: TT: 1/4; Tt: 2/4;tt: 1/4
Explanation:
we love anime
and naruto.
fruite baskettttt
&
demon slayyer dragon ball z for some extra
xp. uwu
Answer:
I LOVE NARUTO so here's a naruto pic
Explanation:
Please help me with Q5 I’ll give brainliest!!!
Answer:
Ayo, your best answer would have to be B.
Explanation:
Drinking too much water during exercise can cause a condition in which the concentration of sodium in the blood is lower
than normal.
What immediate response would the blood cells have in this condition?
Cells swell as water moves into them.
Cells swell as water moves out of them.
Cells shrivel as water moves out of them.
Cells shrivel as water moves into them.
Answer:
c. Cells shrivel as water moves out of them.
Explanation:
right on edge 2021
We have that the right behavior of the cell in a situation where excess water enters the cell is
Cells swell as water moves into them.
Option A
WaterGenerally Water is Good for the body, But excess of water has its own adverse effect .
Sodium wash away in the blood causes hypo tonic solution in comparison to blood cell.
Therefore, on the count of excess water entering into to the blood cells, the cells tends to rise or swell as water enters into them.
Cells swell as water moves into them.
Option A
For more information on Water visit
https://brainly.com/question/13439286
Drag the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration to their correct
place.
Answer:
Inputs are: Glucose
Output are; carbon dioxide, ATP and heat
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells of living organisms breakdown glucose molecules to release energy (ATP). Cellular respiration, which is a must for every living organism uses oxygen (aerobic) to break down glucose (C6H12O6) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Based on the question asked, the inputs of cellular respiration are GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN while the outputs are CO2, H2O, ATP and HEAT give out. The general chemical equation is as follows:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Please help me. <><><><><<>
Answer:
I would say D
Explanation:
When one mineral scratches another, it is
1. a 1 on the Mohs scale.
2.softer than the mineral is scratches
3.harder then the mineral is scratches.
1.equally as hard as the mineral it scratches.
Name 3 parts found in a plant cell that are also found in an animal cell.
Answer:Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. Animal cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.
Explanation:The best answer
Which ends up with half the number of chromosomes?
Answer:
Meiosis end ups with half the no. of chromosomes..
Answer:
Meosis
Explanation:
Meosis 1 ends with 2 diploid cells that end up dividing again into 4 haploid cells. Thus, the end result of meosis is 4 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each.
