The number of valence electrons shows the group while the number of shells shows the period.
What is shown by the valence electrons?We know that the valence electrons has to do with the electrons that we can be able to see at the valence shell of the atoms of the elements. We know that the elements have been classified into groups and periods in the periodic table.
The number of valence electrons and the number of shells in the periodic table indicates certain things that are very easily seen when we study the nature of the periodic table of the elements.
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Which of the following statements is a correct interpretation of the data regarding how the order of the reaction can be determined?
a. The reaction must be first order because there is only one reactant species
b. The reaction is first order if the plot of ln[H2O2] vs time is a straight line
c. The reaction is first order if the plot of 1/[H2O2] vs time is a straight line
d. The reaction is second order because 2 is the coefficient of H2O2 in the chemical equation
Answer: B
The reaction is first order if the plot of ln[H₂O₂] vs time is a straight line. Therefore, option B is correct.
What is the order of the reaction?The order of reaction can be described as the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentration of the species that participated in it. In order to get the reaction order, the rate expression of the reaction must be obtained.
The rates of reactions depend on the concentration of only one reactant can be considered as the first order of the reaction. In these reactions, there can be multiple reactants present, but only one reactant can be of first-order concentration.
An example of a first-order reaction can be : [tex]2H_2O_2 \longrightarrow 2H_2O + O_2[/tex]
The plot between the ln[H₂O₂] vs time will be a straight line.
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use the reaction equilibria below to find the k value for the dissociation of the ammonium cation to ammonia and h .
K = [NH3][H+] / [NH4+], The concentrations of the products are not given, the K value cannot be calculated.
What is reaction equilibrium?
Reaction equilibrium is a state of chemical equilibrium in which a chemical reaction and its reverse reaction occur at equal rates. This means that the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant over time. Equilibrium is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal and the concentrations of reactants and products are not changing.
NH4+ ⇌ NH3 + H+
The reaction equilibrium constant (K) is equal to the product of the concentrations of the products (NH3 and H+) divided by the concentration of the reactant (NH4+).
K = [NH3][H+] / [NH4+]
Since the concentrations of the products are not given, the K value cannot be calculated.
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a molecule with 5 single bonds (and any number of lone pairs) could have which type of molecular geometry? i. trigonal bipyramidal ii. seesaw iii. t-shaped iv. square pyramidal
Which type of arrangement of atoms could a molecule with five covalent bond (and any percentage of lone pairs) have? Trigonal bipyramidal, square pyramidal
A cell is the smallest unit of a material that retains its composition and properties. It is made up of 2 or more atoms that are joined together by covalent bond. Chemistry is built on molecules. The element sign and a suffix indicating the number of ions are used to identify molecules. A molecule is the smallest unit of any material that is composed of one or more elements and is capable of existing independently while maintaining all of the substance's physical and chemical properties. Further atom division occurs within molecules. For instance, the symbols for the oxygen atom and molecule are O and O2, respectively.
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Q2) Circle and name the two types of oxygen containing functional groups on each sugar.
If a group occurs multiple times, only circle and name it once per sugar.
Disaccharides are sugars made up of two saccharides units linked together by a COC bond.
What is the purpose of a disaccharide?Like any other carbohydrate, disaccharides serve as the body's energy source. Disaccharides are converted by our bodies into simple sugars (simple sugars) for the small intestine to absorb when we ingest meals containing them.
What does it mean to be a disaccharide?Disaccharide, commonly known as double sugar, is any material made up of two simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) joined together.
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Given the following Ka values, which of the following acids has the strongest conjugate base in water?
While weaker acids generate stronger conjugate base pairs, stronger acids have the opposite.A PO43- species is indeed the strongest base as a result.
How can the strongest conjugate basis be determined using Ka values?The strength of a acid increases with the acid's dissociation constant (Ka) value.Strong base of the an acidic solution is conjugate.It is clear from the provided value of Ka that because HCO3 is the weakest acid, its compound is also the strongest.
