Reconstruct the phylogeny that most simply and accurately accounts for the distribution of synapomorphies among ingroup species. Given matrices as small and simple as the above example, one can "build" the tree from the bottom up in a series of sketches, adding clades or branches representing groups with the fewest synapomorphies near the base of the tree and those with the most at the tips. Using the unlabeled phylogeny as a starting point, draw the stepwise construction of a fully resolved phylogeny to account for all of the synapomorphies, and include the synapomorphies that identify each clade (the first one, character 2, is included to get you started; this is shared by all members of the ingroup).
Answers
Complete question:
1). Determine the character states for the following six characters that are present in species OG, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18. Assign the character state found in the outgroup (OG) as a 0 and the alternative derived state a 1; use only two states per character. Example, stem width: 0 = thin, / = thick 1 (Characters and plant species image in the attached files)
2). Score each taxon using the 0 and 1 notation about and add to this matrix (Matrix in the attached files)
4). Reconstruct the phylogeny that most simply and accurately accounts for the distribution of synapomorphies among ingroup species. Given matrices as small and simple as the above example, one can build the tree from the bottom up in a series of sketches, adding clades or branches representing groups with the fewest synapomorphies near the base of the tree and those with the most at the tips. Using the unlabeled phylogeny as a starting point, draw the stepwise construction of a fully resolved phylogeny to account for all of the synapomorphies and include the synapomorphies that identify each clade (the first one, character 2, is included to get you started; this is shared by all members of the ingroup) (Tree in the attached files)
Answer:
Characters: Stem width: Thick-1 // Thin-0 Leaf edge (shape): Pointed-1 // Blunt-0 Flower base (shape): Narrow-0 // Wide-1 Flower orientation: Downward (Pendant)-1 // Upward (Vertical)-0 Petal color: Purple-1 // Yellow-0 Fruit shape (inset on card, on left): Round-0 // Elongated-1Complete Matrix in the attached filesOrder in the phylogeny reconstruction: OG --> 7 --> 5 --> 15 --> 17 and 18 (tree + evolutive changes in the attached files)Explanation:
NOTE: You will find the complete activity in the attached files.
The principle of maximum parsimony or maximum simplicity states that among all possible trees within a group of species, the most probable is the one that requires us to postulate the least number of evolutionary changes. So, to reconstruct a phylogeny we need to choose the tree that requires the less number of changes. To determine the character states for all the six characters, we assigned the number cero to all the characters expressed in the out-group. Thin steam, blunt leaf, narrow flower base, upward flower orientation, yellow petals, and rounded-seeds are all cero states. The other characters are 1.The above information of character state was used to fill in the matrix, specifying which character state belongs to each species according to their traits. The matrix was useful to reconstruct the phylogeny, to identify the autapomorphic trait, and to visualize all the clades.
Related Questions
Using a total of only five organs, design a digestive system that can absorb the maximum number of Calories from the apple. Describe your system below.
Answers
Answer:
Mouth, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum and blood capillaries
Explanation:
The five organs could be
A) mouth
B) small intestine: small intestine has three parts: the duodenum (attached to the stomach), the jejunum (the middle portion)
C) Large intestine
D) rectum and
E) placed capillaries and lymphatic vessels on the small intestine.
Digestion is a process in which breakdown of food molecules occurs, which provide nutrients to the body.
Digestion of an appleThe organs included in the digestion of an apple are :
Mouth: The apple cut down into smaller pieces by teeth. The saliva present in the mouth breakdown the starch present in the apple.Stomach: The stomach contain digestive juices like hydrochloric acid and other gastric juices. These juices mix with the apple.Duodenum : In duodenum, the breakdown of starch molecule happens.Ileum : Small finger like structure present in the organ called villi, which absorb sugar particles and vitamins and minerals present in the apple.Colon : The undigested waste travels through the colon and goes to another organ that is rectum.Rectum : The indigestive waste material went out from the body through rectum.These are the organs which can absorb the maximum number of Calories from the apple.
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A student observes a cell moving quickly through the water on a microscope slide. Which structure most directly creates energy for the cell to move?
O cell wall
chloroplast
O mitochondria
nucleus
Answers
when you move your hand up and down while holding on a jump rope, you make a wave. What is the medium
Answers
Answer:
The medium of the wave is the Rope.
