Place the 4 steps of biofilm formation, listed below, in the correct order.
1. Surface (substratum) is preconditioned by environmental molecules.
2. Quorum sensing and the establishment of the extracellular matrix commences as microbes attach more stably.
3. Biofilm matures and some microorganisms escape to the planktonic state.
4. Microbes attach and detach from the preconditioned surface.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

1. Surface (substratum) is preconditioned by environment molecules.

4. Microbes attach and detach from the preconditioned surface.

2.Quorum sensing and the establishment of the extracellular matrix commences as microbes attach more stably.

3. Biofilm matures and some microorganisms escape to the plank-tonic state.

Explanation:

Biofilm is a process in which microorganism irreversibly attach and grow on the surface to produce extra cellular polymers that facilitate formation of matrix. The biofilm process takes three days for the formation after which thickness of plaque increases. There are 4 main steps in biofilm formation. Surface is preconditioned by environment molecules. The microbes attach the preconditioned surface. Establishment of extra cellular matrix and finally biofilm matures.


Related Questions

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is a technique in which a charged current is passed through a(n) __________ that is implanted in the brain.

Answers

Answer:

electrode

Explanation:

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is a relatively new technique used to treat chronic pain and tremors associated with Parkinson disease. ESB is administered by passing an electrical current through an electrode implanted in the brain.

Give examples of types of pollution and the effects on water quality (examples: sedimentation, stormwater runoff, naturally and human induced occurrences of arsenic in groundwater)

Answers

Answer:

Sewage, oil, pesticides and fertilizers affect water quality.

Explanation:

There are three types of pollution i. e. air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. Smoke and smog are present in the air is the example of air pollution, waste product, using of pesticide and industrial dumping are the example of soil pollution and chemicals in water due to runoff of fertilizer, sewage and oil are the main agents of water pollution. These three types of pollution adversely affected the water quality. Water quality will be affected when the fertilizer or pesticides runoff from land to water bodies. Sewage and oil also lowers the quality of water.

Describe how the chemical bonds in unsaturated fatty acids make them more suited for cell
membranes than saturated fatty acids.

Answers

Answer:

Unsaturated fat, a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share double or triple bond(s) and are therefore not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms. Due to the decreased saturation with hydrogen bonds, the structures are weaker and are, therefore, typically liquid (oil) at room temperature .

3. Which plants are usually the first to grow during secondary succession?
A ferns
Blichens
Cweeds
D trees

Answers

Answer:

ferns

Explanation:

these are alsi known as conifers which require a great amount if light

Im not a science student just trying beans I guess

Which is a natural factor that causes long-term climate change?

Answers

Answer: volcanic eruption and solar variation

Explanation: Hope that helped you out!

what is which sphere

Answers

Answer:

frog is the best answer

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?
a. Roses are more beautiful than violets.
b. A plant needs at least five hours of sunlight per day to grow.
c. I've cream is delicious.
d. Humans will someday land on Mars.

Answers

B is the correct answer because none of this that you put are testable.

Answer:

B. because it's something u can actually do it,  and it's more reasonable

Explanation:

an example for a hypothesis could be, If a gets at least 5 hours of sunlight per day, then it will grow. I hope this helps you :)

what are the different types of waste? and what are the methods used in biodegrable waste managment​

Answers

2 ypes of waste liquid and solid

Explanation:

biodegradable waste can be found in municipal soild waste or sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste ,or as green waste ,food waste,paper waste and biodegradable plastic.other biodegradable waste include human waste ,manure,sewage,sewage sludge and slaughterhouse waste .

you can send it for recycling into compost.

you can treat biodegradable waste on an industrial scale by either composting or anaerobic digestion.

composting is more suitable for fibrous materials.

anaerobic digestion is more suitable for wastes and sludgest that degrade easily.