Which of the above acid's conjugate base Ka is the strongest?Oddly, HCl is the second strongest acid; keep in mind that it is a powerful acid as well.HClO is the least potent acid.ClO- is indeed the strongest compound as a result.
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i can not figure out this question to save my life
Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius of one gram of a substance. Therefore, the total enthalpy of the given reaction is -781.44KJ.
What is Enthalpy?Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.
Mathematically,
q = n ×ΔH
where
q = amount of heat
n = no of moles
ΔH = enthalpy
n = w / M.M
w = given mass
M.M = molar mass
4CH[tex]_3[/tex]NH[tex]_2[/tex]+2H[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]\rightarrow[/tex]3CH[tex]_4[/tex]+CO[tex]_2[/tex]+4NH[tex]_3[/tex] ΔH=-138.8KJ
number of moles of methyl amine=175/31.06
=5.63moles
enthalpy for reaction of one mole of methyl amine=-138.8KJ
enthalpy for reaction of 5.63 mole of methyl amine=-138.8KJ×5.63
=-781.44KJ
Therefore, the total enthalpy of the given reaction is -781.44KJ.
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It is not necessary for velocity measurements to be made in units of concentration per time (M.5-?, for example) in order to calculate Km because the Km is a concentration (the concentration when the velocity equals the velocity divided by two. Question 18 Enzyme A catalyzes the reaction S + P and has a KM of 50 MM and a Vmax of 100 nM.5-1. Enzyme B catalyzes the reaction S → and has a km of 5 mM and a Vmax of 120 nM s 1. When 100 M of S is added to a mixture containing equivalent amounts of enzymes A and B, after 1 minute will be more abundant because . Because is has a much for the two for the substrate than enzymes, the relative efficiency of the enzymes depends almost entirely on their values.
Velocity can be measured using whatever comfortable unit of transition per unit of time. KM is a substrate concentration by meaning (the concentration when vo = Vmax/2), so its valuation doesn't really represent how well the velocity is measured.
The metre per second (m/s) is the basic measure of velocity magnitude (also referred as speed). Alternatively, velocity magnitude could be given in centimetres per second (cm/s). The orientation of a velocity vector can be expressed in different ways, according to the number of variables involved. The Michaelis constant (KM) is defined as the quantity of substrate at which the reaction rate is half of its maximum (or in other words it defines the substrate concentration at which half of the active sites are occupied).
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How am ion forms post assessment
Ions are created by the combination of ions with other particles or by the addition or removal of electrons from neutral atoms, molecules, or other ions.
What has to occur before an ion form?Atoms gain or lose electrons to produce ions. Since electrons have a negative charge, an atom will become positively charged if it loses one or more electrons and negatively charged if it obtains one or more.
How do ionic bonds develop?An ionic connection is created when specific electrons completely move from one atom to another. An atom loses one or more electrons, forming a negatively charged ion called a cation. An atom receives one or more electrons, resulting in the formation of an anion, or negatively charged ion.
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Metals and nonmetals display different properties. Sort each of the below properties listed below into one of the two categories, metal or nonmetal. Malleable Form cations in Poor conductors Shiny solilds at Gases at room temperature Good conduc of electricity Form anions in room ionic compounds ionic compounds of heat Categories Metals
Metals : Malleable, Form cations in ionic compounds, shiny solids at room temperature and good conduct of electricity.
Non Metals : Gases at room temperature , forms anions in ionic compounds, poor conductors of heat.
Metals are all elements besides hydrogen that undergo chemical reactions and lose electrons to produce positive ions. Metals are electropositive elements as a result. They have a brilliant shine, are tough, can resonate sound, and are great heat and electricity conductors. Except for mercury, all metals are solids under normal circumstances.
Non-metals are elements that frequently gain electrons during chemical processes to generate anions. These substances are electronegative ones. They lack luster, are fragile, and are poor heat- and electricity-conductors (except graphite). Non-metals come in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms.
