The respiration rate of a goldfish is measured. The goldfish is then placed in cold water and the respiration rate is measured again. What is the INDEPENDENT variable?

Answer:

2 Na(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O₂(g) → Na₂CO₃(s)

Explanation:

The molar enthalpy of formation of a chemical is defined as the change in enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements (Constituent elements are pure elements you have in the periodic table)

For Na₂CO₃ constituent elements are Na(s), C(s) and O₂(g) and the chemical equation that represents the molar enthalpy is:

Answer:

Fe(s) + Cu^2+(aq) ---> Fe^2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Explanation:

The ionic equation shows the actual reaction that took place. It excludes the spectator ions. Spectator ions are ions that do not really participate in the reaction even though they are present in the system.

For the reaction between iron and copper II nitrate, the molecular reaction equation is;

Fe(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)----> Fe(NO3)2(aq) +Cu(s)

Ionically;

Fe(s) + Cu^2+(aq) ---> Fe^2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Answer:

Product: ethyl L-valinate

Explanation:

If we want to understand what it is the molecule produced we have to analyze the reagents. We have valine an amino acid, in this kind of compounds we have an amine group ([tex]NH_2[/tex]) and a carboxylic acid group ([tex]COOH[/tex]).  Additionally, we have an alcohol ([tex]CH_3CH_2OH[/tex]) in the presence of HCl (a strong acid) in the first step, and a base ([tex]OH^-[/tex]).

When we have an acid and an alcohol in a vessel we will have an esterification reaction. In other words, an ester is produced. As the first step, the oxygen in the C=O (in the carboxylic acid group) would be protonated. In the second step, the ethanol attacks the carbon in the C=O of the carboxylic acid group producing a new bond between the oxygen in the ethanol and the carbon in the carboxylic acid. In step 3, a proton is transferred to produce a better leaving group ([tex]H_2O[/tex]). In step 4, a water molecule leaves the main structure to produce again the double bond C=O. Finally, a base ([tex]OH^-[/tex]) removes the hydrogen from the C=O bond to produce ethyl L-valinate

See figure 1

I hope it helps!

Answer:

Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺] × [OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂]

Explanation:

According to Brönsted-Lowry acid-base theory:

When methylamine reacts with water, it behaves as a Brönsted-Lowry base, according to the following reaction.

CH₃NH₂(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ CH₃NH₃⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

The basic equilibrium constant (Kb) is:

Kb = [CH₃NH₃⁺] × [OH⁻] / [CH₃NH₂]

Answer:

c

Explanation:

it's found inside the atomic nucleus

Answer:

[tex]Ksp=1.07x10^{-8}[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, the dissociation reaction is:

[tex]PbI_2(s)\rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+}(aq)+2I^-(aq)[/tex]

For which the equilibrium expression is:

[tex]Ksp=[Pb^{2+}][I^-]^2[/tex]

Thus, since the saturated solution is 0.064g/100 mL at 20 °C we need to compute the molar solubility by using its molar mass (461.2 g/mol)

[tex]Molar solubility=\frac{0.064g}{100mL}*\frac{1000mL}{1L}*\frac{1mol}{461.2g}=1.39x10^{-3}M[/tex]

In such a way, since the mole ratio between lead (II) iodide to lead (II) and iodide ions is 1:1 and 1:2 respectively, the concentration of each ion turns out:

[tex][Pb^{2+}]=1.39x10^{-3}M[/tex]

[tex][I^-]=1.39x10^{-3}M*2=2.78x10^{-3}M[/tex]

Thereby, the solubility product results:

[tex]Ksp=(1.39x10^{-3}M)(2.78x10^{-3}M)^2\\\\Ksp=1.07x10^{-8}[/tex]

Regards.

Solubility product constant for the product of lead(II) iodide is [tex]\bold { 1.07x 10^-^8}[/tex].

The dissociation reaction for lead (II) iodide

[tex]\bold {Pb I^2 (s) \leftrightharpoons Pb^2^+ + 2I^- }[/tex]

Solubility product constant at equilibrium.

[tex]\bold {Ksp = [Pb^2^++[I^-]^2}[/tex]

The molar solubility of the substance can be calculated by using the molar mass,

[tex]\bold {s = \dfrac {0.064}{100 mL} \times 461.2 g/mol = 1.39x10^-^3}[/tex]

Molar ratio between between PbI to lead and iodide ions is 1:1 and 1:2 respectively.

Thus Ksp will be,

[tex]\bold {Ksp =(1.39x10^-^3)(2.78x10^-^3 )^2}\\\\\bold {Ksp = 1.07x 10^-^8}[/tex]

Therefore, solubility product constant for the product of lead(II) iodide is [tex]\bold { 1.07x 10^-^8}[/tex].

