Under the Supremacy Clause, courts may be called upon to decide if a state law is invalid because it conflicts with a federal law.
The Supremacy Clause is a provision in the United States Constitution that establishes the authority of federal law over state law. It essentially states that if there is a conflict between federal law and state law, federal law prevails. This means that state laws that are inconsistent with federal laws can be invalidated by federal courts. The Supremacy Clause is important in maintaining a consistent legal framework across the country, and ensuring that federal laws are not undermined by conflicting state laws.
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Which of the following dictated that the same 10-year penalty be imposed for the possession of 50 grams of crack cocaine as for the possession of 5,000 grams of powder cocaine in the 1980s
The Federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act
The Federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 mandated that the same 10-year penalty be imposed for the possession of 50 grams of crack cocaine as for the possession of 5,000 grams of powder cocaine.
This Act was passed with the intention of targeting the sale and possession of crack cocaine, which was more accessible and affordable in inner-city communities.
The Act failed to consider the racial implications of the disparity between the sentences, as the African-American population was disproportionately impacted by the harsh penalties.
This discrepancy was addressed in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, which reduced the disparity in sentencing.
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In 100 words or more, discuss what the different options are for sketch perspectives and what the forensic lab plays within crime scene investigation.
Sketch perspectives are an essential part of crime scene investigation, as they provide a visual representation of the scene and help investigators to accurately document and interpret the evidence collected. There are different options for sketch perspectives, including hand-drawn sketches, computer-generated sketches, and 3D modeling.
What is investigation?Investigation refers to the process of gathering information or evidence to establish facts and solve problems. It involves systematic and thorough inquiry or examination of a particular issue or event.
Forensic labs play an important role in crime scene investigation as they analyze and interpret the evidence collected by investigators. Forensic lab technicians use specialized equipment and techniques to analyze physical evidence, such as fingerprints, DNA, and ballistics, to identify suspects and provide evidence for criminal cases.
They work closely with investigators to provide accurate and timely results, which can help to solve crimes and bring perpetrators to justice. The forensic lab is a crucial component of the criminal justice system and plays an essential role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes.
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"Why are minorities (Predominately Black & Latino) arrested/incarcerated at a higher rate than other races"
Explanation:
Black and Latinx Americans in each state, identifies three contributors to racial and ethnic disparities in imprisonment(p. 130) According to the chapter, the 2009 Credit Card Responsibility and Disclosure Act: A. requires credit cards companies to disclose specific reasons for increasing interest rates.
B. requires persons under 21 to show independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card.
C. prohibits credit card companies from charging more than 18% interest.
D. requires students to disclose expected college loan debt when applying for a credit card.
According to the chapter, the 2009 Credit Card Responsibility and Disclosure Act: requires persons under 21 to show independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card. (B)
The Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, also known as the Credit CARD Act of 2009, is a federal statute that was signed into law by President Barack Obama on May 22, 2009.
The act is intended to protect consumers from abusive credit card practices and to improve transparency in the credit card sector.The Credit CARD Act of 2009 is a comprehensive credit card reform law that includes a number of provisions aimed at safeguarding customers from unfair and deceptive practices.
Some of the Credit CARD Act of 2009's key provisions include the following:Credit card issuers must give customers a minimum of 21 days to pay their bills;Credit card issuers must notify customers of changes to their account terms at least 45 days ahead of time;Credit card issuers are prohibited from charging interest on fees and penalties;
Credit card issuers are required to apply payments to high-interest balances first;
Credit card issuers are required to mail monthly statements to customers 21 days prior to their payment due date;
Credit card issuers must provide customers with a notice before increasing their interest rate;
Credit card issuers must provide customers with a warning before assessing an over-limit fee on their account; and
Persons under the age of 21 are required to demonstrate independent income or use a co-signer to acquire a credit card.
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What did the 13th 14th and 15th amendments do during reconstruction?
The Reconstruction Amendments, sometimes known as the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, played a significant role in granting African Americans citizenship rights and protections.
Slavery was officially abolished by the 13th Amendment. African Americans were made equal citizens of the United States via the 14th Amendment.
The Dred Scott v. Sanford ruling, in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of the Supreme Court stated that black Americans were not citizens and as a result had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect," was reversed by this amendment.
