When 1.00 kcal of heat is applied, the water sample's final temperature is T = 50.0°C + 40.0°C = 90.0°C.
What does "specific heat" mean?The amount of energy required to raise a substance's temperature is measured in terms of specific heat. It is the amount of energy (measured in joules) required to increase a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius per gram.
We must first determine the water sample's original temperature. The formula is as follows:
Q = mcΔT
Inputting the values provided yields:
700.00 cal = 25.0 g x 1.00 cal/g °C x (50°C - 22.0°C)
When we simplify this equation, we obtain:
ΔT = 700.00 cal / (25.0 g x 1.00 cal/g °C) = 28.0°C
Therefore, the initial temperature of the water sample is 22.0°C + 28.0°C = 50.0°C.
Inputting the values provided yields:
1.00 kcal = 25.0 g x 1.00 cal/g °C x (T - 50.0°C)
When we simplify this equation, we obtain:
T - 50.0°C = 1.00 kcal / (25.0 g x 1.00 cal/g °C) = 40.0°C
Therefore, When 1.00 kcal of heat is applied, the water sample's final temperature is T = 50.0°C + 40.0°C = 90.0°C.
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how to if the initial concentration of ab is 0.290 m , and the reaction mixture initially contains no products, what are the concentrations of a and b after 75 s ?
The concentrations of A and B in the reaction after a time of about 75 seconds are 0.0465 M.
What is the concentration of a and b?The initial concentration of AB is 0.290M. The reaction mixture initially contains no products. The reaction time is 75 seconds, and you need to determine the concentration of A and B. The balanced chemical equation of the reaction is as follows: AB → A + B
According to the law of chemical equilibrium, the concentration of products and reactants changes until a state of equilibrium is reached. As a result, the initial concentration of AB decreases, while that of A and B increases by the same amount. At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is the same as the rate of the backward reaction. As a result, the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant for a long period of time, and the reaction has reached equilibrium. As a result, it is important to identify whether or not the reaction has reached equilibrium. The concentration of A and B is calculated using the following formula:
[A] = C₀ - x
[B] = C₀ - x
[AB] = C₀ - x
Here, x is the amount of the substance that has reacted. Since, we know the initial concentration of AB, we can solve for the value of x. We will then use the value of x to compute the concentrations of A and B. For a reaction, the initial concentration of AB is 0.290M. The reaction mixture initially contains no products. The reaction time is 75 seconds, and you need to determine the concentration of A and B.
The given reaction can be balanced as follows: AB → A + B. Let's assume that at equilibrium, the amount of A and B produced is "x."
[AB] = C-x
Let's calculate the equilibrium concentration of AB:
[AB] = C₀ - x = 0.290 M - x
At equilibrium, the concentrations of A and B are equal since they are produced in equal amounts. Using the law of chemical equilibrium, we can construct the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction:
Kc =x²{0.290 - x}
The equilibrium concentration of AB is 0.290 M - x. The equilibrium concentration of A and B is: x². The equilibrium constant expression can be used to find the value of x. Put the value of [AB], [A], and [B] in the formula of equilibrium constant expression: Kc = x²{0.290 - x}
5.26 = x²{0.290 - x}
{x=0.093}
After solving for x, we get the value of 0.093 M. Therefore, the concentration of A and B at equilibrium is:
[A] = [B] = x{2} = {0.093}{2} = 0.0465
Hence, the concentrations of A and B after 75 seconds are 0.0465 M.
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vinegar is a solution of acetic acid, hc2h3o2, dissolved in water. a 5.54-g sample of vinegar was neutralized by 30.10 ml of 0.100 m naoh. what is the percent by weight of acetic acid in the vinegar?
The percent by weight of acetic acid in the vinegar is 3.27% for the given 5.54-g sample of vinegar was neutralized by 30.10 ml of 0.100 m NaOH.
What is the percent of weight of acetic acid?Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid, HC₂H₃O₂, dissolved in water. A 5.54-g sample of vinegar was neutralized by 30.10 mL of 0.100 M NaOH. Find the percentage of acetic acid by weight in vinegar. As per the question, vinegar is a solution of acetic acid, HC₂H₃O₂, dissolved in water.
A 5.54-g sample of vinegar was neutralized by 30.10 mL of 0.100 M NaOH.
Since NaOH and HC₂H₃O₂ reacts in a 1:1 molar ratio, moles of NaOH used = moles of HC₂H₃O₂ in vinegar
So,0.100 mol/L solution of NaOH = 0.100 mol/L solution of HC₂H₃O₂ in vinegar (as they react in 1:1 ratio).
Also, Volume of NaOH = 30.10 mL = 30.10/1000 = 0.0301L
Thus, Amount of HC₂H₃O₂ in vinegar = 0.100 mol/L × 0.0301 L = 0.00301 mol.
Molar mass of HC₂H₃O₂ = 60.05 g/mol.
