Answer:
Cash payback period is 7.9 years
Explanation:
Payback period = Initial investment / Cash inflow per period
=$379,200 / $48,000
=7.9 years
Thus, the cash payback period is 7.9 years.
Note: It is assumed that the net annual cash flows are after considering the annual depreciation.
Delta Importers has a pure discount loan with a face value of $180,000 due in one year. The assets of the firm are currently worth $215,000. The shareholders in this firm basically own a ________ option on the assets of the firm with a strike price of
Answer: call; $180,000
Explanation:
Delta Importers has a pure discount loan with a face value of $180,000 due in one year. The assets of the firm are currently worth $215,000. The shareholders in this firm basically own a call option on the assets of the firm with a strike price of $180,000.
The equity of the firm is owned by the shareholders and it is identical to when a call option is being held and the strike price will be equal to the face value of $180,000.
A local restaurant increases the prices on its burgers as soon as it begins a promotional campaign. Which of the following is most likely to be true?
a) The promotional campaign featured how much better their burgers are.
b) The promotional campaign focused on the value per dollar.
c) The promotional campaign made demand more elastic.
d) All of the above.
Answer: The promotional campaign featured how much better their burgers are
Explanation:
The most likely reason why a local restaurant will increase the prices on its burgers as soon as it begins a promotional campaign is that the promotional campaign featured how much better their burgers are.
Through the promotional campaign, the message has been passed to the customers and anyone interested that the burgers are better and customers will enjoy value for their money.
Match the product cost variance with the manager most probably responsible. Some answers may be used more than once. Some answers may not be used.
1. Variable overhead cost variance
2. Direct matierals efficiency variance
3. Direct labor cost variance
4. Fixed overhead cost variance
5. Direct materials cost variance
CHOICES:
a. Human resources
b. Purchasing
c. Production
Answer:
1 = A
2 = C
3 = C
4 = C
5 = B
Explanation:
This would actually depend on how the organization is set up and what type of business it is, but I believe these would be the most likely centers responsible for the difference
Which third-party conflict resolution strategy manages the process and context of interaction between the disputing parties but does not impose a solution on the parties
Answer: Mediation
Explanation:
Mediation is a conflict resolution procedure whereby the parties that are involved will discuss their disputes and a third person who is impartial and also trained assists them in settling the dispute.
Meditation manages the process and context of interaction between the disputing parties but does not impose a solution on the parties.
Which of the following refers to how companies remain in business? sustainability corporate social responsibility carbon footprint closed-loop supply chains economic sustainability
Answer:
Economic sustainability
Explanation:
The wage rate for all units of labor is $10/hr. You have spent $160,000 on developing a production process (Process X) that will allow you to produce 8 units for every unit of labor. If you use this production process, the accounting profits will cover the initial investment within 6 months. If you use your normal production process (not Process X), you can produce 10 units for every unit of labor. Both processes are fully scalable, so the marginal product of labor is fixed for any reasonable amount of labor you could hire. Based on this information, what should you do?
Answer:
The normal production process should be followed.
Explanation:
The normal process should be used because when it uses the process “X” then the marginal productivity of labor (MPL) is 8 units and the wage of labor is $10 per hour. Secondly, when it uses a normal production process then the marginal productivity of labor is 10 units and the wage rate is the same that is $10 per hour. Therefore, the normal production process is giving the greater marginal productivity of labor, accordingly this process should be followed.
Mountain Ski Corp. was set up to take large risks and is willing to take the greatest risk possible. Lakeway Train Co. is more typical of the average corporation and is risk-averse.
Projects Returns: Expected Value Standard Deviation
A $ 310,000 $ 173,000
B 676,000 413,000
C 163,000 120,000
D 134,000 101,000
a-1. Compute the coefficients of variation. (Round your answers to 3 decimal places.)
a-2. Which of the following four projects should Mountain Ski Corp.
A. Project B
B. Project A
C. Project C
D. Project D
Answer:
B. Project A
Explanation:
Coefficient of variation=standard deviation/expected return value
Project A:
Coefficient of variation=$173,000/$310,000= 0.558
Project B:
Coefficient of variation=$413,000/$676,000= 0.611
Project C:
Coefficient of variation=$120,000/$163,000=0.736
Project D:
Coefficient of variation=$101,000/$134,000=0.754
The Project A has the lowest rate of risk per unit of return, hence, it is the preferred choice of investment
The break-even point is a.the maximum possible operating loss. b.where the total sales line intersects the total costs line on a cost-volume-profit chart. c.the total fixed costs. d.the maximum possible operating income.