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this method of acquiring mw differs from sec and gives dosy nmr many advantages over sec. as stated before, molecules of specific sizes produce indi-vidual diffusion coefficients. due to low sample con-centration, the purity of polymer is not as essential compared to sec; thus, reducing preparation time. dosy also requires minimum amounts of solvent
A well-known NMR technique called diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) provides diffusion coefficients for specific resonances in NMR spectra.
The main applications of DOSY are the analysis of small molecule mixtures and the oligomeric state of biomolecules. The spreading Self-Diffusion (SD)-NMR and diffusion ordered spectroscopy are two common names for the NMR technology (DOSY). This is accomplished by fusing magnetic field gradients, which encode spatial information, with radio-frequency pulses, which are commonly employed in NMR spectroscopy. Magnetic field gradients are used by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) to examine diffusion processes in both solid and liquid materials. Liquid structure is discovered using NMR spectroscopy. It is also used to figure out how soluble chemical molecules are structured.
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Calculate the pH for each of the cases in the titration of 35.0 mL of 0.180 M LiOH(aq) with 0.180 M HCl(aq).
a. before the addition of any HCl.
c. after the addition of 13.5 mL HCl.
d. after the addition of 20.5 mL HCl.
e. after the addition of 35.0 mL HCl.
f. after the addition of 41.5 mL HCl.
g. after the addition of 50.0 mL HCl.
The 1:1 molar ratio acid-base reaction equation is:
LiOH+HCl→H2O+LiCl
This is a strong-strong titration. Therefore the resulting pH will only be determined by the excess product reactant remaining. At the equivalence point the pH will be neutral (7).
Initial moles of LiOH = V×C=0.0350L×0.180M=0.00630mol
a) before the addition of any HCl
LiOH is a strong base that fully dissociates.
[OH−]=0.180M
pOH=−log[OH−]=0.745
pH=14−pOH=13.2
Acid-Base Titration:
A Bronsted acid-base (proton transfer) reaction can be used as the basis for a titration experiment. A standardized acid/base reactant is placed in the burette and an unknown base/acid analyte in the flask below. The titration proceeds by slowly adding the titrant reactant with the reaction progress based on the pH of the resulting solution. This solution pH will depend on whether the starting reactants are relatively strong or weak acids and bases.
c)after the addition of 13.5 mL HCl.
Moles of HCl added = V×C=0.0135L×0.180M=0.00243mol
Moles of LiOH remaining = 0.00630−0.00243=0.00387mol
Final volume = 0.0350+0.0135=0.0485L
[OH−]=(0.00387mol/0.0485L)=0.0780M
pOH=−log[OH−]=1.10
pH=14−pOH=12.90
d) after the addition of 20.5 mL HCl.
Moles of HCl added = V×C=0.0205L×0.180M=0.00369mol
Moles of LiOH remaining = 0.00630−0.00369=0.00261mol
Final volume = 0.0350+0.0205=0.0555L
[OH−]=(0.00369mol/0.0555L)=0.0665M
pOH=−log[OH−]=1.18
pH=14−pOH=12.82
e). after the addition of 35.0 mL HCl
This is the equivalence point. The pH will be neutral (7).
f) after the addition of 41.5 mL HCl.
Moles of HCl added = V×C=0.0415L×0.180M=0.00747mol
Moles of HCl remaining = 0.00747−0.00630=0.00117mol
Final volume = 0.0350+0.0415=0.0765L
[H+]=(0.00747mol/0.0765L)=0.0976M
pH=−log[H+]=1.01
g) after the addition of 50.0 mL HCl.
