what are the problems with, and solutions for, monopoly? in most cases, markets are considered more efficent and better off when monopolies are broken up. why is it hard for governments to do this?

Answer:

Businesses grow and fail for a variety of economic reasons, but one of the main reasons why businesses grow is due to economies of scale. As a business grows, it can produce more goods or services at a lower cost per unit, which allows it to be more competitive and profitable. Additionally, businesses may also grow by expanding into new markets, increasing their customer base, and diversifying their products or services.

On the other hand, one of the main reasons why businesses fail is due to a lack of financial management. Businesses need to carefully manage their finances to ensure they have enough cash flow to operate and to invest in growth opportunities. If a business has poor financial management, it may not be able to pay its bills or debts, which can lead to bankruptcy.

Another reason why businesses fail is due to changes in the market or industry. Technology, competition, and consumer preferences can all change quickly, and businesses that fail to adapt may lose market share or become irrelevant. Finally, businesses may also fail due to poor management or leadership, which can result in a lack of strategic direction, low employee morale, and inefficient operations.

Answer:

One of the main economic reasons why businesses grow is the desire for increased profits. As businesses expand, they can take advantage of economies of scale, which allows them to produce goods and services more efficiently and at a lower cost. This can result in higher profits for the business. However, growth can also lead to increased competition, which can make it harder for businesses to maintain their market share and profitability.

On the other hand, businesses can fail due to a variety of factors. One major reason is poor financial management, including overspending, poor cash flow management, and failing to plan for the future. Additionally, businesses can fail if they don't offer a product or service that customers want or need. Finally, external factors such as changes in the economy or regulatory environment can also contribute to business failure.

The problem with this research objective is that it is already known and available from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Research objectives spell out the goals you have for your investigation. They serve to focus your study by providing an overview of the project's methodology and goals.

Your research paper's beginning should include your objectives after the problem statement.

Thus, the given problem about selling replacement windows in rural u.s. markets asks you to conduct a survey to uncover what percentage of people, the problem is the Census Bureau already knows this.

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In the following question, among the given options, "Television sets" are the products that are most likely to be manufactured through the process of standardization

What is Standardization? Standardization is a process in which a company manufactures identical products that are comparable in nature and design. The process of standardization makes use of common parts, which are cost-effective and require fewer resources. Standardization enables companies to minimize the overall cost of production while also increasing the number of goods produced.
Television Sets, Television sets are a type of product that is commonly manufactured through the process of standardization. This is because the television industry requires high-quality products that are made up of the same components. Televisions are generally made up of several standard components such as display, speakers, controls, and so on.

Therefore, standardization is a cost-effective method to produce television sets quickly, and a more significant quantity can be produced in a short amount of time. Among the given options, television sets are most likely to be manufactured through the process of standardization. Premium jewellery, custom artwork, bridges, and tailor-made suits are all unique products that require different materials and designs, and they are not produced using a standardized manufacturing process. Therefore, the most appropriate option is television sets.

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LinkedIn is a website for a network of professional contacts.

It is designed to help people connect with potential employers and recruiters, find career opportunities, and network with other professionals in the same industry.

LinkedIn also allows users to share visuals related to their careers, such as a portfolio or images of their work. Additionally, it offers a platform for people to post job openings and discuss common issues in business.

Ultimately, LinkedIn is the premier social networking site for professionals to build meaningful connections.

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The independent, permanent work group at Big Time Inc. that develops and revises codes of ethics is an example of an ethics committee.

An ethics committee is a group of individuals within an organization who are responsible for overseeing ethical practices and ensuring that the organization operates in a responsible and sustainable manner. Ethics committees may be permanent or temporary, and may be composed of employees from various departments and levels of the organization.

The primary functions of an ethics committee include developing and revising codes of ethics and conduct, addressing ethical concerns and dilemmas that arise within the organization, and promoting ethical behavior and values throughout the organization.

In addition, ethics committees may be responsible for addressing environmental concerns, social responsibility issues, and other specific concerns that impact the organization's reputation and sustainability.

Overall, ethics committees play an important role in ensuring that organizations operate in a responsible and sustainable manner, and can help to promote a culture of ethics and integrity within the organization.