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Explanation:

free your mind drink water and go outside take fresh air you will get answers

Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{Option \ 2}[/tex]

Explanation:

A reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures by the following combinations:

=> A negative enthalpy change ( [tex]\triangle H < 0[/tex] )

=> A positive entropy change ( [tex]\triangle S > 0[/tex] )

See the attached file for more better understanding!

from Gibbs Equation, [tex] \Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S [/tex]

reaction is spontaneous if $\Delta G$ is negative.

so, first option is not valid at high temperature, ($-h+ts$)

second, is always a spontaneous reaction, ($-h-ts$)

third, is never spontaneous ($+h+ts$)

4th is similar to second, spontaneous at higher temperatures ($+h-ts$)

Answer:

222.3 ml of a 0.130 M aqueous solution of chromium (II) nitrate must be taken to obtain 5.08 grams of the salt.

Explanation:

Being:

the molar mass of chromium (II) nitrate, Cr(NO₃)₂ is:

Cr(NO₃)₂ = 52 g/mole + 2* (14 g/mole + 3* 16 g/mole)= 176 g/mole

So: if 176 grams are present in 1 mole of the compound, 5.08 grams in how many moles of the compound will be present?

[tex]amount of moles=\frac{5.08 grams* 1 mole}{176 grams}[/tex]

amount of moles=0.0289 moles

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume. It is then calculated by dividing the moles of the solute by the volume of the solution:

[tex]molarity (M)=\frac{number of moles of solute}{volume}[/tex]

Molarity is expressed in [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex]

So in this case:

Replacing:

[tex]0.130 M=0.130 \frac{moles}{liter} =\frac{0.0289 moles}{volume}[/tex]

Solving:

[tex]volume=\frac{0.0289 moles}{0.130 \frac{moles}{liter} }[/tex]

volume=0.2223 liters

Being 1 L= 1,000 mL:

volume=0.222 liters= 222.3 mL

222.3 ml of a 0.130 M aqueous solution of chromium (II) nitrate must be taken to obtain 5.08 grams of the salt.

delete please .....................................

Answer:

Option A. 1 0n

Explanation:

Details on how to balanced the equation for the reaction given in the question above can be found in the attached photo.

The missing part of the transmutation equation as it has been shown is 1/o n. Option A

Nuclear transmutation is the process of shifting the number of protons in an atom's nucleus to change one element into another. Nuclear processes that change one atomic nucleus into another with a different atomic number are involved.

The production of nuclear energy, radioactive decay, and the creation of new isotopes for use in science and industry all depend on nuclear transmutation, a fundamental idea in nuclear physics.

We have the equation as;

238/92 U + 12/6 C  ----> 244/98 Cf + 6 1/0 n

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Answer:

Entropy change of ice changing to water at 0°C is equal to 57.1 J/K

Explanation:

When a substance undergoes a phase change, it occurs at constant temperature.

The entropy change Δs, is given by the formula below;

Δs = q/T

where q is the quantity of heat absorbed or evolved in Joules and T is temperature in Kelvin at which the phase change occur

From the given data, T = 0°C = 273.15 K, q = 15.6 KJ = 15600 J

Δs = 15600 J / 273.15 K

Δs = 57.111 J/K

Therefore, entropy change of ice changing to water at 0°C is equal to 57.1 J/K

The entropy change of ice changing to water will be "57.1 J/K".

The shift in what seems like a thermodynamic system's condition of confusion is caused by the transformation of heat as well as enthalpy towards activity. Entropy seems to be greater mostly in a network with a high quantity or measure of chaos.

According to the question,

Temperature, T = 0°C or,

                          = 273.15 K

Heat, q = 15.6 KJ or,

            = 15600 J

We know the formula,

Entropy change, Δs = [tex]\frac{q}{T}[/tex]

By substituting the values, we get

                                 = [tex]\frac{15600}{273.15}[/tex]

                                 = 57.11 J/K

Thus the above answer is correct.    