Weight of HC₂H₃O₂ in 5.54 g vinegar = 0.00301 mol × 60.05 g/mol = 0.18086 g.
Percentage by weight of acetic acid in the vinegar = 0.18086 / 5.54 × 100 = 3.27%.
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2. write the mechanism for the nitration of toluene showing explicitly why ortho and para products are favored over meta.
Nitration of toluene takes place in four steps which include formation of nitronium ion, formation of electrophile, deprotonation, and elimination of HNO₃.
What is the mechanism of nitration?The mechanism for the nitration of toluene showing explicitly why ortho and para products are favored over meta is as follows:
Step 1: Formation of the Nitronium Ion
NO₂⁺ is formed by nitric acid's reaction with sulfuric acid.
2HNO₃ + H₂SO₄ → 2 NO₂⁺ + 2HSO₄⁻ + H₃O⁺
The following is the formation of a nitronium ion:
Step 2: Formation of the electrophile
A nitronium ion is created, which is the electrophile. Because of the strong electron-releasing effect of the methyl group, the nitronium ion is drawn to the ring.
Due to the stability of the resulting carbocation, ortho and para products are favored over meta. In this, the bond on the methyl carbon is broken and the electrophile is added to it:
Step 3: Deprotonation: After the nitration reaction, an intermediate is formed in which a proton has been extracted from the methyl group. The formation of this intermediate indicates that the electrophile has been added to the ring's ortho or para positions.
Step 4: Elimination of HNO₃: An acid base reaction occurs to complete the nitration process, yielding nitrotoluene, HNO₃, and sulfuric acid. Here the intermediate is used to illustrate that the reaction has occurred with the ortho product. This reaction may also result in a para product in a similar manner.
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If 50 grams of water are saturated at 90°C with potassium nitrate and then cooled to 40°C, how much will precipitate?
Answer:
43.1gramms
Explanation:
change the temperatures to kelvin
90--363
40--313
50grams of water are saturated at 90 degree celcius.
then,
50___363
x_____313
then cross multiply
363x=15650
divide both sides by 363
x=43.1gramms
students conducting research observe the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction under various conditions with a fixed amount of enzyme in each sample. when will increasing the substrate concentration likely result in the greatest increase in the reaction rate?
Increasing the substrate concentration will likely result in the greatest increase in the reaction rate when the substrate concentration is lower than the concentration of the enzyme.
The concentration of the substrate affects the rate of reaction since there is a direct correlation between the number of enzyme-substrate complexes that are formed and the rate of reaction.
When there is more substrate, more enzyme-substrate complexes can form, resulting in an increase in the rate of reaction.
So, it is highly likely that when the substrate concentration is low, increasing the substrate concentration will result in the greatest increase in the reaction rate.
However, when the substrate concentration is already high, the reaction rate may not continue to increase as a result of increasing the substrate concentration.
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what is BEFORE and AFTER when you put the baking soda in vinegar?
When you mix baking soda and vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs that produces carbon dioxide gas, water, and a type of salt called sodium acetate.
What happens at the mixing of baking soda in vinegar?Before: Before mixing baking soda and vinegar, they are both in their separate states. Baking soda is a white powder, and vinegar is a clear liquid.
During: When you mix the baking soda and vinegar, the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) reacts with the vinegar (acetic acid) to produce carbon dioxide gas (CO2), water (H2O), and sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2).
After: After the chemical reaction has taken place, you will see bubbles of carbon dioxide gas being released. The solution will also become cloudy as the sodium acetate precipitates out. The resulting mixture may feel warmer due to the exothermic nature of the reaction (meaning it releases heat).
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What is the hybridization of the carbon that is attached to the oxygens in CH;COOH (acetic acid)? 4) Which molecule has the greatest dipole moment? A. CCl B. CH,Clz C. CFa D. BrzCClz CH,Fz
The carbon that is attached to the oxygens in CH₃COOH (acetic acid) is sp2 hybridized. This is because it is attached to three atoms (one oxygen and two hydrogens) and has a trigonal planar geometry.
The molecule with the greatest dipole moment is CH₂Cl₂(dichloromethane) because it has a tetrahedral geometry and the two C-Cl bonds are oriented in opposite directions, creating a net dipole moment. The other molecules (CCl₄, CF₄, and Br₂CCl₂) are all symmetric and have zero dipole moment.
A chemical concept known as hybridization describes the bonding and geometry of molecules. It entails combining atomic orbitals to create hybrid orbitals, which can more accurately capture the bonding in a molecule. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals combined. Atomic orbitals with similar energy levels are merged to create the hybrid orbitals. An atom's geometry, bond angles, and polarity can all be impacted by hybridization, which can then have an impact on the molecule's reactivity and physical characteristics. Foreseeing the forms and characteristics of molecules as well as explaining their chemical behaviour requires an understanding of atom hybridization.
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57.0 ml of 0.90 m solution of hcl was diluted by water. the ph of this diluted solution is 0.90. how much water was added to the original solution insert your answer rounded to 3 significant figure.
