what distinguishes a saturated solution from a supersaturated solution?

According to the kinetic molecular theory, the particles of an ideal gas are separated by great distances, compared to there size. Hence option D is correct.

A large number of submicroscopic particles, including atoms and molecules, are used in the kinetic theory of gases, a theoretical model for characterizing the molecular composition of gases. The idea also states that atmospheric pressure is the result of particles colliding with each other and the walls of containers.

According to the kinetic hypothesis, gases are composed of many submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in continuous random motion. The walls of the container and the fast moving particles that collide are constant and are separated by great distances, compared to there size.

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The compound that is a non-electrolyte when dissolved in water is CCl4.

When CCl4 dissolves in water, it does not break down into ions, and it does not conduct electricity.What is an electrolyte?An electrolyte is a compound that dissolves in water, and its solution conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. A compound must dissociate in water to produce ions to be considered an electrolyte. The ions can move freely through the solution, allowing for the conduction of electricity.There are three types of electrolytes: strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. Strong electrolytes dissociate fully into ions in water and conduct electricity very efficiently. Weak electrolytes only partially dissociate, and they conduct electricity less efficiently than strong electrolytes.Nonelectrolytes are substances that do not dissolve in water or dissolve but do not dissociate into ions. Because they do not have ions, they do not conduct electricity. CCl4 is a nonelectrolyte, as it does not produce any ions when it dissolves in water.

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The number of moles of NaOH used in this titration of a 25.00 ml monoprotic strong acid solution is 0.0007919 moles.

In order to find out the number of moles of NaOH used in a titration, we can use the formula:

moles of NaOH = concentration of NaOH × volume of NaOH used in titration

Given:Volume of monoprotic strong acid solution = 25.00 mL

Concentration of NaOH = 0.09014 M

Volume of NaOH used in titration = 8.781 mL

We can convert mL to L by dividing it by 1000. So,Volume of monoprotic strong acid solution = 25.00 mL = 25.00/1000 L = 0.02500 L

moles of NaOH = concentration of NaOH × volume of NaOH used in titration= 0.09014 M × 8.781/1000 L= 0.0007919 moles of NaOH

Hence, the number of moles of NaOH used in this titration is 0.0007919 moles.

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The change that is useful for the environment and living things is called "positive environmental change."

Positive environmental change refers to any alteration or modification in the environment that improves or benefits living organisms' well-being. Examples of positive environmental changes include reducing pollution, conserving water, using renewable energy sources, and recycling waste products. Positive environmental change is essential to ensure a sustainable future and to maintain the planet's biodiversity.

It can be achieved by implementing new policies, practices, and technologies that promote sustainable development and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Positive environmental change can also help to address climate change and other environmental challenges faced by humanity. By taking positive steps to protect the environment, we can ensure that future generations can also enjoy a healthy, prosperous, and sustainable planet.

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A catalyst will not have an impact on the position of equilibrium. Therefore option a is the correct answer.

Specifically, a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It does this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, which increases the reaction rate and therefore speeds up the rate at which equilibrium is achieved. The transition energy of the equilibrium is also lowered, meaning it will be easier for the reaction to move from the reactants to the products.

Therefore catalysts can alter the rate at which a reaction proceeds, but they cannot influence the position of equilibrium.

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The answer to this question is D) specific heat. When determining the energy change associated with a change in temperature, specific heat is a factor that is unique to each substance.

Specific heat- Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be added or removed from a unit of mass of a substance to increase or decrease its temperature by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. The amount of heat required to alter the temperature of a material varies depending on the nature of the substance. As a result, specific heat is a factor that is unique to each substance.

D) specific heat is correct because it is the unique factor for each substance when calculating the energy change associated with a change in temperature.

In conclusion, it is important to consider that when determining the energy change associated with a change in temperature, specific heat is a factor that is unique to each substance.

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The chemical contains 18.26% hydrogen in terms of percentage.

A fundamental physical characteristic of matter is mass, which expresses how much matter is present in an item. It serves as a gauge for an object's resistance to acceleration, therefore the more massive an object, the more force is needed to move it.

Calculating the total mass of the compound and the mass of the hydrogen in the compound is necessary to determine the percent composition of hydrogen in the compound.

mass of compound = sum of masses of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

mass of the mixture= 9.5 g + 3.40 g + 5.71 g

Mass of the compound= 18.61 g.

The compound's mass of hydrogen is:

mass of hydrogen=3.40 g

We can use the following formula to determine the percentage composition of hydrogen:

The percentage of hydrogen=quantity of hydrogen/ the total mass of the chemical x 100%

When we enter the values, we obtain:

hydrogen content as a percentage = (3.40 g/18.61 g) x 100% = 18.26%

Thus, 18.26% of the compound is hydrogen, according to its percent composition.