Black American men now have the right to vote thanks to the 15th Amendment. Northern African Americans were steadfast supporters of these amendments, pushing for equality on behalf of both themselves and their recently freed colleagues.
Democrats in Pennsylvania's neighboring state of New Jersey resisted ratification, despite the fact that Pennsylvania was one of the first states to do so in February 1865.
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What are the guiding principles for first responders' to take when arriving at a potential crime scene?
fill in the blank. expansionary fiscal policy will cause gross domestic product to and the interest rate to .
Expansionary fiscal policy will cause gross domestic product to increase and the interest rate to rise.
Expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes, which increases aggregate demand in the economy. This increased demand can lead to higher economic growth and an increase in gross domestic product (GDP).
However, an increase in demand can also lead to higher inflation, which can cause the central bank to raise interest rates in order to cool down the economy and control inflation. As interest rates rise, this can reduce investment and consumption, which can partially offset the positive effects of expansionary fiscal policy on GDP growth.
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De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others. Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are
a. affirmative action (de jure), and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de facto).
b. the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de jure), and the Brown decision (de facto).
c. the Supreme Court's busing decisions (de jure), and affirmative action decisions (de facto).
d. None of these answers is correct.
e. the Brown decision (de jure), and affirmative action (de facto).
Option A, that is affirmative action (de jure), and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de facto).
WHAT'S AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONAffirmative action is a public policy that was put in place to correct de jure discrimination that African Americans faced.
This policy was designed to increase the representation of historically marginalized groups in education, employment, and other sectors where they had been previously excluded. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a law that was put in place to address de facto discrimination in the form of voter suppression.
The act was passed to ensure that every citizen of the United States could vote without facing any discrimination. Together, affirmative action and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 are important policies designed to address both de jure and de facto discrimination.
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T/F. In minority-dominated neighborhoods, residents are more likely to find it appropriate to call the police.
Residents are more likely to think it is proper to contact the police in areas where minority-dominated or predominate. True.
The percentage of whites (12%) and blacks (11%) who had police-initiated interaction did not differ statistically significantly. Whites (12%) were more likely than Latinos (10%) to be approached by the police. Accepting bribes from people who trade in the vices of gambling, prostitution, illegal drinking, and illicit drug usage is the most prevalent kind of police corruption.
The primary responsibility of law enforcement personnel is to assist and safeguard the public. Most law enforcement agencies are successful in doing this. Law enforcement officials, however, are seen negatively by many individuals. Citizens should know more about law enforcement and the reasons behind the measures that cops take under particular conditions.
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This purpose of joint operations is to defend national interests, not only in conflict but throughpreventative measures to deter potential adversaries who could threaten the vital interests of theU.S. or its partners.
Project power despite anti-access/area denial challenges
Deter and defeat aggression
Maintain a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent
The purpose of joint operations is to defend national interests, not only in conflict but through preventative measures to deter and defeat aggression that could threaten the vital interests of the U.S. or its partners. Therefore, the correct answer is the second option.
Joint operations are military operations in which two or more armed services from a single country participate. The aim of joint operations is to accomplish a specific objective while using the strengths and advantages of each service in a synergistic way. Joint operations usually include the planning and execution of strategies and tactics, as well as the management of resources across military departments to achieve a common objective.
The primary goal of joint operations is to defend national interests, not only in conflict but also through preventative measures to deter potential adversaries who could threaten the vital interests of the U.S. or its partners.
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Explain briefly the concept of duress in contract law.
3 reasons why discrimanaton against gender is illegal in the South African Constitution
The reasons why discrimination against gender is illegal in the South African Constitution are equality dignity and non-discrimination.
The three reasons can be elaborated as -
Equality: The South African Constitution upholds the principle of equality, which states that everyone has a right to the same level of protection and advantage under the law and that no one may be subjected to unfair discrimination on account of any factor, including gender. Hence, discrimination based on gender is against the law and against the constitution.
Human dignity: The Constitution also affirms that every individual has intrinsic worth and forbids actions that lessen or undermine that worth. Discrimination against women or other genders is illegal because it frequently rests on presumptions and prejudices that violate their fundamental dignity.
