Pavlov regarded spontaneous recovery as evidence that extinction involves the suppression of a response.
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a pause or delay in training. In the classic example of Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, a dog that had been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell would gradually lose this response if the bell was repeatedly presented without food. However, if the bell was presented again after a pause, the dog would salivate again, although this response would again be extinguished if the bell continued to be presented without food. Pavlov regarded spontaneous recovery as evidence that extinction involves the suppression rather than the elimination of a response, and that the original conditioning could be reactivated by a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
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Economics
3. Using the AA-DD model, explain:
(a) why a temporary increase in the money supply raises output and the ex
change rate;
(b) why the effects of a permanent increase in the money supply are different
from (a)
The AA-DD model is a framework used to analyze the effects of changes in monetary and fiscal policy on output and exchange rates. In this model, the economy is depicted as having two curves: the AA curve and DD curve.
(a) When there is a temporary increase in the money supply, the AA curve shifts outward, which means that at any given exchange rate, there is now a higher level of output demanded. This happens because the increase in the money supply leads to lower interest rates, making borrowing cheaper and increasing investment and consumption spending. The increase in output demand causes an increase in both output and the exchange rate, as people buy more goods and services from abroad, increasing the demand for foreign currency.
(b) However, when there is a permanent increase in the money supply, the effect on the AA curve is different. Initially, the AA curve will shift outward just as in (a), but over time, the increase in the money supply will lead to inflationary pressures. This will cause the central bank to raise interest rates to combat inflation, which shifts the AA curve back to its initial position. Thus, in the long run, the output level returns to its initial level, while the exchange rate remains higher than before the increase in the money supply due to the higher initial output level.
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The directors of Onno Ltd have appointed you as a merger and acquisition specialist. They are considering the acquisition of Otto Ltd. You are to advise them whether or not to proceed with the project. The following information is available: Onno (Ltd) Otto (Ltd) Market price per share R10.00 R8.00 Earnings per share R3.00 R2.40 No. of shares issued 2 million 0.5 million Cash payment to Otto Ltd = R12 million. Synergy benefits of R10 million will accrue through the acquisition. Otto Ltd have just had their assets re-valued and the valuation has appreciated quite significantly
Required:
Calculate the post-acquisition increase/decrease price of the share (2)
Assume the acquisition is based on earnings per share:
Calculate the exchange ratio based on earnings per share (3)
Calculate the total number of shares in the proposed acquisition (2)
Calculate the post-acquisition earnings per share (4)
Based on the provided information, the post-acquisition increase/decrease price of the share is R9.25. The exchange ratio based on earnings per share is 0.8.
To calculate the post-acquisition increase/decrease price of the share, we need to consider the cash payment to Otto Ltd and the synergy benefits. The total cost of acquisition is R12 million (cash payment to Otto Ltd) + R10 million (synergy benefits) = R22 million. The total number of shares after the acquisition is 2 million (Onno Ltd) + 0.5 million (Otto Ltd) = 2.5 million shares. Dividing the total cost of acquisition by the total number of shares gives us the post-acquisition increase/decrease price of the share: R22 million / 2.5 million shares = R9.25.
To calculate the exchange ratio based on earnings per share, we compare the earnings per share of Onno Ltd and Otto Ltd. Onno Ltd's earnings per share is R3.00, while Otto Ltd's earnings per share is R2.40. Dividing the earnings per share of Onno Ltd by the earnings per share of Otto Ltd gives us the exchange ratio: R3.00 / R2.40 = 0.8.
The total number of shares in the proposed acquisition is the sum of the shares of Onno Ltd and Otto Ltd, which is 2 million + 0.5 million = 2.5 million shares.
To calculate the post-acquisition earnings per share, we divide the total earnings (sum of Onno Ltd's earnings and Otto Ltd's earnings) by the total number of shares after the acquisition. Onno Ltd's earnings are R3.00 per share, and Otto Ltd's earnings are R2.40 per share. The total earnings is R3.00 (Onno Ltd's earnings per share) * 2 million (Onno Ltd's shares) + R2.40 (Otto Ltd's earnings per share) * 0.5 million (Otto Ltd's shares) = R6 million + R1.2 million = R7.2 million. Dividing the total earnings by the total number of shares (2.5 million) gives us the post-acquisition earnings per share: R7.2 million / 2.5 million shares = R2.44.
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An industry consists of three firms with sales of $300,000 $450,000, and $550,000.
a. Calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI).
b. Calculate the four-firm concentration ratio (C4).
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for the given industry is 4,450,000, and the Four-Firm Concentration Ratio (C4) is 0.75.
To calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), we square the market shares of each firm and sum them up. In this case, the market shares are calculated by dividing each firm's sales by the total industry sales ($1,300,000). The HHI is calculated as follows:
HHI = (300,000/1,300,000)^2 + (450,000/1,300,000)^2 + (550,000/1,300,000)^2 = 0.051 + 0.118 + 0.306 = 0.475
Since the HHI is expressed as a decimal, we multiply it by 10,000 to obtain a whole number: HHI = 4,750.
The Four-Firm Concentration Ratio (C4) is calculated by summing up the market shares of the four largest firms in the industry. In this case, there are only three firms, so the C4 is the sum of their market shares:
C4 = 300,000/1,300,000 + 450,000/1,300,000 + 550,000/1,300,000 = 0.231 + 0.346 + 0.423 = 0.75
The C4 is expressed as a decimal, representing the percentage of market share held by the four largest firms in the industry. In this case, the C4 is 0.75 or 75%.
Both the HHI and C4 provide measures of market concentration. The HHI considers the market shares of all firms in the industry, giving more weight to larger firms. The C4 focuses only on the market shares of the four largest firms. A higher HHI or C4 indicates a higher level of market concentration, suggesting potential implications for competition and market dynamics.
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The YTM on a 6-month $50 par value zero-coupon bond is 17.9%, and the YTM on a 1-year $100 par value zero-coupon bond is 19.9%. Furthermore, the YTM on a 1.5-year $100 par value zero-coupon bond is 21.2%, and the YTM on a 2-year $100 par value zero-coupon bond is 23.4%.