Answer:
The answer is B.
Explanation:
To a layman, break-even point is the point where an entity neither make profit nor loss. It is the point where total revenue equals total cost(where the total sales line intersects the total costs line on a cost-volume-profit chart).
Points greater or above this intersection or point mean the firm is making profit and points lesser or below this intersection or point mean the firm is making loss.
Question 2 options: Assume that in short-run equilibrium, a particular monopolistically competitive restaurant (Applebee's) charges $12 for each order of Chicken Parmesan and sells 52 orders per day. The average total cost (ATC) for those 52 orders is $10. Enter your answers below to the nearest whole number. How much revenue will the firm take in each day
Answer:
104
Explanation:
Carlos wants to purchase a new computer and go to the Caribbean for spring break. The computer is priced at $1,299, and the vacation is priced at $750. He has only $1,537 in his checking account, so he cannot afford to purchase both. After much thought, Carlos buys the computer and writes a check for $1,299. Identify what role mo
The complete question is:
Carlos wants to purchase a new computer and go to the Caribbean for spring break. The computer is priced at $1,299, and the vacation is priced at $750. He has only $1,537 in his checking account, so he cannot afford to purchase both. After much thought, Brian buys the computer and writes a check for $1,299.
Identify what role money plays in each of the following parts of the story.
Carlos can easily determine that the price of the computer is more than the price of the vacation.
Carlos has $1,537 in his checking account.
Carlos writes a check for $1,299.
Answer:
Carlos can easily determine that the price of the computer is more than the price of the vacation.= Unit of Account
Carlos has $1,537 in his checking account.= Store of value
Carlos writes a check for $1,299.= Medium of Exchange
Explanation:
In this scenario the different functions of money are exhibited. The 3 functions of money are as unit of account, store of value and medium of exchange.
When Carlos determines that the price of the computer is larger than that of price of a vacation money functions as a unit of account. The amount for a computer is $1,299 which is larger than the cost of a vacation ($750)
The money in his account is a store of value from which he can make pitches in the present or in the future.
When he writes the check for the computer, he is exchanging money for the computer. Money acts as a medium of exchange
A company incurs $4,050,000 of overhead each year in three departments: Ordering and Receiving, Mixing, and Testing. The company prepares 2,000 purchase orders, works 50,000 mixing hours, and performs 1,500 tests per year in producing 200,000 drums of Goo and 600,000 drums of Slime. The following data are available: Department Expected use of Driver Cost Ordering and Receiving 2,000 $1,200,000 Mixing 50,000 1,500,000 Testing 1,500 1,350,000 Production information for Goo is as follows: Department Expected use of Driver Ordering and Receiving 400 Mixing 20,000 Testing 500 Compute the amount of overhead assigned to Goo. $2,760,000.
Answer:
$1,290,000
Explanation:
Goo:
Ordering and Receiving = 400 / 2,000 = 20%
Mixing = 20,000 / 50,000 = 40%
Testing = 500 / 1,500 = 33.33%
allocated overhead costs:
Ordering and Receiving = 20% x $1,200,000 = $240,000
Mixing = 40% x $1,500,000 = $600,000
Testing = 33.33% x $1,350,000 = $450,000
total allocated overhead costs = $1,290,000
The Raven Co. has just gone public. Under a firm commitment agreement, Raven received $15.90 for each of the 25 million shares sold. The initial offering price was $17.50 per share, and the stock rose to $19.40 per share in the first few minutes of trading. Raven paid $860,000 in direct legal and other costs and $330,000 in indirect costs.What was the flotation cost as a percentage of funds raised?