Moles of HCl added = V×C=0.0500L×0.180M=0.00900mol
Moles of HCl remaining = 0.00900−0.00630=0.00330mol
Final volume = 0.0350+0.0500=0.0850L
[H+]=(0.00900mol/0.0850L)=0.106M
pH=−log[H+]=0.975
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You have an evacuated container of fixed volume and known mass and introduce a known mass of a gas sample. Measuring the pressure at constant temperature over time, you are surprised to see it slowly dropping. You measure the mass of the gas- filled container and find that the mass is what it should be--gas plus container--and the mass does not change over time, so you do not have a leak.A. Suggest an explanation for your observations.B. At constant pressure, the mean free path () of a gas molecule is directly proportional to temperature (T). At constant temperature, 1 is inversely proportional to pressure (P). If you compare two different gas molecules at the same temperature and pressure, ) is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter (d) of the gas molecules. Put these facts together to create a formula for the mean free path of a gas molecule with a proportionality constant (call it Rmfp, like the ideal-gas constant).C. Define units for Rmtp
The gas goes through a chemical reaction where the products have fewer gas particles than reactants. Since the number of particles directly relates to pressure, the pressure dropped.
PV = nRT is the ideal gas law.
Pressure also reduced as drug amount did.
PV = nRT is the equation for an ideal gas. In this equation, P stands for the ideal gas's pressure, V for the ideal gas' volume, n for the total amount of the ideal gas expressed in moles, R for the universal gas constant, and T for temperature.
PV = nRT
The macroscopic characteristics of ideal gases are related by the ideal gas law (PV = nRT). A gas is considered to be perfect if its particles (a) do not interact with one another and (b) occupy no space (have no volume).
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Write the overall balanced cell reaction for the following voltaic cell Fe(s) | Fe2+ (aq) || Ag + (aq) | Ag(s) (Ctrl).
the overall balanced cell reaction for the following voltaic cell
Hg2Cl2(s) + Cu(s) ® 2Hg(l) + Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
The cell reaction, also known as the total reaction, is the reaction that occurs within the cell as a whole and is expressed under the assumption that the right electrode is the cathode and that the spontaneous reaction is the one in which reduction takes place in the right-hand compartment.Galvanic, also known as Voltaic, and electrolytic cells are the two varieties of electrochemical cells. While electrolytic cells utilize non-spontaneous reactions and therefore need an external electron source, such as a DC battery or an AC power source, galvanic cells get their energy from spontaneous redox reactions.
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if the attractive forces between the ions and water are stronger than the attraction between the ions in the crystal, an ionic compound dissolves in water.
If the attractive forces between the ions and water are stronger than the attraction between the ions in the crystal, an ionic compound dissolves in water. this is true.
The ionic compounds dissolves in the water because it will hydrate the ions. the ionic bond is the types of bond which are form by the complete transfer of the electrons that is in between the positively charge ion and the negatively charged ion. the compound thus formed are called as the ionic compound.
Thus, the water molecules will form the stronger bond with the ions as compared to the attraction in between the ions in the crystal which makes it to dissolve in water.
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Epinephrine is a hormone secreted into the bloodstream in times of danger and stress. It is 59% Carbon, 7.1% Hydrogen, 26.2% Oxygen and 7.7% Nitrogen by mass. Determine the empirical formula. The molar mass is 148 g/mol.
Based o the percentage masses of the elements, the empirical formula of epinephrine is C₉H₁₃O₃N.
What is the empirical formula of epinephrine?The empirical formula of epinephrine is calculated below as follow:
Mole ratio of the elements are determined:
Carbon = 59% / 12
Carbon = 0.049 moles
Hydrogen = 7.1% / 1
Hydrogen = 0.07 moles
Oxygen = 26.2% / 16
Oxygen = 0.016
Nitrogen = 7.7% / 14
Nitrogen = 0.0055
The simplest whole-number ratio will be:
C = 0.049/0.0055
C = 9
Hydrogen = 0.07/0.0055
H = 13
Oxygen = 0.016/0.0055
Oxygen = 3
Nitrogen = 0.0055/0.0055
Nitrogen = 1
The empirical formula = C₉H₁₃O₃N
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What mass of silver will be precipitated when 5.0g of copper are reacted with
excess of silver nitrate solution?