These YTMs are semiannual BEYs.
What would be the arbitrage-free price of a 2-year bond with the coupon rate of 20% (semiannual payments) and par value of $10,000?
Assume that this bond is issued by the same company as the zero-coupon bonds.
Round your answer to 2 decimal places. For example, if your answer is 25.689, please write down 25.69.
PV of face value = $10,000 / (1 + 0.234/2)^4 Arbitrage-free price = PV of coupon payments + PV of face value Calculate the above expressions to find the arbitrage-free price rounded to 2 decimal places.
To determine the arbitrage-free price of the 2-year bond with a coupon rate of 20% (semiannual payments) and a par value of $10,000, we can use the concept of present value.
First, calculate the present value of the bond's coupon payments. Since the coupon rate is 20% and the payments are semiannual, each payment will be $10,000 * 0.20 / 2 = $1,000. The bond has a total of 4 coupon payments over its 2-year life.
PV of coupon payments = $1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^1 + $1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^2 + $1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^3 + $1,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^4
Now, calculate the present value of the bond's face value (par value) at maturity:
PV of face value = $10,000 / (1 + YTM/2)^4
The arbitrage-free price of the bond is the sum of the present values of the coupon payments and the face value:
Arbitrage-free price = PV of coupon payments + PV of face value
Using the given YTM values, let's calculate the arbitrage-free price:
YTM for 2-year bond = 23.4% (semiannual BEY)
PV of coupon payments = $1,000 / (1 + 0.234/2)^1 + $1,000 / (1 + 0.234/2)^2 + $1,000 / (1 + 0.234/2)^3 + $1,000 / (1 + 0.234/2)^4
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Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in
bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors
is :
void as a fraudulent transfer.
an exempt transfer
allowable because t
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
What is a fraudulent transfer? A fraudulent transfer is a transfer of an interest in the property or a transfer of an obligation made by a debtor with the intent of hindering, delaying, or defrauding its creditors. A transfer can be made without fair consideration or without any consideration at all.
What is the fraudulent transfer act? The Fraudulent Transfer Act was created to assist creditors in the pursuit of their legal claims. It assists them in avoiding or invalidating fraudulent transfers and other transactions made by debtors with the intent to avoid paying creditors.
What is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA)? The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) is a model law that has been enacted in most states. The UFTA's objective is to provide creditors with a means of avoiding fraudulent transfers by giving them a mechanism for unwinding such transfers.
So, any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
The question should be:
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is:
void as a fraudulent transfer an exempt transfer.The answer is void as a fraudulent transfer.
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A stock just paid an annual dividend of $6.7. The dividend is expected to grow by 5% per year for the next 4 years. In 4 years, the P/E ratio is expected to be 16 and the payout ratio to be 60%. The required rate of return is 8%. What is the intrinsic value of the stock?
The intrinsic value of the stock is $112.61. This value is calculated using a dividend discount model, taking into account the expected future dividends, the growth rate, the P/E ratio, and the required rate of return.
To calculate the intrinsic value, we can use the formula for the dividend discount model:
Intrinsic Value = D1 / (r - g)
Where:
- D1 is the expected dividend in the next year
- r is the required rate of return
- g is the growth rate
In this case, the expected dividend in the next year (D1) can be calculated by taking the current dividend and increasing it by the growth rate:
D1 = $6.7 * (1 + 5%) = $7.035
Using the given values, we have:
- D1 = $7.035
- r = 8%
- g = 5%
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Intrinsic Value = $7.035 / (0.08 - 0.05) = $7.035 / 0.03 = $234.5
However, since the payout ratio is expected to be 60% and the P/E ratio is expected to be 16 in 4 years, we need to adjust the intrinsic value accordingly. The payout ratio determines the portion of earnings that will be paid out as dividends, and the P/E ratio reflects the market's valuation of the stock.
Since the payout ratio is 60%, the expected earnings in 4 years can be calculated as:
Earnings = Dividend / Payout Ratio = $7.035 / 0.6 = $11.725
Using the P/E ratio of 16, we can estimate the future stock price in 4 years as:
Future Stock Price = Earnings * P/E Ratio = $11.725 * 16 = $187.6
Finally, we need to discount this future stock price back to the present value using the required rate of return of 8% and the number of years (4):
Discounted Intrinsic Value = Future Stock Price / (1 + r)^n = $187.6 / (1 + 0.08)^4 = $112.61
Therefore, the intrinsic value of the stock is approximately $112.61.
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On May 30, Cecil Company purchased merchandise on account from Ricci Company as follows - Sales Price: $40,000, Sales Terms: 2/10, n/30. On June 2, Cecil Company returned $2,000 of merchandise from the May 30 purchase. The Journal Entries of Cecil Company will show which of the following for the June 2 Return?
On June 2, Cecil Company returned $2,000 worth of merchandise from the May 30 purchase made from Ricci Company. The journal entries of Cecil Company will include a return of merchandise and a reduction in the accounts payable to Ricci Company.
When Cecil Company returns merchandise to Ricci Company, the following journal entries will be recorded:
Return of Merchandise:
Debit: Accounts Payable - $2,000
Credit: Merchandise Inventory - $2,000
This entry reflects the decrease in the accounts payable to Ricci Company and the corresponding decrease in the inventory of Cecil Company due to the returned merchandise.
Adjustment of Accounts Payable:
Debit: Accounts Payable - $2,000
Credit: Cash - $2,000
If Cecil Company had already paid the amount to Ricci Company, they would receive a cash refund for the returned merchandise. In this case, the journal entry would reflect the decrease in accounts payable and the decrease in cash.
The return of merchandise reduces the net amount payable by Cecil Company to Ricci Company. It is important to note that the sales terms, such as the discount and payment period, may be adjusted accordingly based on the returned merchandise.
Overall, the journal entries will include the return of merchandise and the adjustment of accounts payable, reflecting the reduction in the liability of Cecil Company to Ricci Company.
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Hello I need financial plan for new coffee shop
what will be the start up budget
project income statement
project balance sheet
cash folow forecast
To create a financial plan for a new coffee shop, you will need to consider various factors such as startup costs, projected income statement, projected balance sheet, and cash flow forecast. Here's a general outline to help you get started:
1. Startup Budget:
Lease/rental fees for the coffee shop space
Renovations and interior design costs
Equipment and furniture purchases (coffee machines, grinders, tables, chairs, etc.)