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Answer:

hello the molecules are missing from your question below are the Generic molecules : [tex]ABE_{3}[/tex] and [tex]AB_{3} E[/tex]

answer : It can be determined  that both generic molecules are polar

It can be determined that both generic molecules have similar molecular shape

They have different Geometry

They differ in bond angles as well

Explanation:

The two generic molecules : [tex]ABE_{3}[/tex] and [tex]AB_{3} E[/tex]

comparing(similarities) these two generic molecules

It can be determined  that both generic molecules are polar

It can be determined that both generic molecules have similar molecular shape

differences between the generic molecules

They have different Geometry

They differ in bond angles as well

Answer:

C. Gas

Explanation:

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

First voltaic cell;

Zn(s)|Zn^2+(aq)||Cu^2+(aq)|Cu(s)

Anode;

Zinc

Cathode;

Copper

Oxidation half equation;

Zn(s)------> Zn^2+(aq) + 2e

Reduction half equation;

Cu^2+(aq) +2e -----> Cu(s)

Overall; Zn(s) + Cu^2+(aq) -----> Zn^2+(aq) + Cu(s)

E°cell = 0.34 -(-0.76) =1.1 V

Second voltaic cell;

Zn(s)|Zn^2+(aq)||Fe^2+(aq)|Fe(s)

Anode;

Zinc

Cathode;

Iron

Oxidation half equation;

Zn(s)------> Zn^2+(aq) + 2e

Reduction half equation;

Fe^2+(aq) +2e -----> Fe(s)

Overall; Zn(s) + Fe^2+(aq) -----> Zn^2+(aq) + Fe(s)

E°cell = (-0.44) -(-0.76) = 0.32 V

Third voltaic cell;

Fe(s)|Fe^2+(aq)||Cu^2+(aq)|Cu(s)

Anode;

Iron

Cathode;

Copper

Oxidation half equation;

Fe(s)------> Fe^2+(aq) + 2e

Reduction half equation;

Cu^2+(aq) +2e -----> Cu(s)

Overall; Fe(s) + Cu^2+(aq) -----> Fe^2+(aq) + Cu(s)

E°cell = 0.34 -(-0.44) = 0.78 V

Fourth voltaic cell

Cu(s)|Cu^2+(aq)||I2(aq)|C(s)|I^-(aq)

Anode;

Copper

Cathode;

Graphite rod

Oxidation half equation;

Cu(s)------> Cu^2+(aq) + 2e

Reduction half equation;

I2(aq) +2e -----> 2I^-(aq)

Overall; Cu(s) + I2(aq) -----> Cu^2+(aq) + 2I^-(aq)

E°cell = 0.54 -0.34 = 0.20 V

Answer:

length

Explanation:

edge 2020

hope this helps!

Answer:

A.) Density

Explanation:

Correct on edge.

Answer: it is A

Explanation: I am sure

Answer:

0.191 M

Explanation:

i took the test.

Answer:

8.68

Explanation:

pOH = 8.68

all you need is contained in the sheet

Answer:

Approximately [tex]8.68[/tex].

Explanation:

The [tex]\rm pOH[/tex] of a solution can be found from the hydroxide ion concentration [tex]\rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex] with the following equation:

[tex]\displaystyle \rm pOH = -\log_{10} \rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex].

On the other hand, the ion-product constant of water, [tex]K_{\text{w}}[/tex], relates the hydroxide ion concentration [tex]\rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex] of a solution to its hydronium ion concentration [tex]\rm \left[{H_3O}^{+}\right][/tex]:

[tex]K_\text{w} = \rm \left[{H_3O}^{+}\right] \cdot \rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex].

Hence the [tex]\rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex] of this solution:

[tex]\begin{aligned}\left[\mathrm{OH}^{-}\right] &= \frac{K_\text{w}}{\rm \left[{H_3O}^{+}\right]} \\ &= \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{4.8 \times 10^{-6}}\; \rm mol\cdot L^{-1} \approx 2.08333 \times 10^{-9}\; \rm mol\cdot L^{-1}\end{aligned}[/tex].

Therefore, the [tex]\rm pOH[/tex] of this solution would be:

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rm pOH &= -\log_{10} \rm \left[OH^{-}\right] \\ &\approx -\log_{10} \left(4.8 \times 10^{-6}\right) \approx 8.68\end{aligned}[/tex].

Note that by convention, the number of decimal places in [tex]\rm pOH[/tex] should be the same as the number of significant figures in [tex]\rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex].

For example, because the [tex]\rm \left[{H_3O}^{+}\right][/tex] from the question has two significant figures, the [tex]\rm \left[OH^{-}\right][/tex] here also has two significant figures. As a result, the [tex]\rm pOH[/tex] in the result should have two decimal places.

Answer:

[tex]Cd(s)|Cd^{2+}(aq) || Cu^{2+}(aq)|Cu(s)[/tex]

Explanation:

A galvanic cell is composed of two electrodes immersed in a suitable electrolyte and connected via a salt bridge. One of the electrodes serves as a cathode where reduction or gain of electrons takes place. The other half cell functions as an anode where oxidation or loss of electrons occurs.