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Hypothesis testing is a method of using data relevant to a claim to test the likelihood that the claim is accurate. The ethical use of hypothesis testing in a business situation can be to determine the effectiveness of a new product launch.Let's understand with an example:

Suppose a company launches a new product in the market, and it claims that the product is much better than its competitors. The company can conduct hypothesis testing to determine if this claim is accurate.

The company can gather data on the product's sales, customer feedback, and competitor's sales. Based on this data, the company can test its claim and determine the product's effectiveness. This ethical use of hypothesis testing in a business situation can help companies to ensure that they are offering their customers the best products and services

.In conclusion, hypothesis testing can be an essential tool for businesses to make informed decisions. It helps to ensure that claims are accurate, and businesses can provide better products and services to their customers.

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Margot's organization encourages its members to be proud of their affiliation with the organization and to work together to achieve its goals.

This is an example of the cultural dimension of the Globe Project, which seeks to promote a sense of collective identity, social responsibility, and collaboration amongst its members.

It emphasizes the importance of valuing cultural diversity and understanding the impact of cultural differences on organizational performance.

This helps to create a cohesive and unified culture that can drive the organization towards its desired outcomes.

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No, the efficient markets hypothesis does not imply that the average investor will earn anything by purchasing stock.

The efficient markets hypothesis states that the markets are efficient and that asset prices reflect all available information. As a result, stock prices reflect the collective expectations of investors, so it is not possible to consistently earn abnormally high returns by investing in the markets. The hypothesis implies that the best an average investor can do is to break even, as the market prices are usually in line with the investors’ expectations.

However, it is possible for investors to make money by buying stock. By researching the markets and individual companies and evaluating the potential risks, investors can make more informed decisions and possibly earn a return higher than the market average. But to do so requires a great deal of knowledge and understanding of the markets and investing.

In conclusion, the efficient markets hypothesis does not imply that the average investor will earn anything by purchasing stock. While it is possible for investors to make money by researching and making informed decisions, the markets are too efficient to make abnormally high returns consistently.

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The total fees which Rachel will pay for her mistake is 15%. It is the cash advance fees and interest on the fees. The correct option is D.

Rachel Johnson mistakenly pulled out her credit card instead of her debit card when she went to the ATM to withdraw 300 cash. Her credit card company charges a cash advance fee of 3 and interest at 24 APR. Let's find out what the total fees will she have to pay for her mistake.

The total fees she will pay for her mistake are 15. Here's how to calculate it:

Cash Advance fee = (3/100) × 300 = 9

Interest = 24

Total fees = Cash Advance fee + Interest = 9 + 6 = 15%

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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In the following question, among the various parts to solve- 2- Panera Bread does have core competencies in providing fresh, high-quality food, and its distinctive competencies include its efficient online ordering system and strong customer loyalty. 3- its menu items.

2. A SWOT analysis of Panera Bread reveals that its strengths include its reputation as a high-quality provider of healthy, freshly-prepared meals; its efficient online ordering system; and its strong brand loyalty. Its weaknesses include its limited product offerings, its small store footprint, and its low-value pricing strategy. Its opportunities include growth through expansion, developing new products and services, and improving its customer service. Its threats include rising costs of raw materials and competition from fast food restaurants. Panera Bread does have core competencies in providing fresh, high-quality food, and its distinctive competencies include its efficient online ordering system and strong customer loyalty.

3. The primary components of Panera Bread are its menu items, which include breads, pastries, salads, soups, sandwiches, and beverages; its online ordering system; its store footprint; its customer service; and its pricing strategy.

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In the following question, among the conditions given in long-run equilibrium,  PLE is the equilibrium price level and YE is the equilibrium level of output. It will cause the firms to hire more workers, as well as the output of goods and services to increase.

a) i) The following graph shows the long-run aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve: Figure: AD and AS curves in long-run equilibrium. Where PLE is the equilibrium price level and YE is the equilibrium level of output.

ii) The current equilibrium price level is PLE and the equilibrium output level is YE.

b) i) Figure: Effect on aggregate demand. Since the government increases defence spending without raising taxes, aggregate demand shifts from AD1 to AD2.
ii) In the short run, the unemployment rate will be lower due to the increase in government spending. It will cause the firms to hire more workers, as well as the output of goods and services to increase.

c) i) Initially, the economy was at the intersection of AD1 and LRAS, which resulted in PLE and YE. The increase in defence spending will cause the aggregate demand to shift rightward, as shown in the figure. As a result, the economy moves from point A to point B, resulting in the intersection of AD2 and the initial LRAS. The short-run aggregate supply curve in the new long-run equilibrium is similar to the short-run aggregate supply curve in the initial long-run equilibrium. Both curves are represented by the LRAS.

ii) The new long-run equilibrium price level is PL2. Figure: Effect on the long-run equilibrium. The equilibrium point shifts from point A to point B.