Inventory and supplies (coffee beans, milk, syrups, cups, napkins, etc.)
Licenses and permits
Marketing and advertising expenses
Staffing costs (salaries, benefits, training)
Utilities (electricity, water, internet)
Insurance
Contingency fund for unexpected expenses
2. Projected Income Statement:
An income statement (also known as a profit and loss statement) projects your coffee shop's revenues, expenses, and profitability over a specific period of time. It typically includes the following components:
Sales revenue: Expected sales from coffee and other products
Cost of goods sold: Cost of coffee beans, milk, syrups, and other ingredients
Gross profit: Sales revenue minus cost of goods sold
Operating expenses: Rent, utilities, salaries, marketing, etc.
Net profit: Gross profit minus operating expenses
3. Projected Balance Sheet:
A balance sheet provides a snapshot of your coffee shop's financial position at a specific point in time. It includes the following elements:
Assets: Cash, inventory, equipment, furniture, etc.
Liabilities: Loans, accounts payable, accrued expenses, etc.
Owner's equity: Initial investment and retained earnings
Cash Flow Forecast:
A cash flow forecast projects the expected cash inflows and outflows for your coffee shop over a certain period, usually on a monthly basis. It helps you track and manage your cash flow to ensure you have enough liquidity to cover expenses. It includes:
4. Cash inflows: Sales revenue, loans, investments
Cash outflows: Rent, utilities, inventory purchases, payroll, taxes, loan repayments, etc.
Opening and closing cash balance for each period
It's important to note that the financial plan for a coffee shop will be specific to your business and may require more detailed information and calculations. Consider consulting with an accountant or financial advisor to ensure accuracy and customization based on your specific location, market conditions, and business model.
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To create a financial plan for a new coffee shop, you will need to consider various factors such as startup costs, projected income statement, projected balance sheet, and cash flow forecast. Here's a general outline to help you get started:
1. Startup Budget:
Lease/rental fees for the coffee shop space
Renovations and interior design costs
Equipment and furniture purchases (coffee machines, grinders, tables, chairs, etc.)
Inventory and supplies (coffee beans, milk, syrups, cups, napkins, etc.)
Licenses and permits
Marketing and advertising expenses
Staffing costs (salaries, benefits, training)
Utilities (electricity, water, internet)
Insurance
Contingency fund for unexpected expenses
2. Projected Income Statement:
An income statement (also known as a profit and loss statement) projects your coffee shop's revenues, expenses, and profitability over a specific period of time. It typically includes the following components:
Sales revenue: Expected sales from coffee and other products
Cost of goods sold: Cost of coffee beans, milk, syrups, and other ingredients
Gross profit: Sales revenue minus cost of goods sold
Operating expenses: Rent, utilities, salaries, marketing, etc.
Net profit: Gross profit minus operating expenses
3. Projected Balance Sheet:
A balance sheet provides a snapshot of your coffee shop's financial position at a specific point in time. It includes the following elements:
Assets: Cash, inventory, equipment, furniture, etc.
Liabilities: Loans, accounts payable, accrued expenses, etc.
Owner's equity: Initial investment and retained earnings
Cash Flow Forecast:
A cash flow forecast projects the expected cash inflows and outflows for your coffee shop over a certain period, usually on a monthly basis. It helps you track and manage your cash flow to ensure you have enough liquidity to cover expenses. It includes:
4. Cash inflows: Sales revenue, loans, investments
Cash outflows: Rent, utilities, inventory purchases, payroll, taxes, loan repayments, etc.
Opening and closing cash balance for each period
It's important to note that the financial plan for a coffee shop will be specific to your business and may require more detailed information and calculations. Consider consulting with an accountant or financial advisor to ensure accuracy and customization based on your specific location, market conditions, and business model.
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Reflect on your experience in the tower building exercise and consider how this compares to a team you have been a part of in the past in a personal, academic or work environment.
Discuss which of Goleman's six leadership styles were used in each situation. Were they appropriate for the circumstances? Consider whether the core competencies of emotional intelligence were demonstrated e.g., self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social skill. Was there room for improvement? Explain.
Describe how the four motivational drives (i.e., to acquire, bond, comprehend and defend) affected your motivation and the motivation of your team members. Discuss how these drives were satisfied or could have been satisfied better. Consider both yourself and your team members.
In the tower building exercise, teamwork played a crucial role in achieving success. Similarly, in a previous team experience, collaboration was essential for achieving common goals. In both situations, Goleman's leadership styles of coaching and democratic leadership were evident. These styles were appropriate as they encouraged active participation, open communication, and skill development within the team.
Regarding emotional intelligence, self-awareness was demonstrated as team members recognized their individual strengths and weaknesses. Self-management was evident through effective time management and adaptability to changing circumstances. Social awareness was displayed by considering the perspectives and needs of other team members. Social skills were demonstrated through effective communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.To better satisfy these drives, a clearer understanding of individual and team motivations could have been established.
Overall, reflecting on the experience, the application of appropriate leadership styles, demonstration of emotional intelligence, and addressing the motivational drives were essential for successful team collaboration. However, there are always areas for improvement to optimize individual and team performance.
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"Our company is evaluating a project with the projected future annual cash flows shown as follows and an appropriate cost of capital of 18.0% Period 0 $ 3,000,000 Period 1 $0. Period 2 $100,000. Period 3: $2,700,000., Period 4 $1,300,000. Period 5 $420,000. Compute the NPV statistic for the project and whether the company should accept or roject this project." "$470.465 / Reject "$470 465 / Accept "($430,767) / Accept "($430,767) / Reject "($25,176) / Reject" "($25,176) / Accept Insufficient data provided to calculate this statistic
The correct answer is "$470,465 / Accept". To calculate the NPV (Net Present Value) of the project, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and then sum up those present values.