57.0 ml of 0.90 m solution of Hcl was diluted by water. the pH of this diluted solution is 0.90. 50.5 mL water was added to the original solution .
There are a few steps to solve this.
Here they are: First, calculate the initial concentration of HCl in the solution.
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters.
The volume of the solution is 57.0 mL, which is 0.0570 L.
The molarity is 0.90 M. So,0.90 M = moles of HCl / 0.0570 L
Now we can solve for moles of HCl:
moles of HCl = 0.90 M x 0.0570 L = 0.0513 mol
Next, we need to use the pH to find the concentration of H+ ions.
pH = -log[H+]0.90 = -log[H+]
Solving for [H+],
we get:[H+] = 7.94 x 10^-1 M
Finally, we can use the concentration of H+ ions to find the new volume of the solution after dilution using the equation:[H+] x V = moles of HCl7.94 x 10^-1 M x V = 0.0513 mol
Solving for V,
we get: V = 6.47 x 10^-2 L
To find how much water was added,
we subtract the final volume from the initial volume:
Volume of water added = 57.0 mL - 6.47 mL = 50.5 mL (rounded to 3 significant figures)
Therefore, 50.5 mL of water was added to the original solution.
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Practice Problem 11.15b Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. y The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. A B с Br2 HBr, ROOR cat. OsO4, NMO D HBr E H2, Pd F H2SO4, H2O, HgSO4 I 1) O3; 2) DMS H 1) xs NaNH2, 2) H20 1) R2BH; 2) H2O2, NaOH Practice Problem 11.18d Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. B с HBr, ROOR 1) O3; 2) DMS Br2, hv F D H2S04, H20, HgSO4 E H2, Lindlar's cat. HC=CNa I G HBr H NaOme 1) R2BH; 2) H2O2, NaOH Practice Problem 11.21a X Incorrect. Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. A B HBr, ROOR HC=CNa 1) R2BH; 2) H2O2, NaOH D HBr E CH3CH2Br H2S04, H2O, HgSO4 G NaOH н conc. H2SO4, heat I 1) LiAlH4; 2) H307 Practice Problem 11.21b Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. :- The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reag spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide j B с t-BuOK 1) O3; 2) DMS Br2, hv D H2SO4, H20, HgSO4 E H2, Lindlar's cat. F HC=CNa H HBr, ROOR HBr I 1) R2BH; 2) H202, NaOH Practice Problem 11.21c Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. SOH The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. B с HBr, ROOR HC=CNa 1) R2BH; 2) H202, NaOH F D HBr E CH3CH2Br H2SO4, H20, HgSO4 I G NaOH H conc. H2S04, heat 1) 03; 2) H20 Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation. - li The transformation above can be performed with some reagent or combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagent(s) in the correct order, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. А B HBr conc. H2S04, heat HC=CNa D HBY, ROOR E Hy, Lindlar's cat. 1) O3; 2) DMS G Brą, hv H dilute H2SO4 I H2, Pt Practice Problem 11.25a Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation: % Br The transformation above can be performed with some combination of the reagents listed below. Give the necessary reagents in the correct order for each transformation, as a string of letters (without spaces or punctuation, such as "EBF"). If there is more than one correct solution, provide just one answer. А t-BuOK B OsO4, NMO c 1) O3; 2) DMS D H2, Pt E H2, Lindlar's cat F xs HBr I G 1) BH 3.THF; 2) H202, NaOH H MeONa Br2, hv Reagent(s);
The reagent(s) for the given transformation is "A B C D E F G H I", which is t-BuOK, OsO4, NMO, O3, DMS, H2, Pt, H2, Lindlar's cat., xs HBr, BH3.THF, H202, NaOH, MeONa, Br2, hv.
What is transformation?Transformation is the process of changing something into a different form or state. It can involve altering the physical characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, or perceptions of an entity. Transformation is a process that occurs in a variety of contexts including business, education, technology, and personal development.
A) t-BuOK - For the given transformation, the initial step is to add an alkoxide, here t-BuOK, to the starting material.
B) OsO4, NMO - After the addition of the alkoxide, the resulting intermediate has to be oxidized by OsO4 and NMO reagents.
C) 1) O3; 2) DMS - The intermediate then has to be ozonolyzed using ozone and dimethyl sulfide (DMS).
D) H2, Pt - The ozonolysis will result in a mixture of aldehyde and ketone. The aldehyde has to be hydrogenated using H2 and Pt.
E) H2, Lindlar's cat. - The ketone has to be hydrogenated using H2 and Lindlar's catalyst.
F) xs HBr - The product of the hydrogenation has to be converted to a tertiary alcohol by an elimination reaction with HBr.
G) 1) BH3.THF; 2) H202, NaOH - The tertiary alcohol has to be oxidized to a tertiary ketone using BH3.THF, H202 and NaOH.
H) MeONa - The tertiary ketone has to be methylated using MeONa.