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The word or phrase that best describes the situation where the leader allows the team to share in decision-making responsibility is "Participating style." Option D is correct.

Situational leadership is a leadership model that focuses on adapting one's leadership style to meet the needs of their team members in various scenarios. It is a leadership strategy that involves adapting a leadership style based on the person or group's requirements to whom you are leading.

The three main components of situational leadership are:

In the Situational Leadership Theory, a leader is needed to change the management style as per the situation. The following are the four different styles of situational leadership:

If the leader allows the team members to share in decision-making responsibility, then he/she will use the Participating style of leadership. In this leadership style, the leader gives some responsibility to the team members to share their views, thoughts and provide them with the opportunity to participate in decision-making.

The following are the key features of the Participating style:

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Nominal GDP is c. The market or money value of all final goods and services produced by the economy in a given year, whereas real GDP is adjusted for inflation.

Nominal GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in the price of that period. It does not take into account the effect of inflation, which can distort the real purchasing power of a nation's output. Real GDP, on the other hand, measures the output of the economy, adjusting for inflation and expressing the result in constant dollars, allowing for a better comparison of economic growth from one period to the next.

Nominal GDP is determined in the market and is measured by collecting information from businesses and households. Real GDP is computed by a government agency and is measured by applying a price index to the nominal GDP figures. This price index is the consumer price index (CPI).

In conclusion, nominal GDP is the market or money value of all final goods and services produced by the economy in a given year, whereas real GDP is adjusted for inflation.

Nominal GDP is the market or money value of all final goods and services produced by the economy in a given year, whereas real GDP is adjusted for inflation. Thus, option c is the correct answer.What is GDP?Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market or money value of all final goods and services produced by a country's economy during a given period. It is a measure of a country's economic performance and development over time.GDP can be calculated in two ways: nominal GDP and real GDP. The following are the definitions and distinctions between the two:Nominal GDP:Nominal GDP is the market or money value of all final goods and services produced by the economy in a given year. In other words, nominal GDP is the GDP value at current prices without any adjustment for inflation.Real GDP:Real GDP, on the other hand, is GDP that has been adjusted for inflation. Real GDP removes the effects of inflation from nominal GDP, resulting in a more accurate measure of an economy's production value over time.Real GDP is calculated by adjusting nominal GDP for inflation. This is done to account for the fact that the purchasing power of money changes over time. Real GDP is calculated using the base year's prices, which are adjusted for inflation to account for price changes over time.

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Option C would be used to record the event of direct labor being used in production, as it involves "debiting Work in Process and Manufacturing Overhead while crediting Salaries and Wages Payable."

All are used to account for the cost of labor to be paid next month.

This entry recognizes the cost of labor as a component of the cost of goods produced, which is recorded in the Work in Process account, while also accounting for the indirect costs associated with production in the Manufacturing Overhead account.

The Salaries and Wages Payable account is credited to indicate that payment for the labor will be made in the future, as it has not yet been incurred.

Option C is the most appropriate choice as it correctly recognizes the use of direct labor in production and accounts for it in the appropriate accounts. Debiting the Work in Process account reflects the cost of labor as a component of the cost of goods produced, while debiting the Manufacturing Overhead account accounts for indirect costs associated with production.

Finally, crediting the Salaries and Wages Payable account indicates that payment for the labor will be made in the future, and that the cost has not yet been incurred.

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Accounts receivable is an important asset of a company, and it is critical to monitor and control it. As a result, accounts receivable management is a critical component of every company's financial management.