The representation is given by writing the anode on left hand side followed by its ion with its molar concentration. It is followed by a salt bridge. Then the cathodic ion with its molar concentration is written and then the cathode.

As it is given that cadmium acts as anode, it must be on the left hand side and copper must be on right hand side.

[tex]Cd(s)|Cd^{2+}(aq) || Cu^{2+}(aq)|Cu(s)[/tex]

Answer:

[tex]\Delta G=-97.14kJ[/tex]

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, the relationship between the equilibrium constant and the Gibbs free energy of reaction is:

[tex]\Delta G=-RTln(K)[/tex]

Hence, we compute it as required:

[tex]\Delta G=-8.314\frac{J}{mol\times K}*298K*ln(1.5297x10^7)\\\\\Delta G=-40.99kJ/mol[/tex]

And for 2.37 moles of hydrogen bromide, we obtain:

[tex]\Delta G=-40.99kJ/mol*2.37mol\\\\\Delta G=-97.14kJ[/tex]

Best regards.

Answer:

The correct answer is -341.2 kJ per mole.

Explanation:

The reaction given is:  

CO (g) + Cl₂ (g) ⇔ COCl₂ (g)

Kp = 5.62 × 10³⁵

T = 25 °C or 298 K

The formula for calculating ΔG is,  

ΔG° = -RTlnKp

ΔG° = -8.314 × 298 ln (5.62 × 10^35)

ΔG° = -203.9 kJ/mol

ΔG° = ∑nΔG°f (products) -∑nΔG°f (reactants)

ΔG° = ΔG°f (COCl₂ (g)) - [ΔG°f (CO(g)) + ΔG°f (Cl₂(g))]

ΔG°f (COCl₂ (g)) = ΔG° + [ΔG°f (CO (g)) + ΔG°f (Cl₂(g))]

ΔG°f (COCl₂ (g)) = -203.9 + (-137.28 + 0.00)

ΔG°f (COCl₂ (g)) = -341.2 kJ/mol

The standard Gibbs free energy [tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_f}[/tex] for COCl2 at 25°C is -341.25 kJ/mol

The given equation for the chemical reaction is

CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)

At the temperature of 25°C = (273 + 25) K, the equilibrium constant [tex]\mathbf{K_p = 5.62\times 10^{35}}[/tex]

Consider the expression for the relationship between [tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o}[/tex] and [tex]\mathbf{K_p }[/tex] for the equilibrium reaction can be expressed as:

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o = - RT In K_p}[/tex]

where;

∴

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o = - (8.314 \times 10^{-3}\ kJ/K.mol \times 298 \ K) \times In (5.62 \times 10^{35} )}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o = -2.477572\ K \times 82.31680992}[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o = 203.95 \ kJ}[/tex]

Thus, the standard free energy for the reaction is 203.95 kJ/mol

For a given reaction, the standard Gibbs free energy can be calculated by using the formula:

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_{rxn} = \sum n \Delta G^o_f (products) - \sum m \Delta G^o_f (reactants) }[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_{rxn} =\Big [\Delta G^o_{f} (COCl_{2(g)} ) -\Big(\Delta G^o_{f} (CO)_{(g)} + \Delta G^o_{f} (Cl)_{2(g)} ) \Big ) \Big ] }[/tex]

replacing the values of and solving for COCl2 at standard free energy of formation of substances, we have:

[tex]\mathbf{-203.95 \ kJ/mol =\Big [\Delta G^o_{f} (COCl_{2(g)} ) -\Big(-137.3 kJ/mol + 0 \ kJ/mol\Big ) \Big ] }[/tex]

Collecting like terms, we have:

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_{f} (COCl_{2(g)} ) = -203.95 \ kJ/mol -137.3 kJ/mol }[/tex]

[tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_{f} (COCl_{2(g)} ) = -341.25 \ kJ/mol }[/tex]

Therefore, we can conclude that the standard Gibbs free energy [tex]\mathbf{\Delta G^o_f}[/tex] for COCl2 at 25°C is -341.25 kJ/mol

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sorry not sure wish I can help u

Answer:

The correct answer is 0.186 V

Explanation:

The two hemirreactions are:

Reduction: Fe²⁺ + 2 e- → Fe(s)  

Oxidation : Co(s)  → Co²⁺ + 2 e-

Thus, we calculate the standard cell potential (Eº) from the difference between the reduction potentials of cobalt and iron, respectively,  as follows:

Eº = Eº(Fe²⁺/Fe(s)) - Eº(Co²⁺/Co(s)) = -0.28 V - (-0.447 V) = 0.167 V

Then, we use the Nernst equation to calculate the cell potential (E) at 298.15 K:

E= Eº - (0.0592 V/n) x log Q

Where:

n: number of electrons that are transferred in the reaction. In this case, n= 2.