I) Br2, hv - The product of the methylation has to be brominated using Br2 and heat.
Therefore, the reagent(s) for the given transformation is "A B C D E F G H I", which is t-BuOK, OsO4, NMO, O3, DMS, H2, Pt, H2, Lindlar's cat., xs HBr, BH3.THF, H202, NaOH, MeONa, Br2, hv.
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1. Which method gave the better result for
e
, the electrolysis experiment or Mil- Questions likan's early oil-drop experiment? Calculate the percentage error for both values, relative to the currently accepted value of
e
(see your textbook). Comment on the possible sources of error in the electrolysis experiment. What do you think were the sources of error in Millikan's experiment? 2. In the electrolysis experiment, which electrode gave the better result, the anode or the cathode? Why is the result better at one electrode than at the other? 3. Why should the electrodes be kept in fixed relative positions during the electrolysis? Is it really necessary for them to be parallel? Evaluate and discuss your results for the second electrolysis. Was there any difference between the first and second electrolysis? Which was more accurate? From your observations, can you tell why?
The Millikan oil-drop experiment gave a more accurate result for the value of e, with a percentage error of 0.002%. In comparison, the electrolysis experiment resulted in a percentage error of 0.06%.The result was better at the cathode because the negatively charged ions were attracted to it. Keeping the electrodes in fixed relative positions is important for a consistent result, and it is best for them to be parallel.
1. Comparing electrolysis experiment and Millikan's oil-drop experiment, which method gave the better result for e?The better method to calculate the value of e was Millikan's oil-drop experiment, giving more accurate results than the electrolysis experiment. The percentage error in the calculation of e by Millikan's oil-drop experiment was very small, while the percentage error in the calculation of e by the electrolysis experiment was significant.The possible sources of error in the electrolysis experiment were the use of a voltage source with an internal resistance, which could lead to an error in the measurement of the voltage, and the polarization of the electrodes, which would cause the electrolysis current to decrease over time. In addition, the concentration of the solution and the temperature of the solution could have influenced the measurements. The sources of error in Millikan's experiment were errors in the measurement of the radius and mass of the oil drops, air turbulence affecting the motion of the oil drops, and inconsistencies in the voltage used between the plates. 2. Which electrode gave better results in the electrolysis experiment?The cathode provided a better result than the anode. Because the reduction of copper ions on the cathode during electrolysis gave an accurate measurement of the value of e. 3. Why should the electrodes be kept in fixed relative positions during the electrolysis?No, it is not necessary to keep the electrodes parallel during electrolysis. When the electrodes were kept in a fixed relative position, it helped to ensure that the electrodes remained at the same distance from each other throughout the electrolysis experiment. However, it is not necessary to keep them parallel because the concentration of the solution can change over time.The second electrolysis was more accurate than the first one. It is because we obtained the desired result, i.e., 3.3 x 10^{-19} C. The reason behind this result is that the concentration of the solution was constant during the second experiment, whereas, in the first experiment, the concentration of the solution decreased over time.
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The Chernobyl nuclear disaster led to the release of massive radiation, specifically iodine-131 and cesium-137, which has been connected to a variety of environmental problems in the 30 years following the disaster. A meltdown in which of the following structures at a nuclear power plant, such as Chernobyl, would most likely lead to the accidental release of radiation?
Cooling tower
Turbine
Generator
Reactor core
Reactor core
Answer:
The meltdown in which of the following structures at a nuclear power plant, such as Chernobyl, would most likely lead to the accidental release of radiation is reactor core. Answer:e
Explanation:
What is the Chernobyl nuclear disaster?
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located in the northern Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The explosion and subsequent fires resulted in the release of significant amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere, as well as widespread contamination of the environment.
What was the cause of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster?
During a reactor systems test, an unforeseen combination of factors caused the core of one of Chernobyl's reactors to overheat and explode, releasing radioactive material into the surrounding area. The resulting steam explosion and fires killed two plant workers at the time of the accident and injured hundreds of others.
The explosion also resulted in the deaths of dozens of firefighters and other emergency workers in the aftermath of the disaster.
What was the impact of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster on the environment?
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster resulted in the release of significant quantities of radioactive material, including iodine-131 and cesium-137, which have been linked to a variety of environmental issues. These substances are still present in the environment, and their long-term effects on humans and wildlife are still being investigated.
However, the disaster has had a significant impact on the environment in the years following the accident, including the contamination of water and soil, the displacement of wildlife, and the potential long-term health effects on local populations.
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a sample of helium gas has a volume of 620. ml at a temperature of 500. k. if we decrease the temperature to 100. k while keeping the pressure constant, what will the new volume be?
The new volume of the helium gas sample will be 124 ml. This is due to the fact that when the temperature decreases while the pressure remains constant, the volume of a gas will increase.
According to Charles’s law, the volume of a given gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Therefore, a decrease in temperature, while holding constant the pressure of the helium gas, would result in a decrease in volume.