A set of controls are needed for accounts receivable management to be successful. These controls include the approval of customers' credit history, reviewing the age of past due accounts, and rewarding speedy collections. These controls are essential for the following reasons: Approving customer's credit history: Before agreeing to extend credit to a customer, it is critical to examine their credit history. If a customer has a poor credit history, extending credit to them may result in losses for the company.Reviewing the age of past due accounts: It is critical to review the age of past due accounts regularly to ensure that the company is not losing money due to unpaid debts. Accounts that are overdue for a prolonged period should be dealt with swiftly.Rewarding speedy collections: Offering incentives to customers who pay their accounts promptly can encourage them to pay their accounts quickly. Early payment benefits can include discounts, free shipping, and other benefits. The sooner accounts receivable are paid, the healthier a company's cash flow will be.Accounts receivable is an important component of a company's financial management. To keep it under control, a set of controls are required. These controls include the approval of customer's credit history, reviewing the age of past due accounts, and rewarding speedy collections.

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The phrase "a theory that relates to the method in which a manufacturing organisation organises and manages its business" best sums up JIT (Just-In-Time). As a result, only assertion I is accurate.

JIT manufacturing is a strategy built on decreasing waste, increasing overall quality control, and lowering manufacturing costs. JIT's key goal is to produce the appropriate amount of product at the appropriate time and location while keeping a small amount of work-in-process and finished work in stock.

A production strategy known as "just-in-time manufacturing" (JIT manufacturing) relies on the idea that goods should only be produced when they are actually needed.

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The following receives the credit for conversion in the case given in the question is April 4th click. Hence option D. is correct.

Conversion is the point at which a receiver of a marketing message performs a desired activity or a set of actions that a company wants them to perform. A marketer can take the conversion rate as a percentage of viewers who finish a desired goal.

It may refer to the percentage of visitors to a website that complete a desired action such as filling out a form or making a purchase. In the case given in the question, the following are the details provided:

Hence option D. April 4th click is correct.

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If the family wants to reduce the losses incurred while they are abroad, they should rent the property for whatever the market will bear, provided that the monthly rent is $700.

Your lender will provide you money to buy the property if you are granted a mortgage. You agree to make only interest payments against the principle of your loan over time. The lender will continue to have a claim on the home as long as the mortgage is not fully repaid.

Taxes, insurance, loan principle, and loan interest normally make up the first four components of your monthly mortgage payment. If you've never purchased a house before, you might be startled to learn how many different elements go into a mortgage payment. By combining these expenses into a one monthly payment, your lender simplifies things for you.

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Examples of common secondary data sources include internal corporate data from the company, such as advertising and marketing research, customer account information, and data on product purchases and consumption.

The careful collection, logging, and assessment of qualitative and quantitative data about problems related to the marketing of goods and services constitutes marketing research. The objective is to detect and evaluate how shifting marketing mix components affect consumer behavior. Companies utilize market research to speak directly with potential customers to assess the viability of a new product or service. Companies may quickly collect input from customers to help them identify their targeted audience through market research. This kind of research can be carried out internally, directly by the business, or through a recognized market research firm.

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Workflow structures processes so work proceeds in the most efficient order.

The activities in the process and the transitions between them determine the structure of a workflow process. As a result, a workflow is a Graph with activities as vertices. Arcs serve as transitions (the graph that is formed by a workflow can be viewed by using the Visualize Workflow Process feature in the Process Definition Tool).

The graph formed by a process must meet certain criteria in order for the workflow engine to successfully interpret and run it. These criteria are presented in the section under two main headings: Graph Structure and Block Structure.

When creating process definitions, workflow designers should be aware of certain structural rules. When a Cram workflow process is validated, the validations determine whether the process structure conforms to these rules.

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Jones's testimony may be intended to support the auditor's work, but it could potentially undermine the independence of his firm and raise questions about the quality of the audit work performed.

Jones's testimony regarding the auditor's observation of the inventory on December 31 and his opinion on the adequacy of First Mfg. Co's internal controls over inventory could potentially have a negative effect on his firm's independence with First Mfg. Co.

As an auditor, Jones and his firm have a responsibility to remain independent and unbiased when performing an audit of First Mfg. Co's financial statements. However, by testifying in court about the adequacy of First Mfg. Co's internal controls over inventory, Jones may be seen as providing advisory services to the company, which could compromise his independence.

Furthermore, Jones' testimony about the auditor's observation of the inventory could also raise questions about the audit procedures his firm performed. If his firm observed the inventory and counted more than 50% of the units in inventory, why did they not catch the alleged misstatement in the financial statements?

It is important for auditors to maintain independence and avoid providing advisory services to the companies they audit to ensure the integrity and reliability of the financial statements.