Answer:
22.38%
Explanation:
Raven corporation has just gone public
They received $15.90 for each 25 million shares that was sold
The first step is to calculate the net amount raised
Net amount that was raised= 15.90×25,000,000 = 397,500,000
397,500,000-860,000-330,000
= 396,310,000
Underwriter spread= 17.50-15.90
= 1.6 per shares
Total underwriter spread= per share spread× number of shares that were offered
= 1.6×25,000,000
= 40,000,000
Total direct costs= 40,000,000+860,000
=40,860,000
Indirect flotation cost= indirect cost+price appreciation
= 330,000+(19.40-17.50)×25,000,000
= 330,000+1.9×25,000,000
=330,000+47,500,000
= 47,830,000
Total flotation cost= 47,830,000+40,860,000
= 88,690,000
Therefore, the flotation cost as a percentage of funds raised can be calculated as follows
= 88,690,000/396,310,000 × 100
= 0.2238×100
= 22.38%
Hence the flotation costs as a percentage of funds raised is 22.38%
Funday Park competes with Fun World by providing a variety of rides.
Funday sells tickets at $85 per person as a one-day entrance fee.
Variable costs are $17 per person and fixed costs are $428,400 per month.
Required:
1. Supposed Funday Park cuts its ticket price from $85 to $68 to increase the number of tickets sold. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new breakeven point in tickets is? _
b. The new breakeven point in sales dollars is? $_
2. Ignore the information in question 1. Instead assume that Funday Park increases the variable cost from $17 to $34 per ticket. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new breakeven point in tickets is?
b. The new breakeven point in sales dollars is? $_
3. Ignore questions 1 and 2. Supposed Funday Park reduces fixed costs from $428,400 per month to $319,600 per month. Compute the new breakeven point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new breakeven point in tickets is?
b. The new breakeven point in sales dollars is? $_
4. Ignore information in questions 1 - 3. If Funday Park expects to sell 6,400 tickets, compute the margin of safety in tickets and in sales dollars.
a.
- = Margin of safety in units
- =
b.
- = Margin of safety in dollars
- =
5. Ignore information in questions 1 - 4. If Funday Park expects to sell 6,400 tickets, compute the operating leverage. Estimate the operating income if sales increase by 20%.
a.
/ = Degree of operating leverage
/ =
b. Estimate the new operating income if total sales increase by 20%?
The estimated operating income will be? $
Answer:
1. Supposed Funday Park cuts its ticket price from $85 to $68 to increase the number of tickets sold. Compute the new break even point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new break even point in tickets is?
= $428,400 / ($68 - $17) = 8,400 tickets
b. The new break even point in sales dollars is?
8,400 x $68 = $571,200
2. Ignore the information in question 1. Instead assume that Funday Park increases the variable cost from $17 to $34 per ticket. Compute the new break even point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new break even point in tickets is?
= $428,400 / ($85 - $34) = 8,400 tickets
b. The new break even point in sales dollars is?
8,400 x $85 = $714,000
3. Ignore questions 1 and 2. Supposed Funday Park reduces fixed costs from $428,400 per month to $319,600 per month. Compute the new break even point in tickets and in sales dollars.
a. The new break even point in tickets is?
= $319,600 / ($85 - $17) = 4,7400 tickets
b. The new break even point in sales dollars is?
4,700 x $85 = $399,500
4. Ignore information in questions 1 - 3. If Funday Park expects to sell 6,400 tickets, compute the margin of safety in tickets and in sales dollars.
break even point = $428,400 / ($85 - $17) = 6,300
a. Margin of safety in units = (6,400 - 6,300) / 6,400 = 1.56%
b. Margin of safety in dollars = ($544,000 - $535,500) / $544,000 = 1.56%
5. Ignore information in questions 1 - 4. If Funday Park expects to sell 6,400 tickets, compute the operating leverage. Estimate the operating income if sales increase by 20%.
EBIT₀ = [6,400 x ($85 -$17)] - $428,400 = $435,200 - $428,400 = $6,800
EBIT₁ = [7,680 x ($85 -$17)] - $428,400 = $522,240 - $428,400 = $93,840
% change in EBIT = ($93,840 - $6,800) / $6,800 = 12.8 x 100 = 1280%
a. Degree of operating leverage = 1280% / 20% = 64
b. Estimate the new operating income if total sales increase by 20%?
The estimated operating income will be $93,840
A friend wants to borrow money from you. He stated that he will pay you $2500 every 6 months for 7 years with the first payments exactly 3 years and six months from today. The interest rate is 4.8 percent compounded semiannually. What is the value of the payments today?