Q: ratio between the concentrations of products over reactants, calculated as follows:

[tex]Q = \frac{ [Co^{2+} ]}{[Fe^{2+} ]} = \frac{0.33 M}{1.47 M} = 0.2244[/tex]

Finally, we introduce Eº= 0.167 V, n= 2, Q=0.2244, to obtain E:

E= 0.167 V - (0.0592 V/2) x log (0.2244) = 0.186 V

Answer:

7.4 × 10⁻⁹ M

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Solubility product constant (Ksp) for Li₃PO₄: 5.9 × 10⁻¹⁷

Concentration of lithium ion: 0.0020 M

Step 2: Write the reaction for the solution of Li₃PO₄

Li₃PO₄(s) ⇄ 3 Li⁺(aq) + PO₄³⁻(aq)

Step 3: Calculate the phosphate concentration required for a precipitate to occur

The solubility product constant is:

Ksp = 5.9 × 10⁻¹⁷ = [Li⁺]³ × [PO₄³⁻]

[PO₄³⁻] = 5.9 × 10⁻¹⁷ / [Li⁺]³

[PO₄³⁻] = 5.9 × 10⁻¹⁷ / 0.0020³

[PO₄³⁻] = 7.4 × 10⁻⁹ M

Answer:

I need great answers

Explanation:

please rate my answer as great

Answer:

The empirical formula of the compound is NO2.

Explanation:

The following data were obtained from the question:

Mass of compound = 30.5 g

Mass of nitrogen (N) = 9.29 g

Empirical formula of compound =?

Next, we shall determine the mass of oxygen in the compound. This can be obtained as follow:

Mass of compound = 30.5 g

Mass of nitrogen (N) = 9.29 g

Mass of oxygen (O) =?

Mass of O = mass of compound – mass of N.

Mass of O = 30.5 – 9.29

Mass of O = 21.21 g

Finally, we shall determine the empirical formula of the compound as follow:

Mass of nitrogen (N) = 9.29 g

Mass of oxygen (O) = 21.21 g

Divide by their molar mass.

N = 9.29 / 14 = 0.664

O = 21.21 / 16 = 1.326

Divide by the smallest

N = 0.664/ 0.664 = 1

O = 1.326/ 0.664 = 2

Therefore the empirical formula of the compound is NO2.

Answer:

ΔG = - 31.7kJ/mol

Explanation:

It is possible to find ΔG of a reaction at certain temperature knowing Kc following the equation:

ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln Q

ΔG° = -RT lnKc

ΔG = -RT lnKc + RT ln Q (1)

Where R is gas constant (8.314J/molK), T absolute temperature (350°C + 273.15 = 623.15K) and Q reaction quotient

For the reaction,

3H₂(g) + N₂(g) ⇄ 2NH₃(g)

Q = [NH₃]² / [H₂]³[N₂]

Where the concentrations of each chemical are:

[NH₃] = 1.0mol / 2.5L = 0.4M

[H₂] = 5.0mol / 2.5L = 2M

[N₂] = 2.5mol / 2.5L = 1M}

Q = [0.4M]² / [2M]³[1M]

Q = 0.02

And replacing in (1):

ΔG = -RT lnKc + RT ln Q

ΔG = -8.314J/molK*623.15K ln 9 + 8.314J/molK*623.15K ln 0.02

ΔG = - 31651J/mol

Answer:

Amount of salt in 1 L seawater = 34 g

Explanation:

According to Archimedes' principle, mass of freshwater and cup = mass of equal volume of seawater

mass of freshwater = density * volume

1 cm³ = 1 mL

mass of freshwater = 0.999 g/cm³ * 735 cm³ = 734.265 g

mass of freshwater + cup = 734.265 + 25 = 759.265 g

Therefore,  mass of equal volume of seawater = 759.265 g

Volume of seawater displaced = 735 mL = 0.735 L (assuming the cup volume is negligible)

1 liter = 1000 cm³ = 1000 mL;

Density of seawater = mass / volume

Density of seawater = 759.265 g / 0.735 L = 1033.01 g/L

Density of freshwater in g/L = 0.999 g/ (1/1000) L = 999 g/L

mass of 1 Liter seawater = 1033.01 g

mass of 1 Liter freshwater = 999 g

mass of salt dissolved in 1 L of seawater = 1033.01 g - 999 g = 34.01 g

Therefore, amount of salt in 1 L seawater = 34 g