Answer:
OH, H2O2 and O−2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive chemical compounds formed from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS are generated as a normal product of cellular metabolism, and also as a response to different environmental/internal cellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, xenobiotics, pathogenic invasion). For example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are a type of ROS generated in the mitochondria which are capable of inducing oxidative stress in different cells and also trigger chronic inflammation. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules represent another type of ROS which are produced during the stereoselective deamination of amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. These molecules (H2O2) exhibit toxic effects on the cell (e.g., DNA damage). Finally, singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen (O2) that is generated during photosynthesis in the photosystem II (PSII) of chloroplasts.
how does Fibrocartilage receive it's nutrients?
Answer:
There are no blood vessels in cartilage. As a result, the nourishment of cells inside the cartilage matrix is reliant on nutrients diffused through the matrix from blood capillaries in the perchondrium and/or surrounding tissues.
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15.
Semen and urine both exit the body through the _____.
seminiferous tubules
testes
urethra
vas deferens
In most cases of multiple myeloma, the excess antibodies found in the blood all share an identical protein sequence (thus they have the same structure). Consider such a case where all of the antibodies are identical and think about the cell(s) of origin. How many different B cell clones gave rise to this immune cancer?
Answer: One single B cell clone gave rise to this immune cancer.
Explanation:
The body's cells divide and grow in a completely regulated manner, following an orderly cell cycle that indicates when a cell should die by apoptosis. With this regulation, it is controlled that there are no aging or mutated cells that grow and affect the organism. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by changes in these genes that control how our cells function. These changes, genetic mutations, can occur randomly in the body or can be inherited from parents. When a cell has its functions altered, they begin to grow out of control and in doing so, form masses called tumors that consume the body's resources and energy and crowd out normal cells, preventing them from fulfilling the biological functions necessary for life. Practically, any cell can become a cancer cell and migrate to other areas of the body.
Multiple myeloma is a type of plasma cell cancer. These cells are found in the bone marrow (tissue inside the bones) and are an important component of the immune system, which is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight pathogens and disease. Some cell types are B and T lymphocytes, and myeloid cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. When B cells respond to an infection with the participation of T cells that present pathogen-derived antigens to them, they mature into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies that help the body attack and destroy pathogens as well as cancer cells. These antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens that are also proteins found on the surface of the pathogens or cells to be attacked and "mark" them for destruction by other types of immune cells, such as macrophages or neutrophils.
When the plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma, and the mutated plasma cells produce abnormal antibodies. The overgrowth of plasma cells in the bone marrow can crowd out normal blood cell-producing cells, causing low blood cell counts. This can cause anemia which is characterized by a shortage of red blood cells, and thrombocytopenia which means a low level of platelets in the blood causing increased bleeding and bruising. Another condition that can occur is leukopenia (a shortage of normal white blood cells), which can cause problems fighting infections.
Then, the abnormal antibodies produced by the cancerous plasma cells will have the same amino acid sequence and therefore the same structure. Remember that an antibody is a protein, and proteins are a polymer of amino acids. This amino acid sequence is determined by the genes since each gene consists of a sequence of nitrogenous bases and every three bases read by the ribosomal apparatus (the one that synthesizes proteins), an amino acid is synthesized. Therefore, if we consider that cancer originates from a single cell that suffered a mutation in its genes and began to divide in an uncontrolled manner, the daughter cells (which are genetically identical to the mother cell) derived from this mutated cell will have the same genes (in this case, altered because they divide and grow in an uncontrolled and deregulated manner). This tells us that a single mutated B cell gave rise to this cancer.
What will be produced if their DNA molecule is replicated?
Answer:
the dna would be the same.
In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed (copied out) to make an RNA molecule. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
Explanation:
What is the answer with explaining
Answer:
EeWw
Explanation:
This question involves two genes; one coding for earlobes and the other for hairline. According to the question, one parent is homzygous recessive for earlobe but homzygous dominant for hairline i.e. (eeWW) while the other parent is homzygous dominant for unattached earlobes but homzygous recessive for hairline i.e. (EEww).
The cross between the two parents is as follows: eeWW × EEww. The following gamete combination will be produced by each parent:
eeWW - eW, eW, eW, eW
EEww - Ew, Ew, Ew, Ew
Using these gametes in a punnet square, the following proportions of offsprings will likely be produced:
All EeWw offsprings
The layer of soil that contains the most organic material is called the
a. A
C C
b. B
d D
Answer:
That layer is called the a horizon, so the answer is A.