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)₂(aq) + 2Ag(s)
As per the given balanced reaction, one mole or 63.5 g of Cu produces 2 moles or 215.6 g of silver metal. Hence, 5 g of copper produces16.9 g of Ag.
What is displacement reaction?A displacement reaction is a type of reaction, in which one element or group of the reactant is displaced by the attacking group or element. The reaction between copper and silver nitrate is an example of single displacement reaction.
Given the balanced equation of the reaction. One mole of Cu produces 2 moles of Ag.
atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 g/mol
atomic mass of Ag = 107.8 g/mol
mass 2 moles of Ag = 2 × 107.8 =215.6 g.
Hence, 63.5 g of Cu produces 215.6 g of Ag.
The mass of Ag produced by 5 g of Cu is calculated as follows:
mass of Ag = (5 × 215.6 g) /63.5 g = 16.9 g
Therefore, the mass of silver precipitated will be 16.9 g.
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the two molecules represented below are examples of isomers isotopes alcohols carboxylic acids unsaturated hydrocarbons
The two molecules represented below are examples of isomers
Isomers are substances that have the exact same number of atoms as one another, meaning they have the exact same empirical formula, but differ from one another in terms of how the atoms are ordered.
Isotopes are members of the same element's family but have variable numbers of neutrons despite having the same number of protons. The atomic number of an element on the Periodic Table is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
A type of organic molecule known as an alcohol in chemistry is one that has a saturated carbon atom bonded to at least one hydroxyl (OH) functional group. The major alcohol, ethanol (also known as ethyl alcohol), which is used as a narcotic and the main alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, was the one to which the term "alcohol" originally referred.
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zones in lakes and oceans are delineated by depth, distance from shore, or light penetration. different zones have different physical and chemical characteristics, such as temperature and salinity. label the diagrams of zonation in lakes and oceans. drag the labels to their correct targets on the diagrams below.
The diagrams of zonation in lakes and oceans with correct targets are :
a) fresh plant may be rooted here
b) littoral zone
c) limnetic zone
d) alternately dry and submerged
e) extends to edge of the continental shelf
f) generally low nutrient levels
g) light penetrates here
h) no photosynthesis occurs here
i) benthic zone
There are zones which divided the lakes. they are separated by the water from the top to bottom and the side to the side. that is named as : the littoral zone , the limnetic zone, the profundal zone , the benthic zone and the euphotic zone . the waters temperature will be affected the density. there are several zones in the ponds and the lakes. these are dived by the water column.
The limnology divides the lakes in the three types of zones ., that is the limnetic zone, the littoral zone and the benthic zone.
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Combustion of 31.68 g of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produces 36.67 g CO2 and 15.01 gH2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Combustion of 31.68 g of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen produces 36.67 g CO₂ and 15.01 g H₂O. the empirical formula of the compound is CH₂O.
given that :
mass of CO₂ = 36.67 g
mass of H₂O = 15.01 g
total mass of compound = 31.68 g
moles of CO₂ = 36.67 / 44
= 0.833 mol
moles of C = 0.833 mol
moles of H₂O = 15.01 / 18
= 0.833 mol
moles of H = 2(0.833)
= 1.667 mol
mass of carbon = 0.833 × 12
= 10 g
mass of hydrogen = 1.667 × 1
= 1.667 g
mass of oxygen = 31.68 - ( 10 + 1.67 )
= 20 g
moles of Oxygen = 20 / 16
= 1.25 mol
dividing by the smallest one :
C = 0.833 / 0.833 = 1
H = 2
O = 1
The empirical formula is CH₂O.
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Predict the product of the following Wittig reaction. Be sure your answer accounts for stereochemistry, where appropriate. If multiple stereoisomers form, be sure to draw all products using appropriate wedges and dashes 1. PPh3 5-iodo-1-phenyl-1-pentanone 2. n-Buli 1st attempt l See Periodic Table See Hint e stereoisomers form, be sure to draw all products using appropriate wedges and dashes.