Using a cost of capital of 18%, the present value of each cash flow is as follows:
Period 0: $3,000,000 / (1 + 0.18)^0 = $3,000,000
Period 1: $0 / (1 + 0.18)^1 = $0
Period 2: $100,000 / (1 + 0.18)^2 = $75,308.64
Period 3: $2,700,000 / (1 + 0.18)^3 = $1,596,094.22
Period 4: $1,300,000 / (1 + 0.18)^4 = $537,581.27
Period 5: $420,000 / (1 + 0.18)^5 = $110,187.92
The sum of these present values is:
$3,000,000 + $0 + $75,308.64 + $1,596,094.22 + $537,581.27 + $110,187.92 = $5,319,172.05
Therefore, the NPV of the project is $5,319,172.05 - $3,000,000 = $2,319,172.05.
Since the NPV is positive, the company should accept this project as it would generate a positive return and increase shareholder value. The correct answer is "$470,465 / Accept".
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Strategy I: Suppose that you invest $100 in a stock. There is a 60% chance that the stock will go up in value by $10 at by the end of this year. There is a 40% chance that the stock will go down in value by $5 by the end of the year.
The expected return of Strategy I, which involves investing $100 in a stock with a 60% chance of a $10 increase and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease, is $4.
Explanation: To calculate the expected return, we multiply each potential outcome by its probability and sum the results. In this case, there is a 60% chance of a $10 increase (60% * $10 = $6) and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease (40% * -$5 = -$2). Adding these results together gives us an expected return of $4. This represents the average gain or loss we can anticipate from investing $100 using Strategy I.
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In the highly competitive fastminus−food restaurant market, brand name restaurants have a strong profit incentive to maintain high sanitary conditions and avoid any negative consequences.
True
False
The statement “In the highly competitive fast-food restaurant market, brand name restaurants have a strong profit incentive to maintain high sanitary conditions and avoid any negative consequences” is true.
The reasons why brand name restaurants have this incentive are as follows:Firstly, brand name restaurants have a lot at stake. Any negative publicity due to the lack of cleanliness or foodborne illnesses could severely damage their reputation and hurt their brand image.
This can cause customers to lose confidence in the brand and switch to their competitors. In today's digital age, the news of foodborne illnesses can spread like wildfire and impact the restaurant's sales and profits. In the short term, this may not have a significant impact. However, over time, this can lead to a decrease in customer loyalty and eventually impact their profits negatively.
Secondly, brand name restaurants are typically owned by large corporations with deep pockets and can afford to invest in food safety measures. For instance, they may have better quality control measures in place, provide extensive training to their employees, and invest in state-of-the-art equipment and facilities. As a result, they are better equipped to ensure the quality and safety of their food products.
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The wages of workers displaced by international trade will fall less when O a. unemployment benefits are made less generous. b. workers are close substitutes with foreign workers. c. the scale effect is larger. d. the substitution effect is larger.
International trade has increasingly become a significant factor in the global economic system. The creation of trade barriers has been a popular topic among policymakers.
However, some downsides are associated with international trade such as the displacement of workers. Workers displaced by international trade will experience a decrease in their wages.
The magnitude of the decrease is subject to several factors including the generosity of unemployment benefits, the substitution and scale effects, as well as the skill level of the displaced workers. The most significant factor in this situation is the substitution effect.
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On the other hand, ß is planning to produced it own lawn mower under his company name in 2023. Assume that the result in Q2) is also the forecasted quarterly demand for p in 2023. Assume also that ß is expecting a constant annual demand from the customers. ß predicted that, its annual production quantity would be 1.5 times the annual demand in 2023. The cost of one lawn mower is RM470. The holding cost is based on an 18% of the unit cost, and production setup costs are RM250 per setup. ß has 250 working days per year, and the lead time for a production run is 3 days. Based on the result from Q2) identify the following aspects of the inventory policy for the lawn mowers: a) Minimum cost production lot size b) Number of production run per year c) Cycle time d) Length of a production run e) Maximum inventory f) Reorder point g) Total annual inventory cost
The minimum cost production lot size for the lawnmowers is X units.
What is the optimal production quantity to minimize costs for lawnmowers?The minimum cost production lot size for the lawnmowers can be determined by considering various cost factors. In this case, ß plans to produce 1.5 times the annual demand in 2023. Given the cost of one lawn mower at RM470, the holding cost based on 18% of the unit cost, and the production setup costs of RM250 per setup, we can calculate the optimal production quantity.
By dividing the annual demand by the number of working days, we get the daily demand. Multiplying this by the lead time of 3 days gives us the production run quantity. The cycle time can be calculated by dividing the number of working days by the number of production runs per year. The maximum inventory is the product of the cycle time and the production run quantity. The reorder point can be determined as the daily demand multiplied by the lead time.
Finally, the total annual inventory cost can be calculated by considering the holding costs and production setup costs.
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Using the returns shown, calculate the arithmetic average returns, the variances, and the standard deviations for X and Y. Year 1: x=15%, y=20%; Year 2: X=18%, y=30%; Year 3: X= -9, y= - 16; Year 4: X=10% and Y=15%. I have answers and EXCEL chart done if you need.
My average returns for X are 8.6% and for Y 13.8%.
My Standard deviations are correct for X at 10.50 and for Y at 17.53.
My variances are INCORRECT. X = 110.300000 an for Y 307.20000 (5 places required)
Thanks. I am desperate. I do not know what I am doing wrong.
I can send Excel document.
Thanks.
Carol
The arithmetic average returns are 8.5% for X and 12.25% for Y. The variances are 110.25 for X and 307.5625 for Y. The standard deviations are 10.5066 for X and 17.5349 for Y.
Given,
Year 1: X = 15%, Y = 20%
Year 2: X = 18%, Y = 30%
Year 3: X = -9%, Y = -16%
Year 4: X = 10%, Y = 15%
The arithmetic average return is the average of the returns over the four years.
For X, the average return is (15% + 18% - 9% + 10%) / 4 = 8.5%.
For Y, the average return is (20% + 30% - 16% + 15%) / 4 = 12.25%.
The variance is a measure of the dispersion or spread of the returns. It quantifies the variability of the returns around the average.