Describe how fossils provide evidence of evolution

Answers

Answer:

Fossils provide solid evidence that organisms from the past are not the same as those found today; fossils show a progression of evolution. Fossils, along with the comparative anatomy of present-day organisms, constitute the morphological, or anatomical, record. By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species, paleontologists can infer the lineages of those species. This approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts, such as shells, bones or teeth. The resulting fossil record tells the story of the past and shows the evolution of form over millions of years.

Explanation:

HOPE IT HELPS.PLEASE MARK IT AS BRAINLIEST

Answer:

fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants and other organisms from the past fossils range in age from 10 000 to 3.48 billion years old. the observation that certain rock strata led 19th centuary geologist to recorgnise a geological timescale.

briefly outline how cell theory has developed over the past 400 years​

Answers

Explanation:

The cell theory, or cell doctrine, states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells. The concept was formally articulated in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann and has remained as the foundation of modern biology. The idea predates other great paradigms of biology including Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940).

First Cells Seen in Cork

While the invention of the telescope made the Cosmos accessible to human observation, the microsope opened up smaller worlds, showing what living forms were composed of. The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1665. He remarked that it looked strangely similar to cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited, thus deriving the name. However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope. Hooke’s description of these cells was published in Micrographia. The cell walls observed by Hooke gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria

The cell theory, states that all organisms are composed of similar units of organization, called cells.

What is cell theory?

The concept of cell theory was in 1839 by Schleiden & Schwann which leads the foundation of modern biology. Cell theory states that every cell is generated from another preexisting cell.

This idea makes the great revolution in biology including Darwin’s theory of evolution (1859), Mendel’s laws of inheritance (1865), and the establishment of comparative biochemistry (1940).

Schleiden & Schwann propose every organism is composed of the cell, which is the basic unit of life and each cell comes from the preexisting cell, and each cell produces a progeny which is similar to its parent cell.

Therefore, cell theory states the existence of the cell in the organism.

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Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane? A. Keeping all the parts of a cell inside B. Helping a cell to alter its shape C. Allow prokaryotes to use cell division D. A place for cellular reactions to take place

Answers

Answer:

D. A place for cellular reactions to take place

Explanation:

the cell membrane perfomes divers functions ranging from the  Keeping of all the parts of a cell inside, helping cell to alter its shape, allowing prokaryotes to use cell division. Most of the cell reactions happens in the Mitochondrion, not the CELL MEMBRANE

A place for cellular reactions to take place is not true about cell membrane .

What are the function of cell membrane ?

Cell membrane forms barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

What is cell membrane?

The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Hence, D is correct option

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ANSWER FAST Which statement about cell theory is INCORRECT? New cells are spontaneously created from existing cells. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of life and structure. New cells are created from existing cells.

Answers

New cells are spontaneously created from existing cells

Witch statement correctly compares the “analysis” and “conclusion” section of a lab report

Answers

Answer:

Analysis section of lab report comprises of making comparisons while Conclusion section is used to make further research about the experiment.

Explanation:

Analysis section of lab report comprises of making comparisons between specific data. After knowing the scope and objectives of the experiment, data is collected either by performing the experiment or adopted data from other organization such as hydrological data obtained from hydrological agency, analysis of such data comprises of making comparisons.

While

Conclusion section is used to make further research about the experiment. It is used to report the outcome of the result and also to determine other possibilities of results from the experiment.

Which component of physical fitness is skill related? A.Flexibility B.cardiorespiratory C.muscular strength D.agility

Answers

Answer:

D.agility

Explanation:

D.agility

Answer:

D Agility

Explanation:

physical fitness components related to skills, including: explosive power, speed, agility, coordination, speed, reaction and balance.

describe classification as a work in progress discuss the characteristics of the three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya describe classification by cladistics summarize how molecular evidence reveals species relatedness identify the structures and shapes of viruses describe different types of viral infections

Answers

Answer:

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya represent the three domains of life by which all living organisms are classified. This type of classification was coined by Carl Woese et al. (1990). Archaea and Bacteria represent different domains because Archaea is considered to have the evolutionary oldest phenotypic features, while Bacteria species have diacyl glycerol diester lipids in their membranes. On the other hand, the Eucarya domain is composed of organisms that possess a nuclear envelope (membrane).  

