Searching for the perfect artificial sweetener--great taste with no Calories--has been the focus of chemical research for some time. Molecules such as sucralose, aspartamine, and saccharin owe their sweetness to their size and shape. One theory holds that any sweetener must have three sites that fit into the proper taste buds on the tongue. This theory is appropriately known as the triangle theory. Research 3 artificial sweeteners to develop a model to show how the triangle theory operates.

1. (a) Electrolysis Cause a non- is the process of using ·Spontane electrical energy to cause a non Spontane reaction to occur.

Explanation: direct current is to an electrochemical soupe cell, a reaction that is When normally nonspontaneous can be made to proceed the process is called electrolysis. energy provides electrons for carrying applied externally and The Source of electrical the reaction in a nonspontaneous direction.

1) b) Oxidation always occurs in Anode, in any cell, Whether it would be an electrochemical cell or a galvanic cell. The only difference is the charge, in electrochemical- The cell-cell anode is +vely charged and Cathode is the -ve charged.

so, in an Anode electrolytic cell Oxidation, occurs at the Anode

1) C) reduction always occurs in Cathode for all types of cells. In an electrolytic, all reduction occurs at Cathode

1)(d) Acid releases H+ in Solution, in electro- chemicaly reation, eg, Hcl → H⁺ + c H+ reduce at the cathode to form H₂ gas.

H+ e(⁻) -> 1/2  H2 (g) ↑ 60,

In the electrochemical reaction, studied today, H(+) from Acid Was reduced to hydrogen gas.

1(e) cell potential (E), Δve = - NFE  Δve Gibbs Free energy, For Spontaneous reaction to occur, she has to be negative, There for E has to be positive

So, when the total cell potential is a positive value, this Indicates that the Positive electrochemical reaction is Positive.

1) (f) Faraday, represents the amount of electric charge Carried by one mole of electrons.

F (Faraday) = 96500 e/mol Number of electrons per mole, ie Avogrode number Charge of electron 6.023x1023 6.24 X1018 = 96500 C/mol F

1) g) when Δve of a reaction is positive, then the reaction becomes nonspontaneous, i.e. reaction does not occur spontaneously. Therefore we have to add that amount to the System energy that Can drive that reaction to occur.

So, The Power source supplies the energy necessary For a non-spontaneous reaction to occur.

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The complete balanced half-cell reaction is as follows:

Mg(s)+PdSO4(aq)---->MgSO4(aq)+Pd(s)

S1 solution= MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) and S2 solution= PdSO4 (Palladium (II) sulfate)

A chemical reaction that takes place between an oxidizing substance and a reducing substance. The oxidizing substance loses electrons in the reaction, and the reducing substance gains electrons. Oxidation numbers, which are assigned to atoms in molecules by assuming that all bonds to the atoms are ionic. An increase in oxidation number during a reaction corresponds to oxidation, while a decreases corresponds to reduction.

Cathode: Pd^2+(aq)+2e- ---> Pd(s)

At cathode, reduction (gain of e- ) occurs.

At anode: Mg(s) ----> Mg^2+(aq)+2e-

Anode, oxidation (loss of e-) occurs

E1= Mg; (as left side of cell is anode)

E2= Pd; (as right side of cell is cathode)

S1 solution= MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)

S2 solution= PdSO4 (Palladium (II) sulfate)

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Rank the relative viscosity and vapor pressure of the substances Paraffin, hexadecane, octane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane,methane.

In addition to being a fuel or fuel component for diesel and tractor engines, paraffin is frequently utilized as a fuel for jet engines and rockets. These are some typical applications for paraffin: Paraffin wax, a white or colorless soft solid that is used as a lubricant, in candles, crayons, electrical insulation, and petroleum jelly, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is especially obtained from distillates of wood, coal, petroleum, or shale oil. It is primarily used in coating and sealing, candles, rubber compounding, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Consuming excessive amounts of paraffin might result in intestinal blockage, which can bring on symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. An individual with a dye allergy could get tongue swelling if the paraffin contains that dye.

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Instead, the ability of strong acids to liberate hydrogen atoms (H+) into a particular solution determines their classification.