Answer:
The value of the payments today is $35.00.
Explanation:
The Value of Payments today is known as the Present Value (PV) and is calculated as follows :
Pmt = - $2,500
P/yr = 2
n = 7 × 2 = 14
Fv = 0
Pv = ?
Using a Financial Calculator, the Present Value (PV) of the payments would be $35.00
At the beginning of the meeting Kira does not properly lead the team during the ______ stage of team development. Therefore; the team was stuck in the ______ stage.
Answer:
forming; storming
Explanation:
The forming is the first stage in group development. At this stage, the members of the group reveal their expectations with respect to the work and share their that skils in which they are perfect so that the work could be allocated easily.
After this finishing this step, the next step is storming in which the members give their suggestions to accomplish a task that has assigned to each member of the group
Therefore as per the given situation, the forming and storming are the correct options.
Team development is the ultimate word for the teamwork or the entire growth of the firm with the team as well. The team works as a group in the firm and accomplishes the tasks within the set target in order to accomplish the organization target as well as the individual targets.
The answer to the blanks are forming; storming
The forming is the first stage in group development. At this stage, the members of the group reveal their expectations with respect to the work and share their skills in which they are perfect so that the work could be allocated easily.
After this step, the next step is storming in which the members give their suggestions to accomplish a task that has been assigned to each member of the group
To know more about the options of the stage of team development, refer to the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/14449327
A firm hires labor in a perfectly competitive labor market. Its current profit-maximizing hourly output is 100 units, which the firm sells at a price of $5 per unit. The Marginal Physical product (MPP) of the last unit of labor employed is 5 units per hour. The firm pays each worker an hourly wage of $15. a)What Marginal Revenue (MR) does the firm earn from sale of the output produced by the last worker employed? b)Does this firm sell its output in a perfectly competitive market?
Answer:
A.Marginal Revenue $3
B. No
Explanation:
A.Calculation for the Marginal Revenue (MR) that the firm earn from sale of the output produced by the last worker employed
Based on the information given we were told that the Marginal Physical product of the last unit of labor was 5 units per hour in which the firm pays each worker an hourly wage of $15. Now let calculate the Marginal Revenue using this formula
Marginal Revenue = Employees hourly wages/Marginal Physical product unit of labor
Where,
Employees hourly wages=$15
Marginal Physical product unit of labor =5 units per hour
Let plug in the formula
Marginal Revenue =$15/5
Marginal Revenue =$3
B. No reason been that the current profit-maximizing hourly output was 100 units in which we were told that the firm sells at a price of $5 per unit. While the Marginal Revenue gotten in (A) above was $3 which is lesser or lower than $5 per unit which simply means that the firm does NOT sell its output in a well perfectly competitive market .
Palmer Corp. owned 20,000 shares of Dixon Corp. purchased in 2006 for $240,000. On December 15, 2009, Palmer declared a property dividend of all of its Dixon Corp. shares on the basis of one share of Dixon for every 10 shares of Palmer common stock held by its stockholders. The property dividend was distributed on January 15, 2010. On the declaration date, the aggregate market price of the Dixon shares held by Palmer was $400,000. The entry to record the declaration of the dividend would include a debit to Retained Earnings of
Answer:
Debit to Retained Earnings of $400,000
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that on the declaration date, the market price or the market value of the Dixon Corp shares that was been held by Palmer Corp was the amount of $400,000 which means that the entry to record the declaration of the dividend would include a debit to Retained Earnings of the amount of $400,000 which is the market value.
The entry to record the declaration of the dividend would include a debit to Retained Earnings of $400,000.
The following information should be considered:
Since the aggregate market price of the Eaten shares on the declaration date is $400,000.Therefore, at the time of recording the declaration of the dividend it should debited to the retained earning for $400,000Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/3617478?referrer=searchResults
A small manufacturer that makes clothespins and other household products buys new injection molding equipment for a cost of $500,000. This will allow the manufacturer to make more clothespins in the same amount of time with an estimated increase in sales of %. If the manufacturer currently makes tons of clothespins per year, which sell at per ton, what will be the increase in revenue next year from the new equipment?