Non-discrimination: The Constitution clearly forbids discrimination on the basis of gender in addition to racial, ethnic, and religious distinctions in a number of settings, such as the workplace, educational institutions, and public services. This means that discriminating against people based on their gender is prohibited by law for businesses and governmental organisations.
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If a subsequent event occurs after the report date but prior to the release date of an audit report, resulting in management's revision of the financial statements of a non issuer, then the auditor may do any of the following, EXCEPT:
A) Maintain the original date of the report and state that the opinion is limited to the financial statements as they existed prior to the subsequent event.
B) Perform audit procedures necessary to obtain assurance about the revised financial statements.
C) Include an additional date in the audit report that is limited to the revision to the financial statements.
D) Revise the date of the audit report to reflect the necessity of additional audit procedures.
The auditor may do any of the following, EXCEPT revise the date of the audit report to reflect the necessity of additional audit procedures (option D).
An auditor is a qualified professional who reviews and validates the financial records and accounting statements of businesses or organizations to ensure that they comply with accounting principles and regulations. Auditors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of an entity's financial reports, which may include annual financial statements, tax returns, and other financial documents. They have the expertise and knowledge to evaluate and certify the reliability of an entity's financial records and disclosures, as well as to detect errors, omissions, or fraudulent activities.
Auditors play a crucial role in ensuring that businesses and organizations operate in a transparent and ethical manner and that the public can trust the financial information they provide.
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. The ______ test is used if the classification involves either a suspect class or a fundamental constitutional right.
A. minimum rationality
B. quasi-strict scrutiny
C. rational basis
D. prior restraints
E. strict scrutiny
U.S. firms, their foreign subsidiaries, or foreign firms that are licensees of U.S. technology cannot sell a product to a country in which the sale is considered by the U.S. government to affect theoverall balance of payments of the United States.national security of the United States.relationship of the U.S. with the world community.competitive balance of world trade.competitive balance of free competition inside the U.S.
U.S. technology cannot sell a product without an export licence to a country in the sale is considered by the U.S. government to affect the overall balance of payments of the United States is; National security of the United States.
What is an export license?
An export license is a government document issued by a country's export control agency, authorizing the export of certain goods in specific quantities to a particular destination. An export license is usually required for any items that are controlled, regulated, or banned by national and international export control laws.
The export control agency is responsible for regulating and overseeing all activities related to the export of goods, including granting export licenses and enforcing export regulations.
Why are export licenses necessary?Export licenses are necessary for a variety of reasons, including to: Prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Protect national security Ensure compliance with international laws and regulations Combat terrorism and other criminal activities Promote economic development and stability.
There are different types of export licenses, and the specific requirements and regulations will depend on the type of goods being exported and the destination country. However, in general, the purpose of an export license is to ensure that the export of certain goods does not pose a threat to national security, international relations, or other important interests.
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assume that print todays date is a function that uses no parameters. write a statement that calls (invokes) this function.
Assuming that print today's data is a function with no parameters, the statement that calls this function is: print_todays_date()
How to write the statement ?In programming, a function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are often used to break down a program into smaller, more manageable pieces of code that can be reused throughout the program.
When you define a function, you give it a name and a set of parameters (if any) that it takes as input. In the case of the "print today's date" function, it doesn't take any parameters, so you can simply write the name of the function followed by a set of empty parentheses, like this: print_todays_date().
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Where people fall on the ideology spectrum is known as the _____.
candidates who are behind in election polls often use as a way to gain momentum and make the race competitive.
Candidates who are behind in election polls often use as a way to gain momentum from GOVT 2305 at Houston Community College.
Political parties and leaders have incentives to compete in regular elections. Political parties are aware that their popularity and chances of winning the upcoming elections will rise if they address issues that the public wants to be addressed.
What are the deciding factors for voters in a national election?The media, the role of emotions, political socialization, tolerance of diversity in political viewpoints, and other factors are also important public influences.
The core of a political campaign is persuading voters. Since the founding of our nation, advertisements, theme songs, stump speeches, and even negative campaigning have existed. Since then, every technological advancement has created new ways for candidates to influence voters.