Cladistics is a biological method used to classify organisms into groups named 'clades'. In this type of classification, organisms are categorized according to the most recent common ancestor. In this regard, it is possible to find the most recent common ancestor by using nucleotide differences between taxa.

Viruses can be classified in a similar manner to the cellular organisms above described. Viruses are categorized according to morphological features, type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) by which they are composed, mode of replication, host organisms, etc. Viruses may also be classified according to the type of disease that they cause. There are viruses that cause chickenpox, rabies, influenza, old sores, Ebola, AIDS (HIV), Severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS), etc.

Describe classification as a work in progress

Since it reflects the most current understanding of how living things are related, new discoveries can change the way living things are classified also something is always changing.

Discuss the characteristics of the three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Bacteria includes common bacteria, Eukarya includes the four kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Archaea includes some of the oldest organisms on the planet.

Describe classification by cladistics

Cladistics depict hypothesis about how organisms are related based n their ancestors and descendants.

Summarize how molecular evidence reveals species relatedness

they are classified by DNA now instead of physical features.

Identify the structures and shapes of viruses

the shape can be helical,envelope,icosahedral,complex.

Describe different types of viral infections

lytic infection: virus enters the host cell, replicates copies, and destroys the cell to get out and spread to others/ Lysogenic infection: virus incorporates its DNA into the DNA of the cell. They both attach to host cells and use the cells resources to replicate genetic materials and parts.

(c) State two differences between this mesophyll cell and a root hair cell. (2 marks)

Answers

Answer:

Root hairs are where most water absorption happens. ... The function of root hairs is to collect water and mineral nutrients that are present in the soil and take this solution up through the roots to the rest of the plant. As root hair cells do not carry out photosynthesis they do not contain chloroplasts.

Explanation:

Ultra-high-temperature sterilization effectively reduces microbes that cause spoilage. removes only mesophilic microbes. reduces microbes that cause disease. removes all microbes that cause diseases or spoilage. reduces microbes that cause disease or spoilage.

Answers

Answer:

kills all microbes that cause disease or spoilage.

Explanation:

There are different methods of sterilization, such as ultraviolet radiation, autoclave mechanisms, etc.

The sterilization mechanisms eliminate the microorganisms completely, thus generating sterile surfaces.

These mechanisms are used with surgical instruments, the operating room environment.

The autoclave method is the most widely used today due to its economical price, its ease of use and its practicality.

Sterilization methods must be strictly controlled with pilot or test microbiological cultures to be able to corroborate that these mechanisms function correctly, since otherwise they could trigger strong pathologies due to cross contamination.

what are general characteristics of algae ?​

Answers

Answer:

1. it has not defined length..

2. it digest good in food vacoule

hlo

can we talk in comment section

Most algae are photoautotrophic and carry on photosynthesis.

Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms.

During sexual reproduction, algae form differentiated sex cells that fuse to produce a diploid zygote with two sets of chromosomes.

Find the weight of a pine tree that has a circumference of 14 inches and a height of 120 feet. Use the equation: W = b0 + b1(D2H)

Answers

Answer:

The answer is below

Explanation:

The weight of trees is calculated using the equation:

[tex]W=b_o+b_1(D^2H)[/tex]

Where W is the weight in tons, [tex]b_o \ and\ b_1[/tex] are constants , D is the diameter of the tree in inches and H s]is the height of the tree in feet.

The circumference = 14 inches. But circumference = 2πr, where r is the radius and π = 22/7. Therefore:

14 = 2(22/7)× r

14 = (44/7)×r

r= 14 × 7 / 44 = 2.23 inches

Diameter = 2r = 4.45 inches

[tex]W=b_o+b_1(4.45^2*120)\\W = b_o+2381b_1\\Let\ us\ assume\ b_o = -34.671,b_1=1.859.\\Therefore\\W = -34.671+2381(1.859)\\W=4392 \ tons[/tex]

A measure of the total amount of life
that is able to grow and exist in a
particular area is called
A. the climate.
B. species richness.
C. the altitude.
D. productivity.