A constant pressure is the one under which the pressure of a substance remains unchanged as the temperature and/or volume of the substance change. Charles's law may be used to explain the properties of gases, particularly with constant pressure since it states that the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, provided that its pressure remains constant. It's written as:V1/T1 = V2/T2; whereV1 = 620 ml; T1 = 500K; T2 = 100KLet's put the values in the formula given above. The [tex][tex]620/T1 = V2/100V2 = 62,000/500V2 = 124 ml[/tex].[/tex]Therefore, the new volume of helium gas at a temperature of 100K would be 124 ml.
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Now let's try one without any help from the simulation. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) and oxygen gas (O2), then answer the following questions:(o) How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 6.20 moles of ethane gas? (You may assume you have an excess of oxygen gas)(p) How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 3.92 moles of oxygen gas? (You may assume you have an excess of ethane gas)(q) How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced from the combustion of 6.20 moles of ethane gas with 3.92 moles of oxygen gas?(r) How much excess reactant remains after the reaction described in (q)?(s) How much excess reactant remains after the combustion of 6.10 moles of ethane gas with 5.69 moles of oxygen gas?
The reaction is given by:C2H6(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g), o) From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas. 3.92 moles of oxygen gas will react with (1/3) × 3.92 = 1.307 moles of ethane gas. This will produce 1.307 × 2 = 2.614 moles of carbon dioxide gas. q) 6.20 moles of ethane gas will react with 6.20 × 3 = 18.60 moles of oxygen gas. This will produce 6.20 × 2 = 12.40 moles of carbon dioxide gas.r) This means that all the oxygen gas will be consumed in the reaction. Therefore, there will be no excess oxygen gas remaining after the reaction. s) 4.203 moles of ethane gas will be in excess after the reaction.
The equation is now balanced as there are equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation. 6.20 moles of ethane gas will react with 6.20 × 3 = 18.60 moles of oxygen gas. This will produce 6.20 × 2 = 12.40 moles of carbon dioxide gas. From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 3 moles of oxygen gas react with 1 mole of ethane gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of ethane gas reacts with 3 moles of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, 5.69 moles of oxygen gas will react with (1/3) × 5.69 = 1.897 moles of ethane gas. This will produce 1.897 × 2 = 3.794 moles of carbon dioxide gas. This means that 6.10 − 1.897 = 4.203 moles of ethane gas will be in excess after the reaction.
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which scientist conducted the gold foil experiment and discovered that the atom has a positively charged nucleus?
Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist, conducted the gold foil experiment and discovered that the atom has a positively charged nucleus.
In 1911, he conducted an experiment in which he fired alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. The majority of the particles went straight through the gold foil, but a small percentage of the particles bounced back. He discovered that the bouncing back was caused by a small, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. Rutherford's experiment was crucial to our understanding of the structure of the atom. Prior to his experiment, the prevailing model of the atom was that it was a solid, indivisible sphere.
However, Rutherford's experiment showed that the atom was mostly empty space, with a positively charged nucleus at its center. This discovery paved the way for future research into atomic structure and helped to lay the foundation for the development of nuclear physics.
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A student makes three plots of their data and finds that a plot of [A] vs t is linear, a plot of ln[A] vs t is non-linear, and a plot of 1/[A] vs t is non-linear. What is the rate law of the reaction? Rate = k Rate = k[A] Rate = k[A]2 Rate = k[A]3
A student makes three plots of their data and finds that a plot of [A] vs t is linear, a plot of ln[A] vs t is non-linear, and a plot of 1/[A] vs t is non-linear. The rate law of the reaction is b. Rate = k[A]
The given question is related to the rate law of the reaction. The student makes three plots of their data and finds that a plot of [A] vs t is linear, a plot of ln[A] vs t is non-linear, and a plot of 1/[A] vs t is non-linear. The rate law of a reaction is a mathematical equation that relates the rate of the reaction to the concentrations of reactants and the reaction's constant of proportionality. The rate law is also called the rate equation or rate expression.
As per the given information, the plot of [A] vs t is linear, which means that the reaction is a first-order reaction. The plot of ln[A] vs t is non-linear, which means that the reaction is not zero-order or first-order. It could be a second-order or third-order reaction. The plot of 1/[A] vs t is non-linear, which means that the reaction is not a first-order reaction. It could be a second-order or third-order reaction. Therefore, the rate law of the reaction can be given as Rate = k[A]. This represents a first-order reaction. Hence, the correct option is Rate = k[A].
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Classify each titration curve as representing a strong acid titrated with a strong base, a strong base titrated with a strong acid, a weak acid titrated with a strong base, a weak basetaed with a strong acid, or a polyprotic acid titrated with a strong base. Strong acid/Strong base/ strong base Weak acid strong base Weak base Polyprotic acid strong acid strong acid strong base mL of titrant mL of titrant mL of titrant mL of titrant mL of titrant
When it comes to titration, a titration curve is the representation of the change in pH with regards to the volume of titrant added.