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Part A: True.

Part B: False. Rinsing with water may not be enough to clean the buret completely.

Part C: False. Soapy water should not be used to clean a buret since it can leave residue.

Part D: False. After rinsing with water and soapy water solution, the buret should be rinsed with distilled water and dried before adding the titrating solution.

Part E: False. The buret should be rinsed with the titration solution only once before beginning a titration.

Titration is a laboratory procedure used to compare a solution's concentration to that of a reference solution with known concentration. It entails gradually mixing the standard solution into the sample solution up until the reaction is finished, which can be detected by a colour change or another quantifiable signal.

In many disciplines, including chemistry, medicine, and environmental research, titration is used. It can be used to quantify the quantity of a certain component in a sample, examine the concentration of acids and bases, and ascertain the purity of a substance.

Titration calls for exact volume and concentration measurements, as well as safe chemical handling and disposal. There are several different kinds of titration techniques, including complexometric, redox, and acid-base titration.

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Each reaction's Lewis acid and Lewis base are as follows:

AlCl3 is the Lewis acid in the reaction, whereas Cl- is the Lewis base. F- is the Lewis base and BF3 is the Lewis acid in the reaction Cl- + AlCl3 --> AlCl4- BF3 + F- --> BF4-

The Lewis base in this reaction is NH3, and the Lewis acid is H+. NH3 + H+ --> NH4+

Explanation: A Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor in a Lewis acid-base reaction, whereas a Lewis base acts as an electron pair donor. In the initial reaction, Cl- provides AlCl3 with a pair of electrons, which AlCl3 accepts to produce AlCl4-. As a result, AlCl3 is the Lewis acid and Cl- is the Lewis base. In the subsequent response, F- provides two pairs. BF3 takes the electrons and transforms them into BF4-. Hence, the Lewis bases are F- and BF3, respectively. In the third reaction, H+ absorbs a pair of electrons from NH3 and forms NH4+ as a result. As a result, the Lewis bases are NH3 and H+.

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The percentage yield of CaSO3 is approximately 69%.

CaCO3 + SO2 → CaSO3 + CO2

Number of moles of CaCO3 = 255 g / 100.09 g/mol = 2.549 mol

Number of moles of SO2 = 135 g / 64.06 g/mol = 2.109 mol

Since the reaction is 1:1 stoichiometric, the number of moles of CaSO3 formed is 2.109 mol. We can then calculate the theoretical yield of CaSO3:

Theoretical yield of CaSO3 = 2.109 mol x 136.14 g/mol = 286.9 g

Percentage yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100%

The actual yield is given as 198 g. Plugging in the values, we get:

Percentage yield = (198 g / 286.9 g) x 100% ≈ 69%.

Stoichiometric is the study of the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The stoichiometric ratio is the ratio of the moles of one substance to the moles of another substance in a chemical reaction.

For example, consider the reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. The stoichiometric ratio for this reaction is 2:1. This means that for every two moles of hydrogen gas reacted, one mole of oxygen gas is required to completely react with it and form two moles of water.

Stoichiometric is important in chemical reactions because it allows us to determine the number of reactants needed to produce a certain amount of product or the amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactants. This information is crucial in industrial and laboratory settings where the cost of materials and the desired yield of the product are important factors.

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Menthol, like methanol, occurs naturally and has several isomers. One structural characteristic of menthol that is responsible for it having enantiomers is that it has a chiral center.

Chiral centers are atoms with four different substituents attached to them, and they are a type of stereocenter. Menthol has a chiral center, which means it has two possible enantiomers.

Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed on one another.

The two enantiomers of menthol are (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol and (1S,2R,5S)-(+)-menthol. They have identical physical and chemical properties, except for their interaction with polarized light. This is due to the fact that they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

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A sense strand is the mRNA strand that is translated from a DNA strand with a same nucleotide sequence. the codons have specific functions when the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein.

The DNA sequence serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule during transcription. The nucleotide arrangement of the DNA template strand dictates the sequencing of the mRNA. The mRNA sequence is not identical to the template DNA strand; rather, it is complementary to it. RNA polymerase, which builds the mRNA molecule on the DNA template strand, adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the lengthening mRNA chain. Since RNA nucleotides have uracil (U) as a base instead of thymine (T), the mRNA sequence will have the same nucleotide sequence as the DNA template strand. The mRNA sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons, and the codons have specific functions when the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein.

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The systems that would be best modeled by an ideal solution are (i) ethane n-decane, (iii) benzene toluene. If any of the solutions are non-ideal, the Scatchard-Hildebrand approach would be appropriate to model the non-idealities. A solution is said to be ideal if the solution behaves like an ideal gas, which means that there are no intermolecular interactions between the molecules of the components. i.e., the solution will obey Raoult's law.