If more than one stereoisomer forms, be sure to depict each one with the proper wedges and dashes; the result is cyclopent-1-en-1-ylbenzene.
We have a Wittig reaction in this situation. The "Ylide compound" is created by mixing and n-Buli. The iodide will first be replaced by triphenylphosphine in a Sn2 reaction.
After then, the base n-Buli will eliminate an atom of hydrogen to create a double bond (Ylide compound). The double bond will then undergo delocalization, resulting in a carbanion.
The carbonyl group's carbon will be attacked by this carbanion, creating a negative charge in the oxygen. The phosphorus atom will then be attacked by the negative charge, creating a cyclic structure. In order to create the alkene, the cyclic structure is finally disrupted (cyclopent-1-en-1-ylbenzene).
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Suppose the galvanic cell sketched below is powered by the following reaction: Fe(s)+NiCl2(aq) → FeCl2(aq)+Ni(s) E2 S1 S2 Write a balanced equation for the half-reaction that happens at the cathode of this cell. Write a balanced equation for the half-reaction that happens at the anode of this cell. Of what substance is E1 made? of what substance is E2 made? What are the chemical species in solution S1? What are the chemical species in solution S2?
The chemical species in solution S2 Fe(s)+NiCl2(aq) → FeCl2(aq)+Ni(s)
Fe(s) ------> [tex]Fe^{2+}[/tex] + 2e (Oxidation)
[tex]Ni^{2+}[/tex] (aq) + 2e ------> Ni(s) (Reduction)
Galvanic Cell
Galvanic cells employ the electrical energy generated by the transport of electrons during a redox reaction to carry out practical electrical work. By separating the oxidation and reduction half-reactions and connecting them with a wire so that the electrons must pass through the wire, it is possible to gather the electron flow.
Write a balanced equation for the half-reaction that happens at the cathode of this cell = Ni (aq) + 2e ------> Ni(s)
Write a balanced equation for the half-reaction that happens at the anode of this cell = Fe(s) ------> [tex]Fe^{2+}[/tex] + 2e.
Of what substance is E1 made? = Fe
of what substance is E2 made? = Ni
What are the chemical species in solution S1? = [tex]Fe^{2+}[/tex]
What are the chemical species in solution S2? = [tex]Ni^{2+}[/tex]
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Consider the titration of 100.0 mL of 0.59 M H3A by 0.59 M KOH for the next three questions. The triprotic acid has Ka1 = 1.0 x 10-3, Ka2 = 1.0 x 10-6, and an unknown value for Ka3.1) Calculate the pH after 100.0 mL of KOH has been added.2) Calculate the pH after 150.0 mL of KOH has been added.3) The pH of the solution after 200.0 mL of KOH has been added is 8.00. Determine the value of Ka3 for this triprotic acid. Use scientific notation to enter this answer, e.g., 1.0 x 10-3 = 1.0E-3.
Acid concentration: 0.49 M KOH concentration is 0.49 MKa1=1.0 x 104 eq. rm
a remedy for Take the example of titrating 100 mL of 0.100 M HOCl with 0.100 M KOH at 25 °C. HOCl has a Ka of 3.5 10-8. Calculate the pH after 0.0 mL of KOH in Part 1.
Consider titrating 0.115 M RbOH in a 25.0 mL sample with 0.100 M HCl. Figure out each quantity. The initial pH and the amount of acid that must be added to achieve the equivalence point are also factors. c. the pH after adding 5.0 mL of acid. pH at the equivalency point (d). e. the pH following the addition of 5.0 mL of acid over the equivalency point.
Think about titrating 100 mL of 0.59 M H 3 a 1-3 a2-6 a3. 1) Determine the pH following
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In a gas chromatogram, the retention time of compounds A and B are 1.25 min and 1.45 min, respectively. If both of these compounds have similar structures, which of the compounds has a higher boiling point?
In a gas chromatogram, the retention time of compounds A and B are 1.25 min and 1.45 min, respectively. If both of these compounds have similar structures, Compound A has a higher boiling point.