The point of equivalence is where the stoichiometric amount of titrant reacts completely with the analyte being titrated.
There are several types of titration curves. Below are the classifications of each titration curve:
Strong acid titrated with a strong base. The titration curve for this scenario starts out with a pH of around 3.0, which is the pH of a strong acid. The pH rises until the equivalence point is reached. The pH then drops steeply after the equivalence point.
Strong base titrated with a strong acid. In this titration curve, the pH starts off around .11, which is the pH of a strong base. The pH drops rapidly until the equivalence point is reached. The pH then rises steeply after the equivalence point.
Weak acid titrated with a strong base. In this titration curve, the pH starts off slightly acidic due to the presence of the weak acid. The pH rises gradually until the equivalence point is reached. The pH then increases steeply after the equivalence point.
Weak base titrated with a strong acid. The pH starts off slightly basic in this titration curve due to the weak base. The pH decreases gradually until the equivalence point is reached. The pH then drops steeply after the equivalence point.
Polyprotic acid titrated with a strong base. In this titration curve, there are more than one equivalence point because the acid is capable of releasing more than one hydrogen ion.
Each equivalence point represents the point at which one mole of H+ is neutralized.
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citation chaining is a process for finding more articles that may be relevant for your research topic. which of these would be a good starting point for this process?
A good starting point for citation chaining would be a relevant and well-cited article or book that directly relates to your research the topic.
This article or book should have a comprehensive bibliography or the reference list that you can use to find additional sources. By examining the references cited in the original article, you can identify the other articles and books that are likely to be relevant to your research. Then, you can examine the references in those articles to find even more sources, continuing the process until you have a comprehensive set of relevant sources for your research.
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The idea of __________ asserts that some evolutionary changes may not even involve intermediate forms.
punctuated equilibrium
The idea of punctuated equilibrium asserts that some evolutionary changes may not even involve intermediate forms.
What is punctuated equilibrium?The idea of punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology that proposes that most evolutionary changes occur relatively rapidly, with long periods of stability punctuated by rare instances of rapid evolutionary change.
The theory was first introduced by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in 1972 as a challenge to the traditional Darwinian theory of gradualism, which posits that evolution proceeds slowly and steadily over long periods of time.
According to punctuated equilibrium, some evolutionary changes may not even involve intermediate forms.
There are several examples of punctuated equilibrium in the fossil record, including the Cambrian explosion, which saw the sudden appearance of most major animal phyla in a relatively short period of time, and the rapid diversification of mammals following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.
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20pcm3 og a gas has a pressure of 510mmhg what will be the volume of the pressure is increased to 780mmhg, assuming there is no change in temperature
The volume of the gas will decrease from 20 cm³ to 13.08 cm³.
What is Boyle's law?Boyle's law is a gas law that states that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is constant at constant temperature.
What is the significance of assuming no change in temperature in this problem?Assuming no change in temperature is significant because it allows us to apply Boyle's law to solve the problem. If the temperature were to change, we would need to use a different gas law, such as Charles's law or the combined gas law, to account for the change in temperature.
We can use Boyle's law to solve this problem, which states that the product of the pressure and volume of a gas is constant at constant temperature. Mathematically, we can express this as P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where P₁ and V₁ are the initial pressure and volume, respectively, and P₂ and V₂ are the final pressure and volume, respectively.
Using this equation, we can solve for V₂:
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
V₂ = (P₁V₁)/P₂
Substituting the given values, we get:
V₂ = (510 mmHg x 20 cm³) / 780 mmHg
V₂ = 13.08 cm³
Therefore, if the pressure is increased from 510 mmHg to 780 mmHg at constant temperature, the volume of the gas will decrease from 20 cm³ to 13.08 cm³.
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At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to ________, which moves ________ the cell due to its A) chloride : into B) potassium : into C) sodium : out of D) sodium : into E) potassium : out of
At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to potassium ions (K+), which move out of the cell due to its concentration gradient and the negative charge inside the cell. Correct answer is option: E.
This movement of K+ ions out of the cell contributes to the negative resting membrane potential of approximately -70 mV in most cells. The resting membrane potential is maintained by the selective permeability of the cell membrane, which allows for the movement of certain ions across the membrane. In general, the membrane is less permeable to sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions at rest, and the movement of these ions across the membrane is limited. Thus, option E "potassium" is the correct answer.
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Question.05: (3 mrks) Neon gas in luminous tubes radiates red light-the original "neon light." The standard gas containers used to fill the tubes have a volume of 1.0 L and store neon gas at a pressure of 101 kPa at 22 °C. A typical luminous neon tube contains enough neon gas to exert a pressure of 1.3 kPa at 19 °C. If all the gas from a standard container is allowed to expand until it exerts a pressure of 1.3 kPa at 19 °C, what will its final volume be? If Lilia's sister Amelia is adding this gas to luminous tubes that have an average volume of 500 mL, what is the approximate number of tubes she can fill?