Explanation:
This is because it is transverse wave and transverse wave need a medium to transfer energy and this is because in transverse wave,particles of the medium move in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of the transverse wave. From the question, when you move you hand up and down, you make a wave and the direction of the wave is also up and down which is perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
In hamsters, there is a dominant allele (S) for smooth fur and a recessive allele (s) for spiky fur. A unique characteristic of these alleles is that the heterozygote (Ss) has its own phenotype - rough fur. In this way, we can determind the number of heterozygotes in the population. In a population of 1000 hamsters, 390 have smooth fur (SS), 470 have rough fur (Ss) and 140 have spiky fur (ss).
What are the allele frequencies in this population?
Frequency of S =
Frequency of s =
In the next generation of 1000 hamsters, what are the expected genotype frequencies?
Frequency (SS) =
Frequency (Ss) =
Frequency (ss) =
What are the expected number of each genotype in the next 1000 hamsters?
Number of SS Number of Ss Number of ss Have the allele frequencies changed?
Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
have the allele sequencie: nanged is the populati Weinberg equitoThe expected genotype frequency of Ss (2pq) in the next generation is expected to be:
a. 0.469
b. 0.390
c. 0.938
d. 469
The expected number of smooth fur hamsters (SS) in the next generation of 1000 hamsters is:
Is the population of hamsters in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Answers
Answer:
What are the allele frequencies in this population?
Frequency of S = 0.625 Frequency of s = 0.375In the next generation of 1000 hamsters, what are the expected genotype frequencies?
Frequency (SS) = 0.39 Frequency (Ss) = 0.47 Frequency (ss) = 0.14What are the expected number of each genotype in the next 1000 hamsters?
Individuals SS = 390Individuals Ss = 469Individuals ss = 140Have the allele frequencies changed? No, they are the same
Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Yes, it is.
The expected genotype frequency of Ss (2pq) in the next generation is expected to be: 0.469 (option a)
The expected number of smooth fur hamsters (SS) in the next generation of 1000 hamsters is: 390
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete answer and explanation in the attached files.
Please read the following scenario to answer the following question. While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that causes the deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA. Subsequently, the researcher isolated and cultured a single cell from this group and noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein, and that this affected their survival. The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ________
Answers
Answer:
deletion or insertion of nucleotide from or in any coding sequence of the DNA
Explanation:
The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in the deletion or insertion of nucleotide from or in any coding sequence of the DNA.
Deletion or insertion of a nucleotide from/into the coding sequence of DNA results in a frameshift mutation away from the original protein. Deletion/insertion of a nucleotide from/to the coding sequence of a DNA can cause a totally different protein to be synthesized from such DNA or, worse still, results in a nonfunctional protein. Both results could be grossly harmful to the cells.
How might a sudden cold front limit population growth of newborn offspring?"" HELP PLEASE
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is - they may not be able to survive at such a temperature.
Explanation:
A Cold front is a weather change when a cooler air mass moves into warmer air that leads to a sudden drop in temperature following by the cyclone, heavy rainfall and hail.
These sudden changes and heavy rain with storms and cyclones can limit the population growth of newborn offspring as they may not able to survive in such a sudden temperature drop.
. Which statement best describes arteries? A. They have thick walls and transport blood away from the heart. B. They have thick walls and transport blood toward the heart. C. They have thin walls and transport blood away from the heart. D. They have thin walls and transport blood toward the heart.
Answers
Answer:answer is 1
Explanation:
because i’m like that and i know
Membrane potential is present only in nerve cells.
Answers
PLEASE ANSWER ASAP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Answer the HOT Question:
What do you think would happen to the skin if the dermis layer and the epidermis layer of the skin become separated?
To earn full credit
Restate the question
Define the epidermis
Define the dermis
Predict what you think will happen if they become separated*
What do you think would happen to the skin if the dermis layer and the epidermis layer of the skin become separated?
Answers
Answer:
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. The dermis is the inner layer of the skin which contains connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. If the epidermis and dermis become separated then a blister will form.