The systems that would be best modeled by an ideal solution are(i) ethane n-decane(ii) water 1-butanol(iii) benzene toluene. An ideal solution occurs when the components of a mixture form a homogeneous mixture that does not exhibit deviations from Raoult's law. Since the ideal mixture is composed of solvent and solute, it is impossible to completely exclude interactions between the two components.  

It is best suited for non-polar and small polar solutes. In this way, the non-ideality of the solution can be predicted. Therefore, if any of the solutions are non-ideal, the Scatchard-Hildebrand approach would be appropriate to model the non-idealities.

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The theoretical yield of the solid product FeCO₃ in the reaction here is 18.18 grams. This is because, FeCl₂ is a limiting agent.

The precipitation reaction occurring between iron (II) chloride, FeCl₂ and potassium carbonate K₂CO₃

The Molecular equation is given below: FeCl₂ + K₂CO₃ → FeCO₃ + 2KCl

The Complete Ionic equation is given below: Fe₂⁺ + 2Cl⁻ + 2K⁺ + CO₃²⁻ → FeCO₃ + 2K⁺ + 2Cl⁻

The Net Ionic equation is given below: Fe²⁺ + CO₃²⁻→ FeCO₃

Molar mass of FeCl₂ = 126.75 g/mol

Molar mass of K₂CO₃ = 138.21 g/mol

n(FeCl₂) = mass/Mr = 20/126.75 = 0.1578 m

n(K₂CO₃) = mass/Mr = 25/138.21 = 0.1808 m

Therefore, FeCl₂ is the limiting agent. The theoretical yield of FeCO₃ can be calculated as follows: FeCl₂ + K₂CO₃ → FeCO₃ + 2KCl

1 mole of FeCl₂ produces 1 mole of FeCO₃

Moles of FeCO₃ produced = 0.1578 mol

FeCO₃ molar mass = 115.86 g/mol

Mass of FeCO₃ produced = 0.1578 mol × 115.86 g/mol = 18.18 g

Thus, the theoretical yield of the solid product FeCO₃ is 18.18 g.

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When scientists first discovered that atoms were composed of smaller particles, such as electrons, protons, and neutrons, they did not reject atomic theory because the experimental evidence supported the idea that atoms were still the fundamental building blocks of matter.

Instead of rejecting atomic theory, scientists modified it to incorporate the new information about the structure of atoms. For example, Ernest Rutherford's famous gold foil experiment in 1911 showed that atoms had a small, positively charged nucleus at their center, which was surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

This discovery led to the development of the modern model of the atom, which is still based on the idea that atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element. However, the model has been updated to reflect our current understanding of the subatomic particles that make up atoms.

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The average number of molecules adsorbed by the table is the number of different ways of placing a total of r particles on n adsorption sites when two particles can occupy each site given by (r + n-1) C (n-1).

This formula follows from the fact that each placement corresponds to choosing n-1 boundaries that divide the particles into n groups (each group may be empty) and then putting one group into each adsorption site. Thus the required number of ways is(r + n-1) C (n-1). The number of ways of placing r particles on n adsorption sites when one or two particles can occupy each site is the sum of the number of ways in which exactly one particle occupies a site and the number of ways in which two particles occupy a site. Each adsorption site can be either empty, occupied by one molecule, or occupied by two molecules. Therefore, there are three different states that each adsorption site can have. There are n adsorption sites, and therefore there are 3n different states that the table can have. Each state is characterized by the number of molecules adsorbed by the table. Therefore, the average number of molecules adsorbed by the table is given by the sum of the number of molecules adsorbed in each state, divided by the total number of states. The number of molecules adsorbed in each state is the sum of the number of molecules adsorbed by each adsorption site, overall adsorption sites. Therefore, the number of molecules adsorbed in each state is either 0, 1, or 2.

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The mass of 1 mole of solute dissolved to make the solution will be 40 g/mol (mass of 1 mole of solute).

To determine the mass of 1 mole of solute, we can use the molar mass of the solute. The formula for molar mass is:
Molar Mass = Mass of Solute ÷ Number of Moles

Let's use this formula to solve the problem:
Mass of Solute = 20 grams
Volume of Solution = 500 mL = 0.5 L
Concentration of Solution = 1 M
Number of Moles of Solute = Concentration × Volume = 1 M × 0.5 L = 0.5 mol

Now, we can use the molar mass formula to calculate the mass of 1 mole of solute:
Molar Mass = Mass of Solute ÷ Number of Moles
Molar Mass = 20 grams ÷ 0.5 mol
Molar Mass = 40 