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Charlie can use several appeals to sway opinions toward improved business contingency planning. The appeals he can use include appeals to self-interest, appeals to ethics, appeals to authority, appeals to emotion, and appeals to logic.

Appeals to self-interest: Charlie can persuade people to support improved business contingency planning by convincing them that it will benefit them in the long run. He can argue that it will help the company save money, reduce downtime, and prevent losses due to unexpected events. Charlie can also highlight how improved contingency planning can increase job security and stability.

Appeals to ethics: Charlie can make a moral argument that improved business contingency planning is the right thing to do. He can appeal to the company's values and ethics, arguing that it is the company's responsibility to be prepared for unexpected events that may harm the business. He can also emphasize the impact that a lack of contingency planning can have on customers, employees, and other stakeholders.

Appeals to authority: Charlie can appeal to authority by using examples of other companies or industry leaders who have implemented successful contingency plans. He can also cite industry standards, regulations, or guidelines that support the need for improved contingency planning. By doing this, he can show that contingency planning is not only important but also a standard practice in the industry.

Appeals to emotion: Charlie can appeal to the emotions of the people he is trying to persuade. He can use stories, examples, or images that evoke feelings of fear, uncertainty, or loss to show the importance of contingency planning. He can also appeal to their sense of pride or accomplishment by highlighting how their contribution to contingency planning can make a difference.

Appeals to logic: Charlie can appeal to the logic of the people he is trying to persuade by presenting data, facts, and evidence that support the need for improved contingency planning. He can use statistics, case studies, and other analytical tools to show the potential costs and benefits of contingency planning.

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Depository institutions currently hold reserves of $2,500,000,000. The correct response is (C) $2,5 billion.

The interest rate is a metric for evaluating the potential of retaining currency. Hence the benefit lost by choosing one alternative over others is known as the opportunity cost.

Total Reserves = Monetary Base - Currency in Circulation

Total Reserves = $4,000 million - $1,500 million

Total Reserves = $2,500 million

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The effects on the equity account, EPS and P/E ratio of a 20% of a stock dividend is represented

common stock = 120,000. Paid-in capital in excess of par account after the dividend

= 580,000. Revised balance = 1480,000.

Total stockholders’ equity is equals to 17,000,000.

Change in price is decrease by $ 5.

The earnings per share (EPS) after the dividend is equals to the 3.

Change in EPS = Decrease by 0.6.

Change in number of outstanding shares is equals to the increase by 20,000 shares.

Dividends means the distribution of company's profit into it's shareholders and stock dividend is defined as percentage increase in number of shares held. The number of shares of common stock after the dividend is shares = 100,000 x (1 + 20%) = 120,000

The balance in the common stock account after the dividend is = 120,000 x $ 1 = 120,000

The balance in the paid-in capital in excess of par account after the dividend is $ = 20,000 x (Current price - par value) = 20,000 x (30 - 1) = 580,000

Revised balance = 580,000 +900,000

= 1480,000

The balance in the retained earnings account after the dividend is = Current balance - new number of shares x current share price = 700,000 - (120,000 - 100,000) x 30 = 100,000

Total stockholders’ equity = 120,000 + 1480,000 + 100,000 = 17,000,000

The price per share of common stock after the dividend is total wealth remain the same. Hence, the price per share of common stock after the dividend is

= Share price before dividend / (1 + % dividend) = 30 / (1 + 20%) = $ 25

Change in price = decrease by $ 5

The earnings per share (EPS) after the dividend is = 3.6 / (1 + 20%) = 3

Change in EPS = Decrease by 0.6. Hence, the change in number of outstanding shares is increase by 20,000 shares.

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Cost behaviour describes the shift in overall costs as a function of variations in activity level. It is how expenses adjust in response to shifts in production or sales volume.

Cost behaviour describes the shift in overall costs as a function of variations in activity level. That's the Cost behaviour describes how variations in an organization's level of activity affect its overall expenses. In other terms, it refers to the connection between activities and expenses. Activity might relate to the quantity produced, the volume of sales, or any other cost-influencing aspect. For organisations to make educated choices regarding pricing, budgeting, and resource allocation, they must have a solid understanding of cost behaviour. For instance, a business could have variable expenses that change according to the degree of activity and fixed costs that are always the same.

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The cash balance including cash and cash equivalents that must be reported on June 30 by Fenton Manufacturing Company in the register would be $21,012.