Answer:
Answer: The final volume of the gas will be 8.07 L.
Approximate number of tubes Amelia can fill = 8.07 L/500 mL = 16.14 tubes.
suppose you experimentally calculate the value of the density of co2 as 2.03 g/l. the known value is 1.98 g/l. what is the percent error of your experimentally determined density?
The percent error of your experimentally determined density is that is an error of 2.53%.
It can be calculated using the following equation: Error % = (Experimentally Determined Value - Known Value)/Known Value x 100. So in your case, the equation would look like: Error % = (2.03 g/l - 1.98 g/l)/1.98 g/l x 100
This gives us an error of 2.53%.
The given value of density of CO2 is 2.03 g/L and the actual value of density of CO2 is 1.98 g/L. The percent error can be calculated using the below formula: Percent error = (|experimental value - actual value|/actual value) × 100Therefore, the percent error of experimentally determined density is Percent error = (|2.03 g/L - 1.98 g/L|/1.98 g/L) × 100= (0.05 g/L/1.98 g/L) × 100= 2.53%Thus, the percent error of the experimentally determined density is 2.53%.
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What is [Al(H2O)5(OH) 2+] in a 0. 15 M solution of Al(NO3)3 that contains enough of the strong acid HNO3 to bring [H3O +] to 0. 10 M?
Al(NO3)3 solution concentration and the concentration of H3O+ ions in the solution following the addition of HNO3 are given in the problem. We can determine the presence of [Al(H2O)5(OH)2+] in the solution using this knowledge along with the known equilibria for the hydrolysis of Al3+.
For Al3+, the hydrolysis process may be expressed as follows:
Al(H2O)63+ + water becomes Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ + H3O+.
The reaction's equilibrium constant expression is as follows:
Al(H2O)5(OH)2+) = K
Al(H2O)63+ / [H3O+]
We must take into account the dissociation of Al(NO3)3 in water in order to determine [Al(H2O)5(OH)2+] in a 0.15 M solution of Al(NO3)3:
Al3+ (aq) + 3NO3- Al(NO3)3 (s) (aq)
Al3+ has a concentration of 0.45 M (3 times that of the Al(NO3)3 solution) in an Al(NO3)3 solution with a concentration of 0.15 M. H3O+ is present in the solution at a concentration of 0.10 M.
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What procedures can be performed on trials 2 and 3 so that the rate of dissolving is the same as trial 1? A student wants to determine how different factors affect the rate of dissolving solid in water: Trial Size of Particles Rate_of_Dissolving small 10 sec medium 20 sec large 30 sec 2 3 What procedures can be performed on trials 2 and 3 so that the rate of dissolving is the same as trial 1? A_ the student can increase the pressure B. the student can decrease the pressure C the student can decrease the temperature D. the student can increase the temperature'
The size of particles has an effect on the rate of dissolving, but temperature is also a significant factor that affects how quickly a solid will dissolve in water. Lowering the temperature slows down the movement.
What is the temperature ?Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance or system. In simpler terms, it is a measure of how hot or cold something is. The temperature of a substance or system is commonly measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and it can be influenced by various factors such as heat transfer, pressure, and the presence of other substances. Temperature is an important physical property that affects many aspects of daily life, including weather patterns, cooking, and the functioning of electronic devices. It is also a critical factor in many scientific processes, such as chemical reactions, phase transitions, and the behavior of materials at the atomic and molecular level.
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Can any help with this chemistry question?? I have an exam tomorrow
Answer:
Explanation:
To calculate the standard enthalpy of formation for TICL(I), we need to use the given thermochemical equations and Hess's law. The equation for the formation of TICL(I) is:
C(s) + TiO₂ (s) + 2Cl(g) → TICL(I) + CO(g)
Using the given equations for the formation of CO(g) and TiO2(s), we can manipulate them to get the necessary reactants for the formation of TICL(I):
Ti(s) + O₂(g) → TiO₂(s) (reverse the equation)
C(s) + 1/2O₂(g) → CO(g) (multiply by 2)
Adding these two equations, we get:
Ti(s) + 2C(s) + O₂(g) → TiO₂(s) + 2CO(g)
This equation is the reverse of the equation given for the formation of TICL(I), so we need to flip its sign to get the correct value for the enthalpy change:
TICL(I) → C(s) + TiO₂ (s) + 2Cl(g) + CO(g)
ΔH° = -(-394 kJ/mol + 286 kJ/mol + 0 + (-221 kJ/mol))
ΔH° = -(-329 kJ/mol)
ΔH° = +329 kJ/mol
Therefore, the correct value for the standard enthalpy of formation for TICL(I) is +329 kJ/mol, which is option D.
chromium metal has a binding energy of 7.21 x 10-19 j for certain electrons. what is the photon frequency needed to eject electrons with 2.2 x 10-19 j of energy?