You are a glucose molecule in a disaccharide found in a drink that was sipped by an athlete who is about to begin running a 1600m (1 mile) race. Put the words in the list below in the appropriate order to describe the process of your journey from the mouth and ultimately to the muscle cells for energy.
a. electron transport system
b. active transport
c. stomach
d. pyruvate
e. brush border disaccharidases
f. carbon dioxide and water
g. mouth
h. citric acid cycle
i. glucose transporters
j. duodenum
k. glycolysis
l. jejunum
m. blood
n. esophagus
Answers
Answer:
Mouth -Esophagus-- Stomach -Duodenum -Jejunum -Brush border disaccharidases--Glucose transporters--Active transport--Blood-Glycolysis-Pyruvate--Citric acid cycle - Carbon dioxide and water : )
Explanation:
The journey of a glucose molecule from the mouth and ultimately to the muscle cells for energy in the correct order is:
Mouth > Esophagus > Stomach > Duodenum > Jejunum > Brush Border Disaccharidases > Blood > Glucose Transporters > Glycolysis > Pyruvate > Citric Acid Cycle > CO2 and Water > Active Transport > Electron Transport System.
The drink rich with disaccharides starts its journey from the mouth cavity and moves through the esophagus to the stomach. The disaccharide digestion takes place when it reaches the jejunum through the duodenum of the small intestine by enzyme maltase that also presents in Brush Border Disaccharidases to glucose.
Glucose moves o blood and through a glucose transporter for cellular respiration that starts with glycolysis that converts glucose to pyruvate and enters in TCA cycle and releases CO2 and water as byproducts that ultimately moves to the ETS system to provide energy to the muscles.
Thus, the correct answer is - given above in the correct order.
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Question 1 of 10
Match the layer with its characteristic.
Mantle
?
Ranges from 6 km to 70
km thick
Moho Barrier
?
?
Convection here leads to
earthquakes
Core
2
Has a liquid and solid layer
Crust
?
Separates the crust and
mantle
Answers
Answer:
Crust- ranged from 6km to70km thick .
mantle- convection here leads to earthquakes.
Core -has a liquid and soild layer
Moho barrier- separates the crust and mantle.
Explanation:
HOPE this helps
The layers of the earth are differentiated based on their composition and occurrence. The crust is 6 -70 km thick, and the mantle is where the convection occurs. Thus, the matches are 1. c, 2. d, 3. b, and 4. a.
What are the layers of the earth?Earth has many different layers based on their arrangements and occurrences. The crust is the first layer of the earth where humans and other organisms live and ranges from 6 -70 km thick. It is followed by the Moho barrier.
The Moho barrier is the layer that separates the crust from the mantle and is followed by the mantle layer where the convection in the tectonic plates leads to earthquakes.
The deepest and the innermost layer is the core where the solid and liquid hot gases are found at very high temperatures. It is very hot and composed of iron and nickel.
Therefore, the matches are 1. c, 2. d, 3. b, and 4. a.
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Which molecule is used to cut out a section of DNA? A. Restriction endonuclease. B. Reverse transcriptase C. Gel electrophoresis D. DNA polymerase
Answers
Explanation: None just know it
Which statement is true about clear-cutting?
A)
It increases erosion.
B)
It causes the soil to lose nutrients.
C)
It can regenerate desirable species.
D)
All of the above
Answers
Answer:
all of the above
Explanation:
if trees are cutted then all of the above things will happen so we should not cut the tree
Answer:
D.) All of the above
Explanation:
got it right on edge 2021
Transcribe the following DNA strand. Then translate the tRNA strand you wrote.
Answers
Answer:
Transcription into mRNA strand will produce: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG
Translation into amino acid sequence will yield: Threonine- Glutamine- Leucine- Threonine- Aspartic acid- Tryptophan- Histidine- Leucine
Explanation:
- Transcription is the process by which DNA template is used to synthesize a mRNA molecule in the nucleus (eukaryotes). The transcription, which is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, follows the complementary base pairing rule i.e. A-T, G-C. Note that Uracil replaces Thymine in the RNA molecule.
Based on this question in which a DNA strand was given as follows: TGA GTC GAC TGG CTG ACC GTA GAC
The mRNA strand that will result from transcribing this DNA will be: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG
- Translation is the process by which mRNA strand is used to synthesize amino acid sequence (protein) in the ribosomes. In the mRNA sequence, nucleotides are read in a group of three called CODONS. Each codon specifies an amino acid. Based on the mRNA sequence as follows: ACU CAG CUG ACC GAC UGG CAU CUG, the amino acid sequence that will result after using the genetic code will be: Threonine (Thr)- Glutamine (Gln)- Leucine (Leu)- Threonine (Thr)- Aspartic acid (Asp)- Tryptophan (Try)- Histidine (His)- Leucine (Leu).