Cash in bank account $6,955, bank account balance $12,900, petty cash balance $400, cash in register $757, NSF checks from customers returned by bank $917.

Cash and cash equivalents are those assets that are readily convertible to cash and have a maturity period of fewer than three months.

The following are considered cash and cash equivalents: Cash in the bank account ($6,955), bank balance ($12,900), petty cash balance ($400), and cash in the register ($757). Cash and cash equivalents = $6,955 + $12,900 + $400 + $757= $21,012.

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The net present value method of capital budgeting analysis does not incorporate risk into the analysis.

This method considers all relevant cash flow information, discounts all future cash flows to their current value, and takes into account the initial cost of the project.

However, the net present value method does not provide a specific anticipated rate of return.

The net present value method uses the discount rate to adjust for risk in a project by comparing the current value of future cash flows to the present cost of the investment.

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As the team includes specialists from various divisions, such as the technology division, marketing division, and sales division. This project team is an example of a product-development team.

The entire process of transforming an idea into a lovable product is referred to as product development. It includes capturing raw concepts, prioritizing what to build, iterating, and measuring success.

Product development teams are in charge of understanding customer needs, developing new products, and bringing them to market. Aside from deciding what to build, they must communicate the benefits and measure the product's performance — both of which are critical responsibilities in any business. The ultimate goal is to provide value to customers while also supporting the business.

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The Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for First National Bank is 12.68%  and First United Bank is 12.36%.

The formula for calculating Effective Annual Rate (EAR) is given by:

EAR = (1 + r/n)ⁿ - 1

Where r = Interest rate, and n = Number of times compounded annually.

Let's find out the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) of First National Bank and First United Bank.

In this case, Rate, r = 12% and Number of times compounded annually, n = 12

Effective Annual Rate (EAR) = (1 + r/n)ⁿ - 1

= (1 + 12%/12)¹² - 1

= (1 + 1%)¹² - 1

= 1.01¹² - 1

= 12.68%

Therefore, the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) of First National Bank is 12.68%.

In this case, Interest rate, r = 12.2% and Number of times compounded annually, n = 2

Effective Annual Rate (EAR) = (1 + r/n)ⁿ - 1

= (1 + 12.2%/2)² - 1

= (1 + 6.1%)² - 1

= 1.061² - 1

= 12.36%

Therefore, the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) of First United Bank is 12.36%.

Hence, the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for each bank is 12.68% and 12.36%.

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Compute Ms. Ray's IRA deduction if the current year income includes $57,100 salary.The maximum IRA contribution allowed for tax deduction in 2020 for those under the age of 50 was $6,000. The maximum amount deductible was phased out between certain income limits.

Ms. Ray's income from salary: $57,100Ms. Ray contributed the maximum allowed to a traditional IRA: $6,000Ms. Ray's MAGI (Modified Adjusted Gross Income) for this deduction is:$57,100 − $6,000 = $51,100The maximum amount of Ms. Ray's deduction is: $6,000.Ms. Ray's deduction is gradually phased out between $32,000 and $42,000. Since her income of $51,100 exceeds this range, her maximum contribution is phased out by $9,100 ($51,100 - $32,000).The amount of Ms. Ray's allowable IRA deduction is: $6,000 - ($9,100/15,000) × $6,000= $6,000 - $3,660= $2,340.b) Compute Ms. Ray's IRA deduction if the current year income includes $71,350 salary. For this scenario, Ms. Ray's income is over the threshold and she is not qualified for the traditional IRA deduction. Therefore, Ms. Ray's IRA deduction is zero.c) Compute Ms. Ray's IRA deduction if the current year income includes $71,350 salary and $7,630 dividend income.Ms. Ray's total income is: $71,350 + $7,630= $79,980. Her contribution of $6,000 is greater than her maximum allowable deduction of $2,340 as her income exceeds the $65,000 phase-out limit.The amount of Ms. Ray's allowable IRA deduction is:$2,340 - (($79,980 - $65,000)/$10,000) × ($2,340)= $2,340 - ($1,498 / $10,000) × ($2,340)= $2,340 - $0.35 × $2,340= $2,340 - $819= $1,521. Therefore, Ms. Ray's IRA deduction if the current year income includes $71,350 salary and $7,630 dividend income is $1,521.

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