A solution with a pH greater than 7.0 is referred to as a base. Any solution where the percentage of Hydroxide ions is higher than the percentage of H+ ions is said to be basic. While certain bases immediately take H+, others produce OH- ions instead, which then react with hydrogen to create water. Acid: A solution with too many H+ ions. The Latin name for it is acidus, meaning means "sharp" or "sour." Base: An overabundance of OH- ions in a solution. Alkali is another word for base. Aqueous: A primarily water-based solution. Acids enrich solutions with Hydrogen Ions (H+). Hydrogen ions (H+) & chloride ions are produced when hydrochloric (HCl) splits (Cl-).

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Preorder Traversal and Postorder Traversal of the tree with root vertex are given below:

Preorder Traversal

Let T be a rooted tree with root r that is ordered. If T only contains r, r is T's preorder traversal. Otherwise, suppose that T. T...., T., are the subtrees at r from left to right in T The pre- order traversal begins by visiting r. It continues by traversing T; in preorder, then T₂ in preorder, and so on, until 7, is traversed in preorder.

Postorder Traversal

Let 7' be an ordered rooted tree with root r. It consists only of r, then is the postorder traversal of T. Otherwise, suppose that T. T....T, are the subtrees at from left to right. The postorder traversal begins by traversing 7; in postorder, then T in postorder,.... then T. in postorder, and ends by visiting r.

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The structure of the Copper(1) hypochlorite is ClCuO.

We know that the chemical formula has to do with the way that we are able to show the compound or indeed any other chemical specie on paper. In this case we have the compound that has been shown as Copper(1) hypochlorite.

It should be known that in the IUPAC nomenclature, the name of the compound must be such that we can be able to write the structure of the compound from the name of the compound. This is applied in writing the structure of any compound.

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This chemical reaction: ca(s) zncl2(aq)zn(s)cacl2(aq) then, balanced half-reactions describing the oxidation and reduction that happen in this reaction is Ca (s) + ZnCl2 (aq) ---> Zn (s) + CaCl2 (aq).

When the substrate's oxidation states change, a chemical reaction known as redox (reduction-oxidation) takes place. Reduction occurs when electrons are obtained or the oxidation state drops; oxidation occurs when electrons are lost or the oxidation state increases. There are two types of redox reactions: During an electron transfer, only one electron (usually) travels from the reducing agent to the oxidant. This type of redox reaction is frequently discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials. When one substrate gives way to another, an atom transfers. When iron rusts, for example, oxygen's oxidation state decreases as it receives electrons released by the iron, while the oxidation state of the iron atoms increases as the iron transforms into an oxide. Despite the fact that oxidation processes are typically related to the generation of oxides, other chemical species can carry out the same function.  To weaken C=C (and other) bonds, hydrogen atoms are exchanged during hydrogenation.

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The polystyrene sample weighs 57.3 grammes in total. We made the assumption in this case that the heat given off by the hot body is equal to the heat absorbed by the cold body temperature.

We made the assumption in this case that the heat given off by the hot body is equal to the heat absorbed by the cold body temperature.

where, = the polystyrene's specific heat

C = water's specific heat

T = polystyrene mass

M = 100.0 g of water mass

T1 is the system's end temperature, while I is the polystyrene's starting temperature.

F is the water's starting temperature.

The weight of the polystyrene is 59.6 g (mpmp).

Once you've entered all the values into the formula above, you'll obtain

Consequently, the polystyrene sample weighs 57.3 grammes.

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Identify each statement as True or False a) True b) True c) True d) False  Not just pure water, but all aqueous solutions are subject to the equilibrium constant Kw.

In pure water, the concentrations of the hydronium and hydroxide ions are identical, making the solution neutral. Based on how much they ionise in water, acids and bases are categorised as strong or weak. - Salt and water are typically produced when acids and bases react. When the amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are equilibrium in moles, neutralisation takes place. The weak acid neutralises the base when it is introduced to the mixture.

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Because NH3 molecules in the liquid phase require energy to overcome their intermolecular interactions and transform into free gas molecules, this expression reads NH3(l)— NH3(g). Heat is transferred from the environment to the system during phase shifts.