Answer:
$337,500
Explanation:
the questions was missing some numbers. I looked for similar questions and found:
increase in sales = 25%current annual production in tons = 75sales price per ton = $18,000increase in total sales = 75 tons x 25% = 18.75 tons
increase in revenue = 18.75 tons x $18,000 = $337,500
Since the question only asks for the increase in revenue, we do not have to calculate anything else.
Backus Inc. makes and sells many consumer products. The firm’s average contribution margin ratio is 35%. Management is considering adding a new product that will require an additional $15,000 per month of fixed expenses and will have variable expenses of $7.80 per unit.
Required:
A. Calculate the selling price that will be required for the new product if it is to have a contribution margin ratio equal to 35%.
B. Calculate the number of units of the new product that would have to be sold if the new product is to increase the firm's monthly operating income by $6,000.
Answer:
a) $12 per unit
b) $2,693 units
Explanation:
contribution margin ratio formula = contribution margin / total revenue
contribution margin = total revenue - variable costs
0.35 = (revenue - 7.80) / revenue
0.35revenue = revenue - 7.80
7.80 = 0.65revenue
revenue = 7.80/.65
revenue = 12
number of units required to increase revenue by $6,000:
= (fixed costs + desired profits) / contribution margin
= ($15,000 + $6,000) / $7.80 = $21,000 / $7.80 = 2,692.31 ≈ we must round up to $2,693 units
Looking forward to next year, if Baldwin’s current cash balance is $20,201 (000) and cash flows from operations next period are unchanged from this period and Baldwin takes ONLY the following actions relating to cash flows from investing and financing activities: Issues 100 (000) shares of stock at the current stock price Issues $200 (000) of long-term debt Pays $40 (000) in dividends Which of the following activities will expose Baldwin to the most risk of needing an emergency loan?a. Retires $20,000 (000) in long-term debtb. Liquidates the entire inventoryc. Sells $5,000 (000) of their Long-term assetsd. Purchases assets at a cost of $15,000 (000)
Answer: Purchases assets at a cost of $15,000 (000)
Explanation:
Out of the 4 options presented, 2 involves cash coming into the company which are; Sells $5,000 (000) of their Long-term assets and Liquidates the entire inventory. As these 2 bring cash into the company, they will not make Baldwin need an emergency loan.
The other 2 however, take money from the company being; Retires $20,000 (000) in long-term debt and Purchases assets at a cost of $15,000 (000). Retirement of long-term debt will have been in the budget for a long time so there would be no need for emergency funding.
The Purchase of the assets on the other hand has a less chance of being budgeted for than the long term debt retirement and being such a significant outflow, could expose Baldwin to the risk of needing to seek emergency loans.
In monopolistic competition, short-run positive economic profits of firms in the market will cause the market demand to expand.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
A monopolistic competition is when there are many firms selling differentiated products in an industry. A monopoly has characteristics of both a monopoly and a perfect competition. the demand curve is downward sloping. it sets the price for its goods and services.
There are low barriers to entry r exit of firms. So, if a firm is earning economic profit in the short run, in the long run, more firms would enter into the industry.
examples of monopolistic competition are restaurants
A regulated Natural Monopoly is more likely to advertise freely under which of the following types of regulation?
a) price regulation
b) profit regulation
c) output regulation
d) social regulation
Answer:
A
I took the quiz
Explanation:
Stephenson Co.'s 15-year bond with a face value of $1,000 currently sells for $850. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The bond's coupon rate exceeds its current yield.
B. The bond's yield to maturity is greater than its coupon rate.
C. If the yield to maturity stays constant until the bond matures, the bond's price will remain at $850.
D. The bonds current yield exceeds its yield to maturity.
Answer:
The bond's yield to maturity is greater than its coupon rate.
Explanation:
At a discount, the price of the bond is less than its face value, from bond theory principles, this is likely to happen when YTM is more than the coupon rate of the bond. Due to this the present value of the coupons and their face value are going to be lower than 1000 since YTM is greater.
The coupon rate is given as annual interest divided by face value
While
The yield is interest/ current price.
The answer to the question is therefore
The bond's yield to maturity is greater than its coupon rate.
Which of the following goals of a performance evaluation system is accomplished when the company's actual results are compared to industry standards?