Explanation:
8.Explain how is small intestine designed to absorb digested food.
9. Write two differences between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.
10. Fungus can be harmful and useful. Give an example showing both of these traits of fungus.
Answer:
10. Fungus are useful as they act as decomposers and decompose the dead things. Fungus are harmful as they can decompose fruits, grains and plants etc.
According to the concept of enthropy what will likely happen to most molecules over time?
Answer: They'll break down
Explanation:
Entropy is regarded as a measurable physical property which is associated with uncertainty and randomness. Entropy relates to the second law of thermodynamic, that has to do with how energy spread out.
There's an increase in the degree of randomness in a positive entropy and this ajwsgs brings about a breakdown of the affected molecules
• Describe genetic______ and gene_________ as mechanisms of evolution.
Answer:
genetic is branch of science deal with study of heredity and genes
genes is segment of DNA which transfer parental character from one generation to another
Compared to ocean crust near deep-sea trenches, crust near ocean ridges is ____.
Select one:
a.
younger
b.
the same age
c.
older
d.
magnetically reversed
Answer:
a. younger
Explanation:
HI friends good morning
The action force in the cell is:
Answer:
The push of the first object on the 2nd object. friction.
Which of the following is not typical of a capillary?
Group of answer choices
Virutally all fluids pushed out at a capillary bed are taken up again
The exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid takes place across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries
Osmosis from blood proteins tend to pull fluid back in
Blood pressure tends to drive fluid out of capillaries
Answer:
its it the first options
Explanation:
I really don't know
Analyze the property of water you investigated and provide some real-world applications of the importance of this property of water. I did Surface Tension. Please Help!
Answer:
Water (H
2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound[18] and is described as the "universal solvent"[19] and the "solvent of life."[20] It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth[21] and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.[22] It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe (behind molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide).[21]
how does replication ensure each cell has a complete set of DNA
Answer:
During replication a new strand of DNA is synthesized when the other strand is a template to guide the process. Every time the order of the bases in preserved so that DNA can be accurately replicated over and over with identical genetic information.
Every cell in an animal is separated from other cells and from the extracellular
environment by a cell (plasma) membrane. Which of the following are found inside
the cell membrane?
The structure that is present inside the cell membrane is cellular fluids and organelles. The correct option is E.
What is cell membrane?The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is detected in all cells and serves to distinguish the cell's enclosure from the outside environment. The cell membrane is made up of a semipermeable lipid bilayer.
Inside plasma membrane is present cytoplasm which is a cellular fluid and cell organelles.
Thus, the correct option is E.
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The missing options of the question are:
A. CiliaB. BloodC. Cellular fluidsD. OrganellesE. Both C and D are correct.Which phrase best describes the dependent variable in an experiment?
Answer:
This question lacks options, the options are:
A) The variable that is measured
B) The variable that is most common
C) The variable that you can see
D) The variable that is manipulated
The answer is A
Explanation:
Dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that responds to the changes or alterations made to the independent variable. It is the variable that is measured and recorded in an experiment.
For example, in an experiment conducted to test the effect of different fuels on the speed of an automobile. The speed of the automotive using different fuels (independent variable) is measured in kilometer per hour. Hence, the speed is the dependent variable.
What was the stimulus in this action?
Which of the following best
describes what a constraint is
when you are designing
something to solve a problem?
A. A constraint is something that makes it easier to solve the
problem
B. A constraint is information that you can read to help you solve
the problem.
C. A constraint is a limitation that must be taken into account
when inventing your design.
Answer:
C. A constraint is a limitation that must be taken into account when inventing your design.
Check all of the items that are cycled through the biosphere in biogeochemical cycles.
water
matter
nitrogen
phosphorus
carbon
Answer:
All are cycled through
Explanation:
Answer:
All of them apply
Explanation:
Cause me and the person under me are big smart and we watched the video UnU
explain the concept of mutation and how mutations can translate to a loss or gain of function in an organism
Discuss the effect of caffeine administration on the frequency of Daphnia heart contractions? How does this effect change with increasing the dose of caffeine?
Answer:
Discuss the effect of caffeine administration on the frequency of Daphnia heart contractions? How does this effect change with increasing the dose of caffeine?