Ammonia has the chemical formula NH3 and is a colourless gas.Nitrogen and hydrogen make up its composition. Its name in aqueous form is ammonium hydroxide. This inorganic substance smells strongly. It is hazardous and corrosive in its concentrated form. Ammonia has a density of 0.769 kg/m3 at STP, making it lighter than air. It is frequently employed as fertiliser. Additionally, it is employed in the production of explosives like TNT and nitrocelluloseAdditionally, it is employed in the manufacture of soda ash and the Ostwald process to produce nitric acid. A strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide  2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3(g) is heated with an ammonium salt, such as ammonium chloride NH4Cl, to produce ammonia (g)

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If you are going to bake potatoes, and your potatoes are soft and dehydrated, they can be soaked in hypotonic solution in a more firm before baking.

Before baking potatoes that are soft and dehydrated, it is important to give them a good soaking to make them firmer.

For this, a hypotonic solution such as salt water is preferred. Start by filling a large bowl with cold water and adding some salt. The salt will help to draw out moisture from the potatoes, making them firmer and more suitable for baking. Submerge the potatoes in the water and let them soak for at least 30 minutes.

Drain the water and pat the potatoes dry with a paper towel. This will remove any excess moisture and help them to crisp up when baking. You can then season the potatoes as desired and bake them as normal. The soaking process helps to rehydrate the potatoes, making them firmer and more suitable for baking.

The salt also helps to draw out moisture, so that when the potatoes are baked, they will be crisp on the outside and fluffy on the inside. The soaking process is an important step in preparing potatoes for baking, as it helps to make them firmer and more suitable for baking.

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Option D; Any pair of aldehyde or ketone reactants where one of the reactants has no alfa-hydrogens will lead to a single aldol product.

Aldehydes are carbonyl compounds that are produced both naturally and artificially and are present everywhere in the environment. Aldehydes are reactive species, therefore naturally, they are hazardous to the body. Any member of the family of organic compounds known as an aldehyde contains a carbon atom that also shares a single bond with a hydrogen atom, a double bond with an oxygen atom, and a double bond with another atom or group of atoms (designated R in general chemical formulas and structure diagrams). All aldehydes have what is known as the carbonyl group, a double bond between carbon and oxygen. Many aldehydes have pleasant aromas, and in theory, they are created by dehydrogenating (removing hydrogen) alcohols, which is how the word "aldehyde" originated.

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The statement that is  true about the elements;

Atom X and Atom Y are in the same row on the periodic table. Option C

We know that the periodic table has to do with an arrangement of the elements in an order that is systematic. As such, when we look at the periodic table, we are looking at a systematization of the elements in a way that it is quite easy for us to be able to identify the elements.

Now we know that the mass number is the sum of the atomic number which in turn is the proton number and the number of the neutrons in the atom.

We know that the atomic number is what would tell us the group to which the element has been found to belong and in this case we can see that element X is just right to element Y in the periodic table.

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Since the majority of the prey consumed by Bald Eagles in this ecosystem comes from nearby marine communities, we predicted that the recent decline in otter populations would have a negative indirect impact on Bald Eagle diets and demography.

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. Despite what we had anticipated, we found no changes in the density of breeding pairs on four islands between 1993-1994 and 2000-2002.

Bald eagles can find fish, their main source of food, nearby rivers, lakes, and marshes where they live. However, as their numbers increase, bald eagles are extending their range and even building nests in cities. Waterfowl, turtles, rabbits, snakes, other small animals, and carrion are among the other things that bald eagles eat.

Bald Eagle diets, however, underwent significant changes between the two time periods, likely as a result of changes in prey availability brought on by the rise and subsequent decline in sea otter populations.

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Genetics focus on short tandem repeats in the DNA, that are non-coding regions.

DNA is a genetic material of human beings, plants and animals. It serves an of carrying information for survival, growth, development, immunity, digestion, metabolism and other significant processes. Besides, it is unique among each individual and hence can be utilised for identification.

DNA typing or fingerprinting is known by several other names. At a specific locus, there repeated units of nitrogenous bases. However, the number varies which can be detected to identify the family relationship, parentage, identity and transplantation.

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The correct equation for solving for the temperature at which a reaction becomes spontaneous is AH - AS.