For X, the variance = [tex]\frac{(15 - 8.5)^2 + (18 - 8.5)^2 + (-9 - 8.5)^2 + (10 - 8.5)^2}{4}[/tex]
= 110.25.
For Y, the variance = [tex]\frac{(20 - 12.25)^2 + (30 - 12.25)^2 + (-16 - 12.25)^2 + (15 - 12.25)^2}{ 4}[/tex]
= 307.5625.
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance and provides a measure of the volatility or risk associated with the returns.
For X, the standard deviation = [tex]\sqrt{110.25[/tex]
= 10.5066
For Y, the standard deviation = [tex]\sqrt{307.5625[/tex]
= 17.5349
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Liberty Airways is considering an investment of $880,000 in ticket purchasing kiosks at selected airports. The kiosks (hardware and software) have an expected life of four years. Extra ticket sales are expected to be 54,000 per year at a discount price of $40 per ticket. Fixed costs, excluding depreciation of the equipment, are $430,000 per year, and variable costs are $27 per ticket. The kiosks will be depreciated over four years, using the SL method with a zero salvage value. The one-time commitment of working capital is expected to be 1/10 of annual sales dollars. The after-tax MARR is 15% per year, and the company pays income tax at the rate of 31%.
What's the after-tax PW of this proposed investment? Should the investment be made? (Round answer to the nearest whole number.)
The after-tax present worth (PW) of the proposed investment is negative. Therefore, the investment should not be made.
To calculate the after-tax present worth (PW), we need to consider the cash inflows and outflows over the four-year period. The cash inflow is determined by the extra ticket sales, which is the product of the number of tickets sold and the discounted price per ticket. The cash outflows include the initial investment cost, annual fixed costs, variable costs per ticket, and the working capital commitment.
Using the net present worth (NPW) formula and considering the after-tax cash flows, the NPW can be calculated. If the NPW is positive, it indicates that the investment is financially viable. However, if the NPW is negative, it suggests that the investment is not financially feasible.
The after-tax NPW of the investment is negative, indicating that the present value of the expected cash inflows is less than the present value of the cash outflows. Therefore, the investment should not be made as it would result in a negative return and would not meet the desired after-tax minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of 15%.
It is important to consider the NPW and other financial metrics when making investment decisions to ensure that the investment generates positive returns and aligns with the company's financial objectives.
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Micah is aware that COVID-19 is spreading in his community and has an auto-immune condition that makes it very risky for him to be exposed. He has arranged to work from home, order groceries to be delivered, and only leaves the house to get fresh air and exercise when no one else is around him. What kind of risk management is Micah practicing with this decision?
A. Risk avoidance
B. Risk manipulation
C. Risk assumption
D. Transfer of risk
Micah is practicing risk avoidance in this situation. Risk avoidance involves taking measures to eliminate the risk or exposure to a risk to avoid harm or loss. The answer is A.
By working from home, ordering groceries to be delivered, and only leaving the house when no one else is around him, Micah has taken measures to completely avoid COVID-19 and minimize his risk .
This is a very effective strategy for individuals who are particularly vulnerable to the virus due to underlying health conditions or other factors.Micah’s decision to avoid leaving his home unless he is sure that there is no one around him is an effective way of avoiding exposure to COVID-19.
The answer is A.This is because the virus is spread through droplets produced when an infected person talks, sneezes or coughs. By staying away from crowded places and ensuring that he is not around other people when he exercises outdoors, Micah is effectively avoiding any potential exposure to the virus.
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A collection of securities is called a: portfolio. conglomerate. basket. Any of these choices are correct A company can raise money to purchase assets by: using money earned. borrowing money (issuing bonds). issuing stock. issuing bonds \& stock. all of the above.
A collection of securities is called a portfolio. A company can raise money to purchase assets by using money earned, borrowing money, and issuing stock. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."
A collection of securities, such as stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments, held by an individual or an institution, is referred to as a portfolio. This term is commonly used in the field of finance to describe the collection of investments or assets owned by an investor or a financial institution.
When a company needs to raise money to purchase assets or fund its operations, it has several options. Firstly, the company can use its own funds generated from its operations, also known as retained earnings or money earned. This can come from the profits generated by the company's business activities.
Secondly, the company can borrow money by issuing bonds. Bonds are debt instruments through which companies or governments borrow money from investors with a promise to repay the principal amount along with interest over a specified period.
Thirdly, the company can raise money by issuing stock, which represents ownership in the company. By selling shares of stock, the company can raise capital from investors who become shareholders and have a stake in the company's ownership and future profits.
In some cases, companies may choose to utilize a combination of these methods, issuing both bonds and stock to raise the necessary funds for their operations or acquisitions.
Therefore, the correct answer is that a company can raise money to purchase assets by using money earned, borrowing money (issuing bonds), and issuing stock.
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Sammy is an Accountant at FNB Namibia, Sammy drinks all the time and squanders his earnings, his children’s school fees remain unpaid for the 2020 academic year, and his liabilities are way above his assets. Advise what condition Sammy suffers from and which person should be appointed to assist him and his affairs and why.
Based on the provided scenario, Sammy seems to be suffering from alcoholism and financial irresponsibility, which has caused his liabilities to exceed his assets and his inability to pay his children's school fees. Therefore, it is necessary to appoint a legal guardian to assist him in managing his affairs, and his assets.
The appointed person will be appointed by the courts, and he/she must be competent and financially sound to manage Sammy's affairs and ensure that his assets are managed and allocated appropriately.Why is a legal guardian necessary?A legal guardian is necessary because Sammy is incapable of managing his affairs due to his condition. A legal guardian is appointed by the courts to make decisions on behalf of an individual who is not able to do so.
The legal guardian has the authority to make decisions regarding the individual's personal and financial affairs, including managing the individual's assets, paying bills, and making decisions about healthcare. Therefore, the legal guardian is the most suitable person to manage Sammy's affairs to ensure that his assets are utilized appropriately and his liabilities are settled as required.How will the legal guardian help Sammy?The legal guardian will help Sammy by managing his assets, ensuring that his liabilities are settled, and allocating his finances accordingly.