A student wants to determine how his classmates feel about school. He does a survey away from school so all participants will be willing to answer freely. In several cases, younger siblings of his classmates are present, so he lets them take the survey too. He surveys a total of 50 students. Has he done a well-designed, controlled experiment
Answer:
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What is the correct order of the levels of organization in animals from smallest to largest?
Answer:
Molecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere are in the correct order of the organization's levels.
Explanation:
Molecule: Atoms, the smallest unit of chemical elements are built up of molecules. You can find it in any matter, whether it lives or not. The most fundamental structures of biological creatures are molecules. Biochemistry and molecular biology are two biological fields focused on this level.
Cell: A cell is the basic unit of life. Two types of cells exist plant cells with a stiff cell wall consisting of cellulose molecules and animal cells with a flexible cell membrane. Cell biologists examine problems like metabolism and other structure and functional questions within and between cells.
Tissue: Tissue consists of cells working together to accomplish a goal. Some tissues include muscle, connective tissue, and neural tissue. Examples of biologists working at this level are histologists.
Organ: An organ is a tissue system that works at bigger scales together to perform specified work in the body of an animal. Brain, heart, and lungs are examples of organs. Anatomy is an example of a specialty in biology which concerns this level.
Organ system: An organ system is a group of bodies that work together to fulfill certain activities of the body. Air systems are used to inhale oxygen and release carbon dioxide in animals, for example, by the lungs, respiratory tract, and muscles. The function of the corpus when working jointly is studied by physiologists. Although physiologists can work at any level, they commonly address queries about organ systems.
Organism: An organism is an autonomous and recognized person. The organisms might be single-cell or multi-cell organisms consisting of organisms and organ systems, as well as bacteria, amiable, or creatures. An example of a multi-cellular organism is a human being.
calculate fcr on chicken ??
Answer:
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Which is the main light-absorbing pigment for photosynthesis?
O carotene
O chlorophyll
O hemoglobin
O anthocyanin
Answer:
ChlorophyllExplanation:
Chlorophyll, the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly.
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll.
Answer:
B) Chlorophyll
Explanation:
The chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll, are where photosynthesis takes place. Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives plants their distinctive color. It works by collecting the energy in the sunlight that strikes the plant. Because grass requires photosnthesis to create glucose, which is required for growth inside the grass, photosynthesis is critical to life on Earth. As a result, creatures that eat the grass get energy, and so on. As a result, photosynthesis is the mechanism through which energy is introduced into an environment.
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3. What is the term for movement of molecules from an area of relatively lower to higher concentration that requires energy?
passive transport
diffusion
active transport
osmosis
Why are these considered organic molecules
Answer:
A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems. Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, to which are attached other atoms of such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Explanation:
Applying: Given the following DNA sequence from the template strand of a given gene: 5'CTTGCGTCACCTGAGACCTGGCATCG3' a) Write the mRNA that will be transcribed from the DNA sequence above (be sure to label the 5' and 3' ends) b) Write the peptide sequence translated from the mRNA produced in part a.
Answer:
mRNA ⇒ 5´-CGAUGCCAGGUCUCAGGUGACGCAAG- 5´
Protein ⇒ N - MET PRO GLY LEU ARG - C
Explanation:
The first step before protein arrangement is to synthesize messenger RNA, mRNA. This is the transcription process and occurs in the nucleus. When the DNI molecule separates into two strands to form the transcription bubble, we can identify two separate segments: coding strand and template strand. The coding strand goes in direction 5´ to 3´, while the complementary strand -template strand- grows in direction 3´ to 5. This last segment is the one that is going to be complemented by the mRNA.
Once mRNA synthesis is over, the molecule leaves the nucleus to start the transcription process in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads mRNA in the 5´ to 3´ direction, and, according to the codons that are being readen, tRNA transfers the correct amino acids to build the polypeptide chain. A codon is a short sequence of three nucleotides that store the genetic information for the aminoacids´ assembly. Each tRNA has two important sites. One of them that couples with the codon of the mRNA molecule, named anticodon. The other site couples with an amino acid. tRNA allows amino acids to align according to the nucleotidic sequence in the mRNA molecule.
The protein is synthesized from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus, adding amino acids to the chain according to the codon sequence in the mRNA. mARNs also have a start and end codon that are the signals of the synthesis initiation and finish. When the ribosome reaches the end codon, protein synthesis is over.
• The start codon is AUG and places near the 5´extreme of the molecule.
• The end codons are UAA, UAG, UGA.