This equation is based on the equation for Gibbs Free Energy, which states that AG = AH - TS. In this equation, AG is the Gibbs Free Energy, AH is the enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is the entropy.

Therefore, if one knows the enthalpy and the entropy of a reaction, then one can calculate the temperature at which the reaction becomes spontaneous by subtracting the entropy from the enthalpy. This is because, at a given temperature, a reaction is spontaneous if the Gibbs Free Energy is negative.

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If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells.

The cytoplasm is the dispersed phase fluid that surrounds the inside of the cell. It acts as a catalyst for biochemical processes. It serves as a foundation on such what other organs can function inside the cell. Every one of the features for cellular growth, economic expansion and reproduction are decided to carry out in the cytoplasm of a cell. Chromatin is a DNA and protein mixture that forms the chromatids unearthed in the mitochondria of humans as well as other higher organisms. Many proteins, particularly histones, package the huge quantity of DNA in a genetic code into a highly condensed package that can fit inside the cell nucleus.

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Acids

There are various definitions for an acid. The simplest description of an acid is a chemical molecule with one or more hydrogen atoms that, when dissolved in water, gives forth hydronium ions (H3O+).

Because acids are molecular, they do not assume the expanded three-dimensional structures of ionic substances like NaCl and remain single molecules in their pure form. However, when these molecules are dissolved in water, a positively charged anion and a hydronium ion are produced as a result of the chemical connection between the hydrogen atom and the remainder of the molecule breaking. An equation involving chemicals can represent this:

HCl+H2O→H3O++Cl−

In an inorganic acid's formula, the H of the acid is written first. After the acid dissolves, the anion is all that is left of the acid (apart from the H). Although a significant class of chemicals, organic acids are not covered in this article.

Acid Names

Since all acids contain hydrogen, an acid's name is determined by the anion that it is associated with. These anions come in monatomic and polyatomic forms.

Binary acid names (in aqueous form)

An acid that contains hydrogen and another element is referred to as a binary acid. The majority of binary acids have a halogen in them. The prefix hydro- is used to start an acid name, which is then followed by the base name of the anion and the suffix -ic.

Oxyacids name

An oxyacid is an acid made up of three elements: hydrogen, oxygen, and another one. Typically, the third element is a nonmetal.

a) Oxyanions with the -ite end.

The anion's root is followed by the suffix -ous to form the name of the acid. No prefix is present.

b)Oxyanions that end in -ate.

The anion's root and the suffix -ic are used to identify the acid. No prefix is present.

In conclusion

Acids are molecular substances that discharge hydrogen ions.

The two elements hydrogen and the other make up a binary acid.

Hydrogen, oxygen, and another element are all present in oxyacids.

The anion that is bound to the hydrogen provides the basis for the acid's name.

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The balanced chemical equation is, Mg(s)+ SnSO4 (aq.) → MgSO4(aq.)+ Sn(s) .

The half cell reactions are, Sn2+(aq.)  + 2e-    ----->   Sn(s) and Mg(s)  ---->  Mg2+(aq.)   +  2e-  

A Half cell reaction is expressed either as an oxidation reaction in which electrons are lost or a reduction reaction where electronic are gained. The reactions occur in an electrochemical cell in which the electrons are lost at the anode through oxidation and consumed at the cathode where the reduction occurs. Half-cell reactions are useful in galvanic and voltaic cells in which the electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through an electrolyte to produce an electromotive force (EMF).

Half cell Reaction at cathode : Reduction 

Sn2+(aq.)  + 2e-    ----->   Sn(s)

Half- cell reaction at anode  : Oxidation 

Mg(s)  ---->  Mg2+(aq.)   +  2e-  

E1  is made of   Mg

E2 is made of  Sn 

Chemical species in solution S1 are  Mg2+  and SO42-  .

Chemical species in solution S2 are   Sn2+  and SO42-  

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Answer:

Explanation:

TERTIARY ALCOHOL:

The alcohols where the carbon to which the hydroxide group is linked is 3 ' C carbon, as it has 3 alkyl groups attached to it.

TERTIARY COMPOUND:

A carbon attached to 3 other carbons is tertiary compound.

Answer:

it's not possible for a solid material to transfer heat through convection.