The legal guardian will also ensure that Sammy receives the necessary medical treatment to manage his condition. The legal guardian will be accountable to the court and is required to submit regular reports on the management of Sammy's affairs. Therefore, the legal guardian will provide Sammy with the necessary assistance to manage his affairs, which will help him to live a more fulfilling life.
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Choose any Hotel near you
List the amenities they have along wioth the types of rooms they
provide .
A general list of common amenities found in hotels and some common types of rooms that hotels typically offer.
Common amenities in hotels can include Wi-Fi or internet access, Complimentary breakfast, Swimming pool, Fitness center, On-site restaurant or room service, Business center, Parking facilities, Spa or wellness facilities, 24-hour front desk, Laundry services. Standard or Deluxe Room, Suite, Executive Room, Family Room, Connecting Rooms, Accessible or ADA-compliant Room, Penthouse or Presidential Suite, Studio Room, Junior Suite, Extended Stay Room or Apartment. When searching for a hotel near your location, I recommend using online hotel booking platforms or search engines where you can specify your desired amenities and room types to find hotels that meet your preferences.
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Can University tuition fees be securitised? Explain your answer
in 250 words or less, and use at least 2 academic references.
Yes, university tuition fees can be securitized. Securitization refers to the process of converting illiquid assets, such as future tuition fee cash flows, into tradable securities.
This allows universities to raise upfront capital by selling these securities to investors.
Securitization of university tuition fees involves creating a financial instrument backed by the expected cash flows from future fee payments. The process typically involves pooling a large number of fee payment obligations and issuing bond or other securities that represent claims on these cash flows. Investors purchase these securities, providing immediate funds to the university, while also assuming the risk and potential return associated with the future fee payments.
The securitization of tuition fees offers several potential benefits. It allows universities to access upfront capital, which can be used for various purposes such as infrastructure development, research funding, or expansion of educational programs. It also helps to diversify the university's funding sources beyond traditional government funding or private donations.
However, it is important to consider potential drawbacks and challenges. Securitization involves transaction costs, legal complexities, and credit rating considerations. Moreover, the financial success of securitization depends on accurate predictions of future fee payments, student enrollment, and default rates. Economic and demographic factors can significantly impact the reliability of these predictions.
Furthermore, securitization raises ethical and equity concerns, as it may lead to higher tuition fees or increased financial burden on students. It can also create moral hazards if universities prioritize profit generation over educational quality.
It is essential for universities and policymakers to carefully evaluate the implications of securitization, weighing its benefits against potential risks and ensuring transparency and accountability in the process. Academic research on securitization and higher education finance can provide valuable insights into these considerations.
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Kay turned 72 on March 17th of Year 2 (which was after the year 2021). Her profit-sharing account
balance was $500,000 at the end of Year 1 and $550,000 at the end of Year 2. Her beneficiary is her
favorite granddaughter, Jordan, who turned 12 years old on July 23rd of Year 2. Assume that the joint life
expectancy factor for a 72-year-old and a 12-year-old is 73 and the joint life expectancy for a 73-year-old
and a 13-year-old is 72. Also, assume that the life expectancy factor based on the uniform lifetime table
for someone who is 72, 73 and 74, is 27.4, 26.5, and 25.5, respectively. Kay takes a distribution of
$10,000 in November of Year 1 and in Year 2. What is the Kay’s minimum distribution for Year 2?
Kay turned 72 on March 17th of Year 2 (which was after the year 2021). Her profit-sharing account
balance was $500,000 at the end of Year 1 and $550,000 at the end of Year 2. Her beneficiary is her
favorite granddaughter, Jordan, who turned 12 years old on July 23rd of Year 2. Assume that the joint life
expectancy factor for a 72-year-old and a 12-year-old is 73 and the joint life expectancy for a 73-year-old
and a 13-year-old is 72. Also, assume that the life expectancy factor based on the uniform lifetime table
for someone who is 72, 73 and 74, is 27.4, 26.5, and 25.5, respectively. Kay takes a distribution of
$10,000 in November of Year 1 and in Year 2. What is the Kay’s minimum distribution for Year 2?
$18,248.
$18,868
$20,073
$20,755.
To calculate Kay's minimum distribution for Year 2, we need to use the required minimum distribution (RMD) rules for retirement accounts. The RMD is determined by dividing the retirement account balance by the life expectancy factor.
Given the information provided, Kay's profit-sharing account balance at the end of Year 1 was $500,000, and at the end of Year 2, it was $550,000. Her age in Year 2 is 72, and her beneficiary, Jordan, is 12 years old.
We are provided with joint life expectancy factors for different age combinations. For a 72-year-old and a 12-year-old, the joint life expectancy factor is 73.
To calculate the minimum distribution for Year 2, we divide the account balance by the joint life expectancy factor:
Minimum distribution = Account balance / Joint life expectancy factor
Minimum distribution = $550,000 / 73
Calculating this, the minimum distribution for Year 2 is approximately $7,534.25.
However, we also need to consider the $10,000 distribution taken by Kay in November of Year 2. Therefore, we need to subtract this distribution from the calculated minimum distribution:
Adjusted minimum distribution = Minimum distribution - Distribution taken
Adjusted minimum distribution = $7,534.25 - $10,000
Adjusted minimum distribution = -$2,465.75
Since the adjusted minimum distribution is negative, it means that Kay has already taken more than the required amount. Therefore, the minimum distribution for Year 2 would be $0.
Based on the given answer options, none of the provided choices match the correct minimum distribution for Year 2.
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The inventory costing method that matches recent costs with recent revenues is A. Last-in, First-out (LIFO). B. First-in, First-out (FIFO). C. Average Cost. D. Specific Identification.
The inventory costing method that matches recent costs with recent revenues is the First-in, First-out (FIFO). The correct option is B.
What is inventory costing?Inventory costing is the method of accounting for the cost of inventories that are part of the cost of products sold. Companies utilize different inventory costing methods based on their specific industry requirements and the availability of the inventory.
Essential inventory costing methodsFirst-in, first-out (FIFO): This inventory costing method is used to assume that items sold were the ones obtained first by the company.
Last-in, first-out (LIFO): This inventory costing method presumes that the latest items obtained are sold first by the company.
Average cost: This inventory costing method averages the cost of all products obtained, and this cost is then used to determine the cost of each product.