What gametes are produced by the following organisms:_______.
a. Genotype YyRr, if Y and R are on different chromosomes
b. Genotype YyRr, if dominant Y and R are on the same chromosome, no crossing over
c. Genotype YyRr, if dominant Y and recessive r are on the same chromosome, no crossing over
d. Genotype YyRr, if dominant Y and R are on the same chromosome, 50% crossing over
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer would be -
1- YR, Yr, yR and yr.
2. Yr, yR
3. YR, yr
4. YR, Yr, yR & yr
Explanation:
A mature male or female haploid germ cell that fuses with another gamete of the opposite sex during the process of fertilization to make a zygote in sexual reproduction.
The law of Independent Assortment presented by Mendel says that alleles for different traits are passed and assort independently of one another in the gametes.
1. If Y and R on different chromosomes then they will produce four gametes and assort independently - YR, Yr, yR & yr.
2) If Y and R on the same chromosomes and no crossing over occurs then they will produce only two gametes as Y and R will not come together - Yr & yR.
3). if dominant Y and recessive r are on the same chromosome, no crossing over then only two gametes will form as Y and r will not assort together - YR & yr.
4). if dominant Y and R are on the same chromosome, 50% crossing over produces 4 types of gametes, YR, Yr, yR & yr.
Where does the water that a land plant uses for photosynthesis come from? The water comes from _____.
-Evaporation
-Condensation
-Precipitation
Answers
Answer:
precipitation
Explanation:
about minority intelligence levels may create feelings of vulnerability, which then undermine IQ
performance.
A. Stereotypes
B. Cultural bias
C. Socioeconomic issues
D. Inherited traits
It’s A
Answers
Answer: Stereotype
Explanation:
Stereotype is simply the expectation, belief or assumption witth regards to a certain group of people.
We should note that the stereotype about minority intelligence levels may bring about feelings of vulnerability, which then undermine the performance of ones intelligent qoutient.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Scientists are studying a layer of sedimentary rock and discover what appears to be ripples made by runding water preserved in the rock. When comparing those ripples to some made in mud at a present day location, they notice that the effects are identical. Based on the observations, which of the following is most likely to be true? OA. OB. The mud at the present day location is actually from the same time period as the rock The environment and conditions of both areas are exactly the same. OC. Some events that occurred in the past are similar or identical to events in the present. OD. Events that occurred in the past were dramatically different from those of today.
Answers
There are certain past occurrences that are comparable to or exact replicas of current happenings.
What can be learned about dinosaurs and other extinct creatures from the strata found in sedimentary rock?They keep a record of the old flora, fauna, and climates. The fossils contained therein are frequently used by scientists to determine the correct order of sedimentary rock layers.
What does the depositional environment normally reveal about symmetrical ripples like those shown in the sandstone below?Ripples display "tuning-fork" branches and are symmetrical. This suggests to a geologist that wave action was present during the sandstones' deposition (nearshore).
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A major movement in the forest industry is _____.
A. Paper reduction
B. Slash and burn
C. Recycling
D. Reforestation
Answers
Answer:
D. Reforestation
Explanation:
Reforestation is a natural or intentional way of restoring existing forests and woodlands by restocking it after they have been depleted through deforestation. Forest industry makes use of forest product for production this includes log, paper and pulp production. Ability to restock after felling of this tree for product making helps continuation.
Reforestation helps to rectify the effects of deforestation and this helps to improve our health in turn by absorbing pollution and dust from the air.
If a plant is considered “drought-resistant“ does it require more or less water to perform photosynthesis?
Answers
Answer:
Less water.
Explanation:
If the plant is "drought-resistant" then that should mean less water is required for the plant to perform photosynthesis.
What do we still need to know in order to determine why the two rock formations have such similar minerals?