Answers

Answer:

A the climate I know it is the answer

Which organelle is the primary site of protein production? A) nucleus B) ribosomes C) cytoplasm C) cell membrane

Answers

Answer: b

Explanation:

Just trust

Answer:

B, ribosomes :)))))

Explanation:

In a cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree), clades are groups of related organisms. In the past, phylogenetic lists built clades using the idea of parsimony, that the pattern that uses the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely to be correct. Today, with the use of computers and DNA sequences, the explanation that is thought to be the best is ___________ .

Answers

Answer:

one with the fewest number of genetic differences in the nucleotide sequence.

Explanation:

A cladogram is a diagram capable of showing the relationships among different species and/or group of organisms. In a cladogram, the root indicates the common ancestor, while internal nodes represent the common ancestors of each group. In consequence, this diagram can be used to establish evolutionary relationships in which the start branch points represent common ancestors shared by the organisms found in the 'branches'. Nonetheless, the length of the branches in the cladogram does not represent evolutionary distances among groups. In recent years, cladograms based on DNA sequencing data have been combined with morphological data to establish evolutionary relationships among species.

How are surface waves different from body waves? Which are more damaging?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

surface waves decay more slowly with distance than body waves, which travel in three dimensions. Particle motion of surface waves is larger than that of body waves, so surface waves tend to cause more damage.

Answer:

surface waves decay more slowly with distance than body waves, which travel in three dimensions. The particle motion of surface waves is larger than that of body waves, so surface waves tend to cause more damage. Surface waves. Their side-to-side motion (like a snake wriggling) causes the ground to twist from side to side, that's why Love waves cause the most damage to structures. Rayleigh waves create a rolling, up, and down motion with an elliptical and retrograde particle motion confined to the vertical plane in the direction of propagation.

Explanation:

In the first 10 weeks of a resistance training program, the gains in strength are due primarily to Group of answer choices neural adaptations hypertrophy hyperplasia increased muscle fiber size

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is A: Neural Adaptations  

Explanation:

From zero to ten weeks of starting a resistance training program, the above gains in strength happen as a result of Neural Adaptations

Strength training helps improve and increase the motor neuron pathways that strengthen the coordination between the brain and the body of the athletes during repetitive motion.

Cheers!

What would happen if sex cells were diploid?
A. They would require 2 other gametes to fuse with.
B. When they fused, the resulting embryo would have double the amount of DNA it should
have.
C. When they fused, the resulting embryo would have half the amount of DNA it should
have.
D. Sex cells are diploid.

Answers

If the gametes will be diploid then on fusing the resulting embryo would have double the amount of DNA it should have. The correct option is B.

What are gametes?

A gamete is an animal or plant procreative cell. Female gametes are known as ova or egg cells in animals, while male gametes are known as sperm.

Ova and sperm are haploid cells, with only one copy of each chromosome in each cell. A sperm and an ovum combine during fertilization to form a new diploid organism.

As in case of diploid gamete, the embryo will have double amount of DNA than normal and will create defect.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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A(n) _______
is a special type of scientific investigation
that is performed under controlled conditions typically
including a dependent and independent variable.

Answers

Answer:

experiment

Explanation:

When you are controlling the conditions it is called an experiment.

An experiment is a special type of scientific investigation that is performed under controlled conditions typically including a dependent and independent variable.

What is scientific investigations?

A scientific investigation is a strategy for posing questions as well as testing potential responses.

Anecdotes are usually the starting point for a scientific investigation. Observations frequently generate questions.

Based on scientific knowledge, a hypothesis is a possible logical answer to a scientific question.

The goals of scientific research are to generate knowledge and provide explanations.