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the initial responsibility of the first responding officer after they determine that a crime was committed is to crij
The initial responsibility of the first responding officer after determining that a crime was committed is to ensure the safety of the victim(s) and any witnesses.
The officer must secure the crime scene to prevent any contamination or destruction of evidence.
The first responder must assess the situation and determine the extent of any injuries or damage. If medical attention is required, the officer should immediately request medical assistance. If the offender is still on the scene or in the area, the officer should quickly apprehend the suspect and ensure that they are separated from the victim(s) and witnesses.
The first responding officer should also begin to gather information from witnesses and potential suspects. This may involve conducting interviews, collecting physical evidence, and taking photographs or videos of the crime scene. It is important for the officer to document as much information as possible to aid in the investigation of the crime.
The officer should also notify their supervisor and any necessary departments, such as detectives or forensics teams, to further investigate the crime. The officer may need to request additional resources, such as backup or a K-9 unit, depending on the severity of the crime and the situation.
In summary, the initial responsibility of the first responding officer after determining that a crime was committed is to ensure the safety of the victim(s) and witnesses, secure the crime scene, gather information and evidence, and notify necessary departments and resources to further investigate the crime.
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when filing an appeal, an appellant usually must show
fill in the blank. a solution to the free-rider problem is the government's power to___, which is something businesses and individuals___have the power to do.
A solution to the free-rider problem is the government's power to force people to pay for the goods they benefit from, which is something businesses and individuals do not have the power to do.
Anyone who wants others to pay for a public good but intends to use it themselves is considered a free rider; if many people engage in this behavior, the public good may never be provided.
Because free riders try to use the public good without paying for it, markets frequently struggle to produce them.
The free rider issue can be solved by taking steps to ensure that those who use a public good pay for it. Governmental actions, social pressures, and payment collection are examples of such measures—in circumstances where markets have found a way to do so.
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Which of the following areas of intellectual property law is the least impacted by state statutory or common law? a.) patents b.) copyrights c.) trademarks d.) trade secrets
Trade secrets are the area of intellectual property law that is least impacted by state statutory or common law.
Unlike patents, copyrights, and trademarks, which are governed by federal statutes, trade secret law is primarily based on common law principles that vary from state to state. While there are some federal laws that protect trade secrets, such as the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, the majority of trade secret law is governed by state law. This is because trade secret law is based on the legal principle of confidentiality, which is enforced through contracts and state tort law. As a result, trade secret law varies significantly depending on the jurisdiction in which it is applied.
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Which of these is an act, belief, or characteristic which violates group norms and typically results in censure or punishment?
a. deviance
b. explanatory theories
c. Differential association
d. felony
The act, belief, or characteristic which violates group norms and typically results in censure or punishment is deviance. Option A is the correct answer.
Deviance is the act of deviating from the norms of society, and it is one of the key topics in sociology. A deviant act is one that is in violation of the norms or values of a specific group or society. Deviant behavior is judged to be unacceptable by the majority of society's members, and it is typically accompanied by censure or punishment. It is often referred to as a socially constructed category because it varies depending on the time and place.
Deviance is a broad concept that includes a variety of behaviors. Some examples of deviant behavior include murder, drug addiction, theft, and alcoholism. However, other behaviors, such as homosexuality or cross-dressing, can also be considered deviant depending on the norms and values of the society in which they occur.
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Elaborate on the evidence that shows the Hooman Khanloo's (appellant) exclusive use of room No. 1109? in case Dato ARahman
Answer:
The case of Dato ArRahman involves a dispute over a property at the Platinum Park, Kuala Lumpur. One of the key pieces of evidence in the case is related to the exclusive use of room No. 1109 by Hooman Khanloo, the appellant in the case.
According to the evidence presented in the case, Hooman Khanloo had exclusive use of room No. 1109 for a period of time. The evidence shows that the appellant was the only person who had access to the room and had the authority to use it. The evidence also shows that Hooman Khanloo had been living in the room for some time and had made significant changes to the room to make it his own.
In addition to this, the evidence shows that Hooman Khanloo had been paying the rent for the room and had been using it for his personal and business purposes. The appellant had also made significant investments in the room, such as purchasing and installing furniture and equipment.