Answers
Answer and Explanation:
Rock is defined as the collection of one or more minerals. Granite, sedimentary rock, igneous rock, metamorphic rock and limestone are the types of rock. Granite is the most common type of rock. Granite is made up of four minerals such as hornblende, feldspar, quartz and mica. Granite breaks down to form sedimentary rocks. Igneous rock begins as magma. The lava and magma harden to form igneous rock. Metamorphic rocks are made from pressure. Rocks are made of one or more minerals, which are cooled and melted together, cemented together, or heated and squeezed together. The mineral occurs naturally and is made of crystals. The earth’s crust is made of rocks. Most rocks are covered by soil. Soil contains the small pieces of rocks. The two rocks have similar composition but different texture. Rocks are formed in different ways. The rocks can be changed from one form to another.
which of the following statements about the cells of any multicelluar organisms is true
Answers
Answer The DNA in a cell is all the same
Explanation:
Example on one of the 3 laws of motion
Answers
Answer:
Newton's First Law of Motion
Explanation:
A body at rest persists in its state of rest, and the body in motion remains in uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by a net external force.
Which conclusion about the growth of new bacterial cells does the experiment support?
O Heat helps bacterial cells grow new bacterial cells faster.
New bacterial cells can only arise from preexisting bacterial cells.
The amount of available nutrients impacts the growth of new bacterial cells.
Growth of new bacterial cells depends only on the presence of nutrients.
Answers
Answer: New bacterial cells can only arise from preexisting bacterial cells.
Explanation:
Option A is wrong because when heat was applied, there was no new bacterial growth. Most likely because the heat killed the bacteria cells. Option C is also wrong as well the third trial had nutrients but no new bacteria cells grew.
Option D is wrong because in Trial 1, there were nutrients and yet no new cells were formed. This means that growth of new cells depends on more than nutrients alone.
This leaves option B as the correct answer which is proven by the lack of growth of new cells when there were no pre-existing ones in trial 3.
True or False: Magnetism is a force that can't be seen; however, the effects of magnetism can be made visible.
Answers
Answer: True
Explanation:
hope it helps
What allows cytokinesis to occur?
Synthesis of new phospholipids
Proteins similar to those in muscles
Chromosomes unpacking
Polymerase elongating the new DNA strand
Answers
Answer:
Cytokinesis is initiated in prophase when a cytoskeleton of actin filaments and microtubules forms around the cell. This band is known as the preprophase band, and will later determine the positioning of the cell plate.
1.Paramecium was found to occupy 20% of the FOV of a microscope at 40X magnification power. How many paramecium can be accommodated within this FOV
Answers
Answer:
Five (5)
Explanation:
A total of five (5) paramecia can be accommodated within the FOV.
The field of view of a microscope represents the area of the visible region under the ocular/eyepiece at a specific magnification. In other words, the diameter of the circular area visible through the ocular of the microscope at a specific magnification represents the field of view.
If a paramecium was found to occupy 20% of the total field of view of a microscope at X40 magnification, then the total number of paramecia that can be accommodated within the field would be:
100/20 = 5 paramecia
The number of many paramecium can be accommodated within this FOV
is Five (5)
Given that,
Paramecium was found to occupy 20% of the FOV of a microscope at 40X magnification power.Based on the above information, the calculation is as follows:
[tex]= 100\div 20[/tex]
= 5
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how do ships float in water
Answers
The air that is inside a ship is much less dense than water. That's what keeps it floating! ... As a ship is set in water, it pushes down and displaces an amount of water equal to its weight
Results in science are not generally accepted as being accurate until they can be verified. Which of the following is an example of repetition in science? A.A student designs an experiment on plant growth that includes multiple trials. B.One scientist carries out the same experiment performed by another scientist to validate the results. C.A scientist poses a new question for investigation after reading the results of another scientist’s work. D.A scientist analyzes the data included in the published work of another scientist and agrees with the conclusions
Answers
Answer:
B) One scientist carries out the same experiment performed by another scientist to validate the results.
Explanation:
repetition definition is basically B.
One scientist carries out the same experiment performed by another scientist to validate the results. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What is repetition?Repetition in science is the process of repeating an experiment or study to verify or validate the results. This is done to ensure that the results are accurate and reliable, and not due to chance or experimental error.
An example of repetition in science is when one scientist carries out the same experiment performed by another scientist in order to validate the results and confirm that they are accurate and consistent. This process helps to build confidence in the results and increases the credibility of the scientific findings.
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Place the steps of scientific process in the correct order. 1.set up the experiment. 2. Do background research. 3. Collect data. 4. Analyze data and form conclusions. 5. Publish/ present your result 6. Hypothesis
Answers
2nd. Hypothesis
3rd. Set up experiment
4th. Collect data
5th. Analyze data and form conclusions
6th. Publish/present your result