Science investigations are carried out in a variety of settings and by a wide range of individuals. Scientific investigations are carried out in a variety of ways that focus primarily on the collection of various types of evidence.

Thus, an experiment is a sort of scientific investigation which takes place under lab settings and generally involves a dependent as well as independent variable.

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Consider the following chromosomes and if they are affected by hemophilia. X - unaffected X chromosome, x = X affected by hemophilia, and Y = Y chromosome. If an Xx female and XY male have children, what fraction of their offspring will have an affected chromosome, and what fraction is likely to be affected by the hemophilia? (1 point) A. 1/4 and 1/2 B. 1/2 and 1/4 C. 1/2 and 1/3 D. 1/4 and 1/4 Ive been stuck on this for a while now, can someone please assist?

Answers

Answer:

B. 1/2 and 1/4

Explanation:

Hemophilia is a disease inherited in humans. It is only carried on the X chromosome, hence, it is said to be X-linked. In this question;

X - unaffected X chromosome

x = X chromosome affected by hemophilia,

Y = Y chromosome

Hence, in a cross between a Xx female (carrier) and a XY male (unaffected), the following chromosomes will be present in the gametes produced by each parent:

Xx- X and x gametes

XY- X and Y gametes

Using these gametes in a punnet square (see attached image), offsprings with genotypes: XX, Xx, XY and xY are produced.

XX (1) - unaffected normal female

Xx (1) - unaffected carrier female

XY (1) - unaffected normal male

xY (1) - affected male

Based on the questions;

- 2 out of the possible 4 children have the affected chromosomes i.e. both xY son and Xx daughter have the x chromosome. Hence, the fraction is 1/2

- 1 out of the 4 possible children is affected by hemophilia, which is the xY son. Hence, the fraction is 1/4.

Answer:

1/2 and 1/4

Explanation:

Took the test

what are the problems and the challenges in classifying living things​

Answers

Answer:

below

Explanation:

there are so many different kinds of living things that its so difficult to classify them as there would be too many classifications that it would become absurd to have only a few organsims in a single group. the role of classification is to organize as well as simplify so it proves to be a challenge when the subgroups branching from eukoryotes vs prokaryotes become too small and therefore it becomes a giant mess.  even the current classification system (taxonomy) is flawed.

The problems/challenges associated with classifying living things is : The challenge of having a very small number of living thing classified into a subgroup and having an enormous amount of subgroups.

Although the main reason of classification of organism is to organize/categorize every living thing into a suitable group as well as simplify the subgroups( this leads to having a lot of subgroups ). there is also a challenge whereby the subgroups become so small when trying to categorize every organisms following all the rules of taxonomy. while

Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things into different groups and subgroups following certain similar characteristics exhibited by the organism.

An example is : The subgroups of eukaryotes vs prokaryotes becoming  too small. because the rules of Taxonomy been followed.

hence the challenges are: very small number of living thing classified into a subgroup and having an enormous amount of subgroups.

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Cells that secrete a lot of substances via active transport need a lot of ___in their cytoplasm.
А)endoplasmic reticulum
B)mitochondria
С)golgi apparatus
D)lysosomes
E)chromosomes

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is lysosomes.

Explanation:

Cells that secrete a lot of substances via active transport need a lot of lysosomes in their cytoplasm.

Hope this helps....

Be Brainly!!

Have a nice day!!!!


Pls help the picture above .i will surely mark the first person as the brainliest

Answers

Answer:

Wilting occurs due to excess removal of water from plant body.

Crop rotation.

Explanation:

The main use of blue green algae is that it has the ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen for the plants. Oil is extracted from Neem leaves which is used as fungicide and pesticide for plants. Turmeric is used as healing of wounds for both plants and animals. It also prevent fungal and bacterial disease in plants. Plants will wilt if not watered because water is removed from the body of plants in order to cool down the inner temperature so due to removal of excess water from plant body it will dry and start wilting. Crop rotation is used in these cropping system. Crop rotation is a practice of growing more than one crop on the same piece of land in a year.

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