Explanation:

This would require more movement within the material, than a solid is capable of.

This brings us to liquids and gases.

Answer:

When a photon of light hits an electron, the photon transfers some of its energy to the electron. If the photon has enough energy, it can excite the electron, which means that it can raise the electron to a higher energy state. In other words, the photon's energy can be absorbed by the electron, causing the electron to move to a higher energy level within an atom or molecule.

Answer:

Explanation:

As we know that in the photoelectric effect, a low-energy gamma photon that collides with an atom can tranfer all its energy to an inner orbital electron and cause the ejection of the ELECTRON FROM THE ATOM

The amount of energy required to eject the electrons depends upon on the atomic number.

Certain types of cancer treatment involve chemicals that disrupt the formation of microfilaments. such chemicals most likely interfere with the Formation of the mitotic spindle.

Chemotherapeutic drugs target cells in various stages of the cell cycle. Understanding how these drugs work helps doctors predict which drugs work well together. Physicians can also plan the frequency of administration of each drug based on cell-phase timing.

Drugs that inhibit mitosis appear to act through a common mechanism of suppressing microtubule dynamics and killing tumor cells. Paclitaxel and vinca alkaloids are the first class of antimitotic agents discovered to inhibit cancer cell growth. Microtubules residing in the cytoplasm begin to depolymerize more rapidly as cells pass through prophase.

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the direction of electron flow and labelling  anode and the cathode are: At anode is where oxidation takes place, that is Cr(s) Cr3+(aq) +3e- this is the oxidation .

At cathode is where reduction takes place, Fe3+(aq)+3e- Fe(s).This is the reduction Cell reaction is Cr(s) Cr3+(aq)+3e- where E°-0.73V Fe3+(aq)+3e- Fe(s) where E°= -0.036V Cr(s) +Fe3+(aq) Cr3(aq)+Fe(s) E°cell=0.69V Cell reaction for Cr(s) +Fe3+(aq)→ Cr3+(aq) + Fe(s) is E cell is 0.69V. What happens would be that electrons flow from the negative terminal thru the loop and into the gate electrode of the origin. Current flows and particle flow are both employed. An electrode is a strong insulating material that conduct electric current through nonmetals solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, or vacuums. The anode is indeed the electrode into which electrons flow. The cathode is indeed the electrode out of which electricity is given or flows. Typically, the anode is on the positive side. A cathode is a drawback.

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The products of a rxn in order:

1. Balance the skeleton equation and add state symbols (when applicable) to create a complete balanced equation

2. Write all reactants in ion notation.

3. Bond all the ions, reactants and products, to produce a skeleton equation

4. According to the pattern the reactants predict, move the ions only to the correct arrangement as products.

1. Balance the skeleton equation and add state symbols (when applicable) to create a complete balanced equation.

2. Write all reactants in ion notation.

3. Bond all the ions, reactants and products, to produce a skeleton equation.

4. According to the pattern the reactants predict, move the ions only to the correct arrangement as products.

For example, if the reactants are NH4+ and OH- and the predicted products are NH3 and H2O, the skeleton equation would be NH4+ + OH- --> NH3 + H2O.

The process of moving the ions to the correct positions would then be: NH4+ + OH- --> NH4OH --> NH3 + H2O.

5. Once the ions are in the correct positions, double check that the equation is balanced by counting the number of atoms on both sides of the equation (i.e. the number of nitrogen atoms must be the same on both sides, the number of hydrogen atoms must be the same on both sides, and the number of oxygen atoms must be the same on both sides).

6. Move the ions only to the correct arrangement as products: Move the ions to the correct positions to form the products of the reaction. Make sure that the number of atoms on each side of the equation are equal and the state.

7. If the equation is balanced, you have successfully predicted.

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Answer:

water and ammonia (nh3)

Explanation:

NH3 + H2O => NH4OH

The exothermic processes are;

freezing of water into ice

sodium hydroxide dissolving in water producing a hot solution

condensation of water vapor into rain droplets

We know that an exothermic reaction has to do with the kind of reaction that involves the loss of energy. This implies that energy is given out by the system.

In this case we would look for the kind of processes in which the temperature would increase at the end of the process much higher than it was at the beginning of the process.

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