A) Benchmarking
B) Motivating unit managers
C) Promoting goal congruence
D) Providing feedback
Answer:
A) Benchmarking
Explanation:
Benchmarking refers to a process in which the performance of the company could be measured with respect to the product, services, processes as compared with the industry performance
Here in the given situation, when an actual result is compared with the industry standards than we called as a benchmarking and the same is to be used for the evaluation of the performance system
Which of the following items would be a way to manipulate the cash flow from operating activities amount on the statement of cash flows?
a.
Adding depreciation back to net income to determine cash flow from operating activities.
b.
Including interest expense and tax expense in the calculation of cash flow from operating activities.
c.
Recording an item that should be recorded as an operating activity as an investing activity.
d.
The cash flow statement cannot be manipulated.
Answer:
C. Recording an item that should be recorded as an operating activity as an investing activity.
Explanation:
Hope it helped
Charlie is a strategist who wants to decide on the appropriate strategy to help his firm "go global." Which of the following should Charlie consider while choosing his strategy?A) He must be aware of the fact that despite globalization and the emergence of the Internet, firm geographic location has actually maintained its importance.B) He should rely on his firm's business-level strategy as a clue to possible strategies pursued globally.C) He should remember that he has only one framework at his disposal to make global strategy decisions.D) He must remember that higher levels of control and a lower likelihood of any loss in reputation go along with less investment-intensive foreign entry modes.
Answer: A) He must be aware of the fact that despite globalization and the emergence of the Internet, firm geographic location has actually maintained its importance.
Explanation:
Charlie must consider that despite the fact that the internet and technology have made globalization more accessible, the location of a business remains very important hence the old saying "its all about location location location".
The firm's geographical location has an effect on stakeholders in the company such as customers, employees and suppliers. For the customers, even if the business was to rely on the internet and delivering goods, the location needs to be convenient enough to ship goods from.
The Suppliers as well need to be able to send the goods ordered for in a timely fashion and an improper location can hamper that. Even employees need a place to work in that is conducive for them in terms of logistics and a safe working environment. Charlie should definitely not forget about the importance of location.
Using the percentageofsales method, the estimated total uncollectible accounts are . The Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts prior to adjustment has a debit balance of . The Accounts Receivable balance is . The amount of the adjusting entry for UncollectibleAccounts Expense is:
Answer:
the main part of ur question hasbeen left out so no one could help but i got a answer anyways
Explanation:
it's b
$7,322 + $2,635
= $9,957
Terry Dactel is considering the purchase of an asset having the following cash flows (in 000's):CF Prob.5 20%12 30%18 30%20 20%What is the asset’s standard deviation (in 000's)?
Answer: b. $5.4
Explanation:
First calculate the Expected return;
Expected cashflow = ∑ (Probability of cashflow * cashflow)
Expected cashflow = (5 * 0.2) + (12*0.3) + (18*0.3) +(20*0.2)
=$14
Standard deviation = √∑ [Probability * (CF - Expected CF)^2]
Standard deviation= √[(0.2*(5 - 14)^2) + (0.3*(12-14)^2) + (0.3*(18-14)^2) + (0.2*(20-14)^2)
Standard deviation = $5.4
Which of the following is not a reason for a direct materials quantity variance? a.purchasing of inferior raw materials
Answer: d. increased material cost per unit
Explanation:
Direct materials quantity variance has to do with the difference between the budgeted quantity of materials and the actual quantity of materials used. It speaks to only the quantity used and nothing else.
An increased cost of the material is not relevant to the quantity of material used because whilst for instance it measures if there was a price change in the material, the materials quantity variance checks if there has been a change in quantity.
Which of the following approaches should the Fed use if it experiences large lags and mistakes in monetary policy?
a. Discretionary policy
b. An eclectic approach
c. Fixed rules
d. Fiscal policy
Answer:
C. Fixed rules.
Explanation:
This is simply a policy that is seen to be a monetary or in some cases fiscal; they are said to be automated in most of its cases and are based on the criteria that are predetermined.
In most cases, these policies are seen to be binding and also categorically constrain officials' policy choices based on certain predetermined criteria to direct them toward serving the public interest.
Many cases by policymakers made this policy to be put in place because most of them generally cannot bind their own future choices, also fixed policy rules usually have to be enforced by some kind of higher authority in order to be binding etc.