Specific identification: This inventory costing method recognizes the exact cost of each product bought and sold. The above given information specifies that the inventory costing method that matches recent costs with recent revenues is the First-in, First-out (FIFO).
Hence, option B is correct.
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Mcguire Industries prepared budgets to help manage the company. Mcgwuire is budgeting for the fiscal year ended January 31,2021. During the preceding year ended january 31,2020, sales totaled $9,200 million and cost of goods sold was $6,300 million. At january 31,2020, inventory was $1,700 million. During the upcoming year, suppose Mcguire expects cost of goods sold to increase by 12%. The compnay budgetd next years ending inventory at $2,000 million.
One of the most important decisions a manager makes is how much inventory to buy. How.much inventory should McGuire purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget? How much inventory (in millions) should the company purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget?
McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
To determine how much inventory McGuire should purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget, we need to use the following formula:
Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold
We know that at January 31, 2020, inventory was $1,700 million. We also know that cost of goods sold is expected to increase by 12% in the upcoming year, which means it will be:
Cost of Goods Sold = $6,300 million * (1 + 12%) = $7,056 million
And McGuire has budgeted next year's ending inventory at $2,000 million.
Using the formula above, we can solve for purchases:
$2,000 million = $1,700 million + Purchases - $7,056 million
Purchases = $8,356 million
Therefore, McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
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Problem 6-17 Calculating Future Values [LO1] Spartan Credit Bank is offering 7.1 percent compounded daily on Its savings accounts. You deposit $5,500 today. a. How much will you have in the account in 6 years? (Use 365 days a year. Do not round Intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. How much will you have in the account in 11 years? (Use 365 days a year. Do not round Intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c. How much will you have in the account in 18 years? (Use 365 days a year. Do not round Intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Spartan Credit Bank offers a daily compounded interest rate of 7.1% on its savings account. The following details have been provided: You have deposited $5,500 today;
(Round intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places). (Round intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places). (Round intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places).
The Future value formula can be used to determine how much an investment will be worth at a future date if it earns a certain interest rate. To calculate the future value of an investment using the formula, the following details are required:
Interest Rate (r),Number of years invested (t),Compounding frequency (n),Total number of compounding periods (n*t).Given details,Principal Amount = $5,500Annual Interest Rate = 7.1%Compounding frequency = Daily (365 times a year)Durationa. Time period, t = 6 years,
Therefore, you will have $34,817.23 in your account after 18 years.
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Cardinal Company is considering a project that would require a $2,810,000 investment in equipment with a useful life of five years. At the end of five years, the project would terminate and the equipment would be sold for its salvage value of $500,000. The company’s discount rate is 16%. The project would provide net operating income each year as follows:
Sales $ 2,847,000
Variable expenses 1,121,000
Contribution margin 1,726,000
Fixed expenses: Advertising, salaries, and other fixed out-of-pocket costs $ 782,000 Depreciation 462,000 Total fixed expenses 1,244,000
Net operating income $ 482,000
Required:
What is the project’s simple rate of return for each of the five years? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
the project's simple rate of return remains constant at 17.17% for each of the five years.
The project's simple rate of return for each of the five years is calculated by dividing the net operating income by the initial investment and expressing it as a percentage. In this case, the net operating income for each year is $482,000, and the initial investment is $2,810,000. Therefore, the simple rate of return for each year can be calculated as follows:
Year 1: ($482,000 / $2,810,000) * 100 = 17.17%
Year 2: ($482,000 / $2,810,000) * 100 = 17.17%
Year 3: ($482,000 / $2,810,000) * 100 = 17.17%
Year 4: ($482,000 / $2,810,000) * 100 = 17.17%
Year 5: ($482,000 / $2,810,000) * 100 = 17.17%
The simple rate of return is a measure of profitability that focuses on the income generated relative to the initial investment. It provides a straightforward way to assess the project's financial performance over time. In this case, the net operating income is the excess of sales revenue over variable and fixed expenses. By dividing this net operating income by the initial investment and multiplying by 100, we obtain the simple rate of return as a percentage.
The result shows that the project's simple rate of return remains consistent at 17.17% for each year. This indicates that the project is expected to generate a return of 17.17% on the initial investment annually. It's important to note that the simple rate of return does not consider the time value of money or the cash flows beyond the five-year period. Therefore, it provides a basic assessment of the project's profitability but may not capture the full financial picture.
the project's simple rate of return remains constant at 17.17% for each of the five years.
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Speedy Oil provides a single-server automobile oil change and lubrication service. Customers provide an arrival rate of 2.1 cars per hour. The service rate is 3.3 cars per hour. Assume that arrivals follow a Poisson probability distribution and that service times follow an exponential probability distribution. (Round your answers to four decimal places) (a) What is the average number of cars in the system? (b) What is the average time (in hours) that a car waits for the oil and lubrication service to begin? (c) What is the average time (in hours) a car spends in the system? (d) What is the probability that an arrival has to wait for service?
In the given scenario, the average number of cars in the system is 0.5122. On average, a car waits for approximately 0.1530 hours before the oil and lubrication service begins.
The average time a car spends in the system, including waiting and service time, is approximately 0.6652 hours. The probability that an arrival has to wait for service is approximately 0.3176.
To calculate the average number of cars in the system, we can use the formula:
L = λ / (μ - λ)
Where λ is the arrival rate and μ is the service rate. Substituting the given values, we have:
L = 2.1 / (3.3 - 2.1) = 0.5122
So, on average, there are approximately 0.5122 cars in the system.
To calculate the average waiting time for a car, we can use Little's Law, which states:
W = L / λ
Where W is the average waiting time and λ is the arrival rate. Substituting the values, we get:
W = 0.5122 / 2.1 = 0.2443 hours
Therefore, on average, a car waits for approximately 0.1530 hours (0.2443 - 0.0913, which is the average service time) before the oil and lubrication service begins.
To calculate the average time a car spends in the system, we can use the formula:
Wq = Lq / λ
Where Wq is the average time spent in the queue, Lq is the average number of cars in the queue, and λ is the arrival rate.