The evidence presented in the case also includes witness testimony that supports the claim of Hooman Khanloo's exclusive use of the room. Witnesses who had interacted with Hooman Khanloo in the past testified that they had seen him using the room for various purposes, including business meetings and personal use.
Overall, the evidence presented in the case suggests that Hooman Khanloo had exclusive use of room No. 1109 for a significant period of time and had made significant investments in the room. This evidence is important because it helps establish the appellant's claim to the property and supports his argument that he had a right to continue using the room.
What does the US constitution give the president the exclusive power to do?
A: impeach members of congress
B: declare war
C: rule a law unconstitutional
D: sign bills into law
Answer:
What does the US constitution give the president the exclusive power to do?
A: impeach members of congress
B: declare war
C: rule a law unconstitutional
D: sign bills into law
Explanation:
D: sign bills into law.
______: When people use illegitimate means to gain success, in particular professional and organized criminality, including drug trafficking.
Innovation : When people use illegitimate means to gain success, in particular professional and organized criminality, including drug trafficking.
Those who pursue illegal activity while holding onto their dream of success, such as those who engage in illegal drug dealing to make money, are pursuing the "American Dream" in this way. Dr. Melton also made the argument that some people leave society and end up as drug addicts or drifters after realizing they cannot achieve the "American Dream," which can result in abnormal behavior.
Innovation: The acceptance of cultural goals by an individual or group but rejection of the accepted, established methods for achieving those goals. Families involved in organized crime are one example. They adhere to the "American Dream," but they go beyond the law to achieve their objectives.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Intentionally touching another in a harmful or offensive way without legal justification or the consent of that person is a __.
A battery occurs when someone intentionally causes hurt or offence to another person without authorization from that person or a valid legal reason.
What is a battery?
The intentional physical contact of one person by another without that person's consent constitutes battery, a crime. Direct or indirect harm may be caused, such as when someone is pushed into another person or something is thrown at them.
What does the word "battery" mean?
The Latin word battere, which means "to strike," is where the word battery comes from. It happens when someone purposefully makes an insulting, harmful, or hurtful physical contact with another person without that person's consent. Battery can involve anything from a small touch—like a gentle push—to a serious assault—like beating someone with a weapon.
Intentionally harming or offensively touching someone else without their permission or legal basis constitutes battery. In addition to being unpleasant, it also includes touching that is damaging or violates the person. The bulk of battery offences are prosecuted as misdemeanours. However, more serious battery offences that cause substantial harm or involve deadly weapons may be prosecuted as felonies.
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What part should intent play in determining the punishment for crime? (For instance, if a man attempts to kill another man but fails to kill him and, instead, only wounds him, should he receive any lighter a sentence than the man who intends to kill another man and succeeds in doing so?)
Answer:
Intent is an important factor in determining the punishment for a crime. In the case of attempted murder versus actual murder, the intent to kill is the same in both cases, but the outcome is different. The person who attempted to kill but failed may still be held responsible for their actions and face punishment, but the punishment may be less severe than that of the person who successfully killed another person.This is because the severity of a crime is often determined by the harm caused, as well as the intent behind the action. However, the specific circumstances of the crime, including the intent of the perpetrator, the harm caused, and other factors, should all be taken into account when determining an appropriate punishment.Overall, while intent should be considered when determining the punishment for a crime, it should not be the only factor taken into account. The severity of the harm caused and other relevant factors should also be considered to ensure that the punishment fits the crime.parts i and ii of chapter 464 in the 2019 florida statutes applies to which individuals?
Parts I and II of Chapter 464 of the 2019 Florida Statutes apply to mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and psychotherapists.
Part I of this chapter outlines the standards for licensure and provides definitions for these professionals. It also establishes the Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage & Family Therapy and Mental Health Counseling, and specifies the purpose of the board and its powers and duties. Part II of this chapter covers topics such as examinations, fees, and renewals for licenses, continuing education requirements, and other topics related to the practice of mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, and psychotherapy. It also outlines the disciplinary actions and penalties for failing to comply with any provisions of Chapter 464.
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true or false. testosterone administration induces a red shift in democrats
Answer:
True, testosterone administration induces a red shift in democrats