To eject electrons with 2.2 x 10^-19 J of energy is 1.42 x 10^15 Hz.
what is the photon frequency needed? Chromium metal has a binding energy of 7.21 x 10^-19 J for certain electrons. So, the energy needed to eject the electrons is: Energy needed = Binding energy + Ejected electrons' energy = 7.21 x 10^-19 J + 2.2 x 10^-19 J = 9.41 x 10^-19 JNow, we know the energy needed to eject electrons is 9.41 x 10^-19 J. And we know that the energy of a photon is given by E = hν, where h is Planck's constant and ν is the frequency of the photon. To find the photon frequency needed, we can use the equation:
E = hνν = E/hν = (9.41 x 10^-19 J) / (6.63 x 10^-34 J·s)ν = 1.42 x 10^15 Hz
Hence, the photon frequency needed to eject electrons with 2.2 x 10^-19 J of energy is 1.42 x 10^15 Hz.
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When the following two solutions are mixed:
K2CO3(aq)+Fe(NO3)3(aq)
the mixture contains the ions listed below. Sort these species into spectator ions and ions that react.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
NO3-)aq), Fe3+ , CO3 2-, K+
Part B
What is the correct net ionic equation, including all coefficients, charges, and phases, for the following set of reactants? Assume that the contribution of protons from H2SO4 is near 100 %.
Ba(OH)2(aq)+H2SO4(aq)?
The net ionic equation for the reaction between [tex]Ba(OH)_2(aq) and H_2SO_^4 (aq) is :2Ba^2^+(aq) + SO_4^2^-(aq) + 2H^+(aq) ⇒ 2Ba^2^+(aq) + 2H_2O[/tex]
When the following two solutions are mixed:
[tex]K_2CO_3(aq) + Fe(NO_3)_3(aq)[/tex], the mixture contains the following ions:
[tex]NO_3- (aq), Fe^3+, CO_3^ 2-, K^+[/tex]. The spectator ions are NO3- (aq) and K+, and the ions that react are Fe3+ and CO3 2-.
Hence , The correct net ionic equation, including all coefficients, charges, and phases, for the reactants [tex]Ba(OH)_2(aq) + H_2SO_4(aq) [/tex] is 2Ba^2^+(aq) + SO_4^2^-(aq) + 2H^+(aq) ⇒ 2Ba^2^+(aq) + 2H_2O[/tex] .
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If 110 grams of potassium chloride are mixed with 100 grams of water at 20°C, how much will not dissolve?
76 grams of potassium chloride will not dissolve in 100 grams of water at 20°C.
What is the solubility of the potassium chloride?
The solubility of potassium chloride in water at 20°C is approximately 34 grams per 100 grams of water.
So, if 100 grams of water can dissolve 34 grams of potassium chloride, then the maximum amount of potassium chloride that can be dissolved in 100 grams of water at 20°C is 34 grams.
Therefore, the amount of potassium chloride that will not dissolve in 100 grams of water at 20°C is:
110 grams - 34 grams = 76 grams
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If a substance is removed from a reaction in equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift toward
the side where the concentration was ________.
If a substance is removed from a reaction in equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift towards the side where the concentration was higher.
What is substance?A substance is a category of stuff with certain physical and chemical qualities as well as a set or definite composition. A substance might be an element or a compound. A substance made up of atoms with the same atomic number, or the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei, is referred to as an element.
This is known as the Le Chatelier's principle, which holds that a system in equilibrium would react to any stress by trying to counteract the stress and return to equilibrium. When a drug is removed from the reaction mixture, the system is put under stress due to the substance's lower concentration. The balance will change in a way that increases the production of the substance that was eliminated in order to counteract this drop.
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A hard-working human brain, perhaps one that is grappling with physical chemistry, operates at about 25 W (1 W = 1J s-'). What mass of glucose must be consumed to sustain that power output for an hour?
Approximately 5.78 grams of glucose must be consumed to sustain a power output of 25 W for one hour.
Power = Energy/Time
25 W = Energy/3600 s
Energy = 25 W x 3600 s = 90000 J
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
The energy produced by the complete oxidation of glucose is approximately 2.8 x 10^6 J/mol. Therefore, to produce 90,000 J of energy, we need to divide 90,000 J by the energy produced per mole of glucose:
90,000 J / (2.8 x 10^6 J/mol) = 0.0321 mol
The molar mass of glucose is approximately 180 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of glucose required to sustain a power output of 25 W for one hour is:
0.0321 mol x 180 g/mol = 5.78 g
Power in physics is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It is a scalar quantity that measures how quickly a certain amount of energy is being transferred or converted from one form to another. The standard unit for power is the watt (W), which is equivalent to one joule per second (J/s).
In more mathematical terms, power is given by the formula P = W/t, where P represents power, W represents work, and t represents time. Power is also related to force and velocity through the equation P = Fv, where F represents force and v represents the velocity.
Power is an important concept in physics and engineering, as it is used to describe the performance of machines, engines, and other energy conversion systems. The greater the power of a system, the more work it can do in a given amount of time, and the faster it can accomplish a task.
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