Gas chromatogram is a widely used technique in analytical chemistry for the separation and investigation of compounds that may evaporate without disintegrating (GC). The purity of a substance can be assessed by GC, as can the components of a mixture. Preparative chromatography can make use of GC to separate pure compounds from a mixture. Other names for gas chromatography include vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) and gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC). These alternative names and the accompanying acronyms are frequently used in scientific literature. Gas chromatography is a technique for separating compounds in mixtures by injecting a gaseous or liquid sample into a mobile phase, which is usually referred to as the carrier gas, and passing the gas through a stationary phase. The mobile phase is often composed of an inert gas or an unreactive gas, such as helium, argon, nitrogen, or hydrogen. The stationary phase is a minuscule layer of viscous liquid on a surface of solid particles on an inert solid support in a piece of glass or metal tubing known as a column.
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Which of the following statements is true?The entropy of the universe:A. increases and tends towards maximum value
B. decreases and tends to be zero
C. remains constant
D. decreases and increases with a periodic rate
Among the given statements, A) The entropy of the universe increases and tends towards maximum value is TRUE.
Entropy is a metric for system disorder. The amount of energy that cannot be used for work is also referred to as entropy. Less of a system's energy is available to perform work the more disorganized it is and the higher its entropy.
The overall entropy of a system never decreases; according to the second law of thermodynamics, it always either rises or stays the same. It always tends towards maximum value. This law has a crucial implication: heat spontaneously transfers energy from higher- to lower-temperature objects, but never in the opposite direction. Entropy increases when heat is transferred from a hot environment to a cold environment.
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The formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine is an
example of a simple Redox reaction. This reaction is displayed
below.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Explain (with reference to changes in oxidation states) why this
is a Redox reaction and again with reference to it, explain what
is meant by the terms ‘reducing agent’ and ‘oxidising agent’.
The sodium is oxidized while the chlorine atom is reduced from the equation.
What is a redox reaction?We know that a redox reaction is the kind of reaction that involves the change in the oxidation number of a substance. The oxidation number is the magnitude of the charge that a specie appears to have. In this case, we can see that the reaction that has been shown here has to do with a change in the oxidation number of the species that are involved in the reaction from left to right.
We can see that on the right hand side, the sodium and chlorine are both in an oxidation state of zero. If we move to the right hand side, the oxidation number of the sodium can be seen to haver increased to +1 while the oxidation n umber of the chlorine can be seen to have been decreased to - 1.
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The Solubility Of Fe (OH)2 In Water At 25 °C Is Measured To Be 5.2x 10-4 Fe(OH)2 Use This Information To Calculate K Round Your Answer To 2 Significant Digits.
The Solubility Of Fe(OH)₂ In Water At 25 °C Is Measured To Be 5.2x 10⁻⁴ Fe(OH)₂ Ksp value is 5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰.
The chemical reaction is given as follows :
Fe(OH)₂ ⇄ Fe²⁺ + 2OH⁻
Ksp expression for the given reaction is given as follows :
Ksp = [Fe²⁺] [OH⁻]²
the solubilty S = 5.2x 10⁻⁴
so , the Ksp = S × (2S)²
= 4S³
Ksp = 4 ×S³
= 4 × ( 5.2x 10⁻⁴ )³
= 4 × 140.6 × 10⁻¹²
= 5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰
The solubility product value for Fe(OH)₂ that is Ksp value is 5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰.
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How many compounds, of the ones listed below, have hydrogen bonding?CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 (CH3CH2)2NCH2CH32130
Since CH3CH2CH2NH2 may form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, it has a higher boiling point than other compounds. The hydrogen atoms in (CH3)3N (C H 3) 3 N are joined to the carbon atoms.
Since carbon is not a particularly electronegative atom, it cannot donate hydrogen. There aren't any hydrogen atoms to accept, despite the fact that nitrogen is a strong hydrogen atoms. As a result, CH3CH2CH2CH3 is a nonpolar molecular complex in which induced dipole forces are the only intermolecular forces. When both the donor atom, D, and the acceptor atom, A, are among the highly electronegative elements O, N, or F, hydrogen bonding occurs, as shown by the symbol D-H—-A.
