Recall that one approach to the study of cell cycle regulation has been to fuse cultured cells that are at different stages of the cell cycle and observe the effect of the fusion on the nuclei of the fused cells (heterokaryons). When cells in Gl are fused with cells in S, the nuclei from the Gl cells begin DNA replication earlier than they would have if they had not been fused. In fusions of cells in G2 and S, however, nuclei continue their previous activities, apparently uninfluenced by the fusion. Fusions between mitotic cells and interphase cells always lead to chromatin condensation in the nonmitotic nuclei. Based on these results, identify each of the following statements about cell cycle regulation as probably true (T), probably false (F), or not possible to conclude from the data (NP). Sort each statement into the appropriate bin.
1. The transition from mitosis to G1 appears to result from the disappearance or inactivation of a cytoplasmic factor present during M-phase.
2. The activation of DNA synthesis may result from the stimulatory of one or more cytoplasmic factors.
3. Gl is not an obligatory phase of all cell cycles
4. The transition from G2 to mitosis may result from the presence in the G2 cytoplasm of one or more factors that induce chromatin formation.
5. The transition from S to G2 may result from the presence of a cytoplasmic factor that inhibits DNA synthesis.
A. T
B. F
C. NP
Answer:
1. T
2. T
3. NP
4. F
5. F
Explanation:
In somatic cells, the cell cycle can be divided into 1-the interphase, 2-the mitotic phase or M phase, and 3-the G₀ phase. In turn, the interphase of the cell cycle can be divided into three phases: 1-the gap 1 (G1) phase or growth 1 phase, 2-the S phase (DNA replication or DNA synthesis), and 3-the gap 2 (G2) phase or growth 2 phase. During the G1 phase, the cell synthesizes key enzymes which are required during DNA replication (S phase) and cell division (M phase). Cytoplasmic factors are proteins and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that control cell functions during the cell cycle. This cycle is modulated by proteins known as control factors, i.e., cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) that work together to control the progression through different phases of the cell cycle. The transition from S to G2 occurs after DNA replication. This transition (S to G2) is controlled by a DNA damage checkpoint orchestrated by the ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related) kinases which are recruited to DNA damage sites. Moreover, the transition from G2 to M phase is mediated by the accumulation of mitotic inducers, which lead to an increase in the activity of mitotic kinase and finally trigger mitotic entry.
how long does it take for a CRISPR to work?
ii) Explain briefly how these features contribute to the efficiency of photosynthesis?
Answer:
here's your answer
Explanation:
the estimated maximum energy efficiency of photosynthesis is the energy stored per mole of oxygen evolved, 117/450, or 26 percent.
Consequently, plants can at best absorb only about 34 percent of the incident sunlight. The actual percentage of solar energy stored by plants is much less than the maximum energy efficiency of photosynthesis. An agricultural crop in which the biomass (total dry weight) stores as much as 1 percent of total solar energy received on an annual areawide basis is exceptional, although a few cases of higher yields (perhaps as much as 3.5 percent in sugarcane) have been reported. There are several reasons for this difference between the predicted maximum efficiency of photosynthesis and the actual energy stored in biomass. First, more than half of the incident sunlight is composed of wavelengths too long to be absorbed, and some of the remainder is reflected or lost to the leaves
Identify the structure you are consuming when you eat each of the following vegetables. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. a. stem b. taprootc. lateral buds d. modified steme. leaf (petiole and blade)f. petiole 1. Asparagus 2. Brussels sprouts 3. Celery 4. Spinach 5. Carrot 6. Potato
Answer:
a. stem 1: Asparagus
b. taproot: 5. Carrot
c. lateral buds: 2. Brussels sprouts
d. modified stem: 6. Potato
e. leaf (petiole and blade): 4. Spinach
f. petiole: 3. Celery
Explanation:
A plant stem is one of the structural axes of vascular plants that holds structures such as leaves, flowers, and fruits. The stem also transports water and dissolved (organic and inorganic) nutrients between the roots and the shoots. In some plants, the stem is modified in order to carry out other functions (e.g., storage, vegetative propagation, protection, etc). Potatoes are modified stems (i.e., stem tubers) that are connected by small stem sections known as stolons, and serve as food storage organs. A taproot is a central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout, which can be used by the plant to store water and food (e.g., in carrots and turnips). Lateral buds or axillary buds are meristematic regions growing from the axils of the leaves at the intersection of the leaf and stem, below the terminal bud. Leaves are composed of the 1-blade, also known as the lamina, which is the largest part of the leaf, and 2-the petiole, which is a stalk that supports the blade and connects it to the plant stem. Celery petioles play the same functions as a plant stem by acting as transport and storage organs.
The science community has taken the following stance on Global Climate change. "Climate change is the single biggest environmental and humanitarian crisis of our time. The Earth's atmosphere is overloaded with heat-trapping carbon dioxide, which threatens large-scale disruptions in a climate with disastrous consequences. We must act now to spur the adoption of cleaner energy sources at home and abroad."
What position do you take with this statement?
Explain your reasoning for your position.
Provide evidence to support your position.
Answer:
Helper.
Explanation:
I will take the position of helper that work for the betterment of environment by reducing such activities that can increase the carbondioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The main reason for this position is the destruction and damages that occurs in the environment and to organisms that are present all around the world. This global warming leads to the extinction of these species so in order to protect them I choose this position.
Elephants are considered K-strategists because they give birth to only one calf at a time and most have five years in between having another calf. Calves stay under the protection of the mother and her herd until maturity at 10-15 years of age. What type of survivorship curve do elephants tend to follow
Answer:
Type I curve
Explanation:
The K-strategist are species characterized by relatively stable populations that fluctuate at the carrying capacity of the habitat or niche in which organisms reside. Elephants are considered as K-strategists because they have a low population growth rate and relatively stable populations. There are three different types of survivorship curves. The Type I curve (also referred to as A curve) is characteristic of k-strategist organisms. Humans and elephants exhibit a Type I survivorship curve in which organisms tend to die when they become elderly. These species have a small number of offspring and provide parental care to ensure their survival. In a Type II survivorship curve, species produce many offspring and only some offspring survive (e.g., birds), while in Type III survivorship curve organisms produce many more offspring and most do not survive (i.e., r-strategists such as frogs or insects).
In a diploid cell, a FISH probe should produce ____________ signals in metaphase FISH and ____________ signals in interphase FISH.
Answer: Four, two
Explanation:
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) is a technique for chromosome mapping with probes that emit fluorescence and allow the visualization, distinction and study of chromosomes of nuclei in metaphase or inferophase. In this way, any type of anomaly such as inversions, aneuploidies, duplications or microdeletions can be seen. To do this, a non-specific DNA staining is performed with DAPI (a fluorophore that marks the nucleus where DNA is present) and the fluorescence will be seen under the microscope.
When cells are in metaphase, their chromosomes are condensed in preparation for cell division. To stop them in metaphase, colchicine is used which is a microtubule depolymerizing agent responsible for separating the sister chromatids of a chromosome, thus preventing the progression of cell division and arresting the cell cycle in metaphase. Here we will see translocations, microdeletions or duplications.
Interphase FISH is used to see decondensed chromatin, which allows higher resolution in detecting small abnormalities. It is mainly used for the detection of aneuploidies or large deletions, duplications or translocations when samples are difficult to grow or are scarce, as in the case of fetal or tumor cells. It is not possible to distinguish between a normal karyotype and a karyotype showing a balanced translocation. In addition, it can be used in the analysis of solid tumors, which divide very infrequently.
During metaphase, the chromosomes are duplicated so there would be two sets of chromosomes (a total of four chromosomes). Then, there would be four signals for each probe. During interphase, the chromosomes are not dupicated. Since it is a diploid organisms, there would be two chromosomes and this will represen two signals for probe.
All claims in science should be supported by
You isolate a variant of the Hfr parent in question 6 that only shows recombination of the his+ and trp+ genes. The cross was ( HFR lac+, gal+, trp+, his+, strr X F- lac-, gal-, trp-, his-, strs ). This strain most likely:_________.
a. Contains an F' his+ trp
b. Has become F-
c. Contains an Hfr translocation
d. No longer mates as a merry diploid
e. Not enough information is given
Answer:
The correct answer is - b. has become F-.
Explanation:
In the case of the cross of two different strains, some genetic material moves to the F- strain from the Hfr strain, but due to genome size, it's not possible that all the genes can pass into a single bacterium.
Instead of complete transfer, each individual F- cell gets a different and random subset of genes from the Hfr. There is no translocation and F' does not contain his+ trp+.
If 622 water molecules were removed during the synthesis of a specific polysaccharide, how many monomers were joined together to make this molecule? need help please and thank you
Answer:
623 monomers
Explanation:
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, one water molecule is removed for every bond that is created between 2 monomers.
Linking 3 monomers together would remove 2 water molecules.
Following this pattern, the number of water molecules removed will always be one less than the number of monomers that were joined together.
So, if 622 water molecules were removed, then 623 monomers were joined together.
The answer is 623 monomers.
A plant of genotype C/C ; d/d is crossed to c/c ; D/D and an F1 testcrossed to c/c ; d/d. If the genes are linked, and 20 map units apart, what will be the percentage of c/c ; d/d recombinants
Answer:
10%
Explanation:
The parental crossings = Cd/Cd x cD /cD
The distance the genes C and D = 20 map units
Determine the percentage of cd / cd recombinants that will be formed
the distance shows that there is only 20% recombinant progeny
The recombinants are : CD/CD and cd/cd = 20%
i.e. each recombinant progeny = 20% / 2 = 10%
hence % of cd/cd recombinant = 10%
Which definition best describes an acid?
I know It is c hope is helps!
Explanation:
An acid is any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes blue litmus paper to red, reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and promotes chemical reactions (acid catalysis)
7. Shawn plotted the data in a bar graph with two bars: one representing the number of bees per colony in the control cages and the other representing the number of bees per colony in the cages exposed to the fungicide. If the results support the hypothesis that fungicides harm bee development, what would you expect this bar graph to show? Describe the expected pattern in a few sentences.
Answer:
The first bar increases in length as compared to the second bar.
Explanation:
The length of the bar of control cages in graph increases because the number of bees per colony increases while on the other hand, the length of the bar of the cage that is exposed to fungicides decreases because the bees are negatively affected from the application of fungicides. They act abnormal in behaviour and adversely affected the reproduction of bees that greatly affected its population.
Which of the following is an autotroph?
A producer is an autotroph.
Answer:
C) Producer
Explanation:
An autotroph can make or form nutrients from inorganic organisms like carbon dioxide.
a producer can make its own food from photosythesis, which comes from the sun and other things.
What type of lipid is shown?
saturated
unsaturated
phospholipid
triglyceride
Answer:
unsaturated is the correct answer
Which is true if energy in ecosystem
Explanation:
energy flows in only one direction through an ecosystem.
plz help
and explain why?
Answer:
steel plate
Explanation:
steel plate have lustre because steel is coated with zinc.
Hope it is helpful....What are the scientific findings that support the view of biological evolution?
Explanation:
Sir/Miss,
Perhaps the most persuasive fossil evidence for evolution is the consistency of the sequence of fossils from early to recent. Nowhere on Earth do we find, for example, mammals in Devonian (the age of fishes) strata, or human fossils coexisting with dinosaur remains.
21 Science 6 - CR Calculating the Density of Propane Use the mass and volume data to calculate the density of liquid propane to the nearest hundredth. Mass of propane = 4,300 g Volume of propane = 10,000 mL The density of liquid propane is g/mL. Intro
Answer:
0.43g/mL
Explanation:
Density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. It can be calculated thus:
Density = mass/volume
According to the information provided on propane in this question;
Mass of propane = 4,300g
Volume of propane = 10,000mL
Density = 4300/10000
Density = 0.43g/mL
Hence, the density of propane is 0.43g/mL.
Which type of medications are manufactured as an antigen against the disease-
causing bacteria or virus and then administered to healthy individuals to produce
adaptive immune response?
Chemotherapy drugs
Immune-modulators
Vaccines
Alkylating agents
Please help. Thx
Answer:
Vaccine are manufactured as an antigen against the disease-causing bacteria or virus and then administered to healthy individuals to produce adaptive immune response
The type of medications are manufactured as an antigen against the disease- causing bacteria or virus and then administered to healthy individuals to produce adaptive immune response is Vaccines which is the third option.
Vaccines are medications that are manufactured as an antigen against disease-causing bacteria or viruses. They are designed to stimulate the immune system of healthy individuals to produce an adaptive immune response. By introducing a harmless or weakened form of the pathogen or its components into the body, vaccines mimic an infection and trigger an immune response. This allows the immune system to recognize and remember the pathogen, enabling a faster and more effective response if the person is exposed to the actual disease-causing agent in the future.
Learn more about vaccine here.
https://brainly.com/question/32814178
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Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false? Group of answer choices Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones. Membrane proteins serve as enzymes. Membrane proteins form junctions between cells. Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.
Answer:
Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.
Explanation:
Membrane proteins cannot transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm. Genetic information is only in DNA and RNA, and to pass it, RNA has to leave the nucleus and be translated into a protein in the cytoplasm. Once the protein synthesis has finished, the protein may go to the membrane if it has the signal to do it or have a different function. In the membrane, the membrane protein can receive information from other cells and transfer it to the cytoplasm, but never in the shape of genetic information.
what is water transparency
Answer:
Transparency of water relates to the depth that light will penetrate water. The change that occurs is from predominantly yellow light at the surface to blue-green at depth in clear water or yellow-green in waters having a high concentration of dissolved organic material.
Answer:
Transparency of water relates to the depth that light will penetrate water. ... The change that occurs is from predominantly yellow light at the surface to blue-green at depth in clear water or yellow-green in waters having a high concentration of dissolved organic material.
Regarding the "East Side Story" hypothesis, what would paleoanthropologists need to show that it was false?
Answer:
Evidence of fossil apes and hominids in both East and West of the great rift valley
Explanation:
The East Side Story hypothesis opined that a tectonic plate movement created a seismic split in the earth, thus deepened the rift valley and created a geographical barrier between the east and the west of the great rift valley. The barrier created a kind of geographical isolation between the ancestors of hominids, dividing them into two with each population taking different evolutionary paths.
Thereafter, the ancestors in the western side of the rift valley evolved into the chimpanzee's family while those in the eastern side ultimately evolved into humans.
Thus, providing the fossils of apes and that of hominids in both East and West sides of the great rift valley will render the hypothesis invalid.
•Based on cellular respiration, why does cardiac arrest (heart stops beating) decrease brain activity? Hint: think about what happens in the absence of blood flow and oxygen levels.
Answer:
the heart stops pumping as much blood to the brain which will lower the amount of funtion.
Suppose that 1 mL of an enzyme solution can completely catalyze 10 mL of substrate in 8 minutes. Now suppose that you change the amount of enzyme, the amount of substrate, or add another substance to the mixture. How would each type of change affect the reaction rate?
Match the results you would expect with each change to the experimental design. The same result may occur with more than one experimental change.
1. Use 0.5 mL of enzyme instead of 1 mL
2. Use 5 mL of substrate mixed with 5 mL water instead of 10 mL of substrate
3. Add a molecule to the mixture that preferentially binds and blocks the enzyme's active site
4. Use 20 mL of substrate instead of 10 mL
a. The reaction rate will be close to zero over the entire 8 minutes
b. The reaction rate will remain steady over the entire 8 minutes
c. The reaction rate will approach zero before 8 minutes.
Answer:
1. b. The reaction rate will remain steady over the entire 8 minutes.
2. c. The reaction rate approach zero before 8 minutes.
3. a. The reaction rate will be close to zero over the entire 8 minutes.
4. b. The reaction rate will remain steady over the entire 8 minutes.
Explanation:
When 0.5 mL of enzyme is introduced with water, the reaction will remain steady. When more substrate solution is mixed with water, then reaction will approach to zero depending on the amount of substrate mixed with water.
Because the bell jar in the model lung cannot move, any changes in volume are a result solely of the movement of the rubber diaphragm. Match the position of the rubber diaphragm to changes in volume and pressure inside the bell jar and balloon size.
a. Galloons inflate
b. Balloons deflate
c. Volume inside bell jar increases
d. Volume inside bell jar decreases
e. Pressure inside bell jar decreases
f. Pressure inside bell jar increases
1. Rubber diaphragm up
2. Rubber diaphragm down
Answer:
1. Rubber diaphragm up-
b. Balloons deflate
d. Volume inside bell jar decreases
f. Pressure inside bell jar increases
2. Rubber diaphragm down-
a. Galloons inflate
c. Volume inside bell jar increases
e. Pressure inside bell jar decreases
Explanation:
The rubber diaphragm is the model to demonstart the various parts of the respiratory system and how they move during breathing process. In case of it moves down, the rubber diaphragm is stretched, the volume inside the bell jar increases which causes presursue decrease.
Balloon inhale or sucks in the air from outside and gets inflate. this increases the volume in the jar. The pressure is increased
why your 21st century sophisticated, how do you explain the role of the plant in the change of the air in the jar
Answer: The gas of Fire constrains the atoms that make up oxygen in the air. Plants release oxygen, and take in carbon dioxide.
What makes up the mantle
Describe the normal process of osteogenesis for compact and spongy bone using the three different types of bone cells and their functions
Answer:
Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone. This forms a primary ossification center. Ossification continues from this center toward the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity.
define cell and atom
Answer:
Cell is made of molecules whereas atoms make up molecules. Cells are the smallest functioning unit in a living organism.
Atom is the smallest unit of matter. Usually, a cell is on the micrometer scale while an atom is in the angstrom scale .
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