Protein synthesis initiates in the AUG start codon -Metionin-, and ends when reaching either of the stop codons UAA, UAG, UGA.
When talking about amino and carboxy terminus, the word Terminus refers to the extremes of the polypeptide. The first extreme to be translated carries the amino-terminal group, while the other extreme carries the carboxy-terminus group.
Conventionally, proteins are written from left to right, beginning by the N-terminal extreme carrying the free amine group, and ending by the C-terminal extreme carrying the carboxyl free group. However, we need to know that the free amine group actually places at the end of a protein.
In the exposed example we have the following DNI template strand ⇒5'CTTGCGTCACCTGAGACCTGGCATCG3'
Transcription:
The template DNI strand is read in direction 3´→ 5´ to build the mRNA molecule in direction 5´→ 3´.
template DNI strand ⇒ 5'-CTTGCGTCACCTGAGACCTGGCATCG-3'
mRNA ⇒ 3´-GAACGCAGUGGACUCUGGACCGUAGC- 5´
Translation:
rRNA and tRNA read mRNA in the direction 5´→ 3´ to build the protein.
Start codon AUG -Metionin-, near the 5´ extremeEnd UAA, UAG, UGA.The first portion of mRNA is not read nor translated. This is the untranslated region (UTR), placed before the start codon.
mRNA ⇒ 3´-GAACGCAGUGGACUCUGGACCGUAGC- 5´
Remember that transcription occurs from 5´ to 3´ extremes, so we need to read the codons in this direction too, beginning on the 5´ extreme.
To make it easier, we can turn the mRNA direction, and write it from 5´to 3´.
mRNA ⇒ 3´-GAACGCAGUGGACUCUGGACCGUAGC- 5´
mRNA ⇒ 5´-CGAUGCCAGGUCUCAGGUGACGCAAG- 5´
Now, we need to find the initiation codon: AUG coding for Metionin.
mRNA ⇒ 5´-CG AUG CCA GGU CUC AGG UGA CGC AAG- 5´
Codons are separated by a space left between them. AUG is the start codon placed near the 5´ extreme.
Now, let us find the end codon, near the 3´extreme.
mRNA ⇒ 5´-CG AUG CCA GGU CUC AGG UGA CGC AAG- 5´
rRNA will read mRNA until it reaches UGA codon, which is the stop signal.tRNA will add amino acids from the start codon, not before.tRNA anticodons ⇒ UAC GGU CCA GAG UCC
Anticodons are separated by a space left between them.
Protein ⇒ N - MET PRO GLY LEU ARG - C
Each mRNA codon codifies for an amino acid. The start codon codifies for methionine. AUG= Met, CCA= Pro, GGU= Gly, CUC= Leu, AGG= Arg, UGA= Stop codon. The amino terminus is represented as an N and the carboxy terminus is a C. The first extreme to be translated carries the amino-terminal group, while the other extreme carries the carboxy-terminus group.
The frequency of a lethal allele in a population is greatest when it is: Group of answer choices dominant manifested in infancy recessive co-dominant
Answer:
recessive
Explanation:
A lethal allele is a gene variant associated with a mutation in an essential gene, which has the potential to cause the death of an individual. In general, lethal genes are recessive because these alleles do not cause death in heterozygous individuals, which have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the allele for the lethal disease/disorder. In recessive lethal diseases, heterozygous individuals are carriers of the recessive lethal allele and can eventually pass the 'defective' allele on to offspring even though they are unaffected; whereas dominant lethal diseases are caused by dominant lethal alleles, which only need to be present in one copy to be fatal. In consequence, the frequency of recessive lethal alleles is generally higher than dominant lethal alleles because they can be masked in carrier individuals. Some examples of human diseases caused by recessive lethal alleles include, among others, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle-cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis.
The frequency of a lethal allele in a population is greatest when it is: C. recessive.
A lethal allele can be defined as an allele that is responsible for the death of a living organism, especially by preventing its development. Thus, a lethal allele causes a complete mortality in the living organism carrying it, in a hom-ozygous condition.
Basically, a lethal allele is recessive in nature because it is expressed in the phenotype of an organism. Some examples of diseases caused by lethal alleles in humans are:
Cystic fibrosisSickle-cell anemiaAchondroplasiaIn conclusion, a lethal allele that is recessive has the greatest frequency in a population.
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what is pathogenicity
Answer:
the property of causing disease