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1. Chromium, Cr, has 24 electrons. Write out the entire electron configuration for chromium using spdf notation.2. How many unpaired electrons would you expect for chromium in [Cr(H2O)6] 3+? Is this a paramagnetic or diamagnetic material?3. Cobalt, Co, has 27 electrons. Write out the entire electron configuration for cobalt using spdf notation.4. How many unpaired electrons would you expect for manganese in KMnO4? Is this a paramagnetic or diamagnetic material?5. This same experiment is performed on the international space station. What is the primary issue with performing this experiment in the absence of gravity? Design an experiment to compensate for this. As always, you do have duct tape.
The electronic configuration is also used to explain the orbitals of an atom and it helps to determine the physical and chemical properties of the elements. Here the electronic configuration of chromium is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹3d⁵.
What is electronic configuration?The distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals is given by the electronic configuration. It is a standard notation in which all the electrons holding atomic subshells are arranged in a sequence. Each element has a unique electronic configuration.
The electronic configuration of an element can be written in two ways, in standard notation, and in condensed form. In the case of elements with larger atomic numbers, the electronic configuration becomes lengthy in standard notation. So in such cases condensed form is generally used.
In condensed form, Cr: [Ar] 3d⁵4s¹
There are six unpaired electrons in [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ and it is a paramagnetic complex.
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a chemistry graduate student is given of a chloroacetic acid solution. chloroacetic acid is a weak acid with . what mass of should the student dissolve in the solution to turn it into a buffer with ph ? you may assume that the volume of the solution doesn't change when the is dissolved in it. be sure your answer has a unit symbol, and round it to significant digits.
Choloracetic acid, 12 g. The colorless solution of the white crystalline substance known as chloroacetic acid.
Up to 80% of the solution can be acidic. By inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact, it is poisonous. It corrodes flesh and metals.
The equilibrium of the buffer is
CH2ClCO2 + H+ HCH2ClCO2
PKA = Log Ka
Ka: [CH2ClCO2] = 1,3 x 103. "H+" / "HCH2ClCO2"
Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch formula:
pH equals pka plus log10 [A]/[HA].
2,89 + log10 [A] / [HA] = 3,01
1,318 = [A⁻] / [HA]
Since chloroacetic acid (HA) has a molar concentration of 0,20M
[A⁻] = 0,26 mol/L
There are 500 mL plus 0.5 L.
Chloroacetic acid is equal to 0,26 mol/L x 0,5 l, or 0,13 moles. By weight:
Choloracetic acid is equal to 0,13 mol (94,5g / 1mol) = 12 g.
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water is a polar molecule because: in the o-h bonds of water, the oxygen is more electronegative. the electrons in the o-h bond spend more time close to the oxygen. it has asymmetrically arranged polar bonds. water molecules have permanent electric dipole moments. the hydrogens have a partial positive charge, and the oxygen has a partial negative charge.
Water is a polar molecule because in the O-H bond of water, Oxygen is more electronegative due to which partial positive charge and partial negative charge is created on hydrogen and oxygen respectively, resulting in a dipole moment.
A dipole moment is created between two atoms having a suitable electronegativity (ability to pull electrons more towards itself) difference.
A difference in electronegativity between two atoms creates a partial positive charge and a partial negative charge on the atoms. The electrons are pulled towards the atom having partial negative charge. The resultant direction of the atoms in which they get pulled gives the dipole moment of the bond.
If the resultant dipole is zero then the bond is considered to be non-polar
water is an example of a polar molecule as in the bent structure of the molecule, with oxygen at the center, surrounded by two H atoms on both sides, the electrons of the two O-H bonds are pulled towards O, resulting in a dipole moment in the upward direction. Thus, making water a polar molecule.
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