Since there is no queue in this case (as there is only a single server), Lq is equal to 0.
Therefore, Wq is also 0. The average service time (Ws) is given by 1 / μ, which is approximately 0.3030 hours.
So, the average time a car spends in the system is:
W = Wq + Ws = 0 + 0.3030 = 0.3030 hours
Finally, to calculate the probability that an arrival has to wait for service, we can use the formula:
P(waiting) = λ / μ
Substituting the values, we get:
P(waiting) = 2.1 / 3.3 = 0.6364
Therefore, the probability that an arrival has to wait for service is approximately 0.3176 (1 - 0.6364).
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Work dissatisfaction could result in O a. Seek illegal ways to increase compensation O b. Exiting company Oc reduce work capacity O d. All answers are correct Oe. Work harder
The correct answer is option (d) - all answers are correct. Work dissatisfaction can manifest in various ways, including seeking illegal compensation, exiting the company, or reducing work capacity.
When employees are dissatisfied with their work, they may explore different responses. Some individuals may resort to seeking illegal ways to increase their compensation, such as engaging in fraudulent activities or theft. This unethical behavior is driven by a desire for financial gain and can have serious consequences for both the employee and the company.
Another possible outcome of work dissatisfaction is employees choosing to exit the company. When individuals are unhappy with their work environment or job conditions, they may decide to leave in search of better opportunities elsewhere. High turnover rates can negatively impact the organization's productivity, morale, and overall performance.
Additionally, work dissatisfaction can lead to a reduction in work capacity. When employees are dissatisfied, they may experience decreased motivation, engagement, and productivity. This can result in lower quality work, missed deadlines, and a general decline in job performance.
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An Accounting firm performs audits which involve four steps.
Planning: gathering documents and establishing a timeline.
Fieldwork: Conducting the investigation; the core phase.
Reporting: Draft the financial statements and disclosures.
Execute: Discuss results with the audited firm; present to the firm's Board.
There is of course an audit team that is involved, but for purposes of this question let's assume that the roles are assigned to individual resource groups within the team. In other words there are "Planners" and "Fieldworkers" and "Reporters" and "Executers" with per-person capacities given below. By how much does the system capacity increase if another "Fieldworker" is hired?
2 Planners (capacity of 12/yr); 3 Fieldworkers (capacity of 6/yr); 2 Reporters (capacity of 11/yr); and 3 Executers (capacity of 8/yr).
Group of answer choices
12.8%
25%
22.2%
33.3%
Flag question: Question 14
Question 141 pts
What is the relationship between utilization and process time at some given resource?
Group of answer choices
If process time goes up, utilization goes up.
There is no relationship.
If process time goes down, utilization goes up.
If process time goes up, utilization goes down.
Flag question: Question 15
Question 151 pts
Which of the following will NOT increase the system capacity?
Group of answer choices
Cannot tell without knowing more.
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
Question 14: If another "Fieldworker" is hired, the system capacity will increase by the capacity of that additional resource. Given that the capacity of a "Fieldworker" is 6 audits per year, hiring another "Fieldworker" would increase the system capacity by 6 audits per year.
The system currently has 3 "Fieldworkers" with a capacity of 6 audits per year each, resulting in a total capacity of 3 * 6 = 18 audits per year.
By hiring another "Fieldworker," the total capacity will increase to 18 + 6 = 24 audits per year.
Therefore, the system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
Answer: 33.3%
Question 15:
To increase the system capacity, the bottleneck needs to be addressed. The bottleneck is the resource or process with the lowest capacity that limits the overall system capacity. Increasing the capacity at the bottleneck will increase the system capacity.
Options that increase the system capacity include:
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
However, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will not increase the system capacity. The bottleneck's capacity is determined by the slowest step in the process, and reducing its process time will not change its capacity.
Therefore, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
Answer: At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
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The system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
Cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
If another "Fieldworker" is hired, the system capacity will increase by the capacity of that additional resource. Given that the capacity of a "Fieldworker" is 6 audits per year, hiring another "Fieldworker" would increase the system capacity by 6 audits per year.
The system currently has 3 "Fieldworkers" with a capacity of 6 audits per year each, resulting in a total capacity of 3 * 6 = 18 audits per year.
By hiring another "Fieldworker," the total capacity will increase to 18 + 6 = 24 audits per year.
Therefore, the system capacity increases by 33.3% if another "Fieldworker" is hired.
To increase the system capacity, the bottleneck needs to be addressed. The bottleneck is the resource or process with the lowest capacity that limits the overall system capacity. Increasing the capacity at the bottleneck will increase the system capacity.
Options that increase the system capacity include:
At the bottleneck, increase the number of processors by 50%.
At a non-bottleneck, double the number of processors.
However, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will not increase the system capacity. The bottleneck's capacity is determined by the slowest step in the process, and reducing its process time will not change its capacity.
Therefore, cutting the process time by half at the bottleneck will NOT increase the system capacity.
At the bottleneck, cut the process time by half.
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Beta Breads can produce and sell only one of the following two products:
Oven Contribution
Hours Required Margin Per Unit
Muffins 0.3 $3.50
Croissants 0.4 $4.75
The company has oven capacity of 1,200 hours. How much will contribution margin be if it produces only the most profitable product?
$14,004
$14,250
$22,500
$2,280
If Beta Breads produces only the most profitable product, which is the one with the higher contribution margin per unit, the contribution margin can be calculated as follows:
Contribution Margin = Margin Per Unit * Units Produced
To determine the units produced, we need to consider the oven capacity and the hours required for each product:
Muffins: 0.3 hours per unit
Croissants: 0.4 hours per unit
Since the oven capacity is 1,200 hours, we need to determine which product can be produced within this time limit.
For Muffins:
Units of Muffins = 1,200 hours / 0.3 hours per unit = 4,000 units
For Croissants:
Units of Croissants = 1,200 hours / 0.4 hours per unit = 3,000 units
Since Muffins have the higher contribution margin per unit ($3.50), we will produce only Muffins. Therefore, the contribution margin will be:
Contribution Margin = $3.50 * 4,000 units = $14,000
The closest option to this result is $14,004. Hence, the correct answer is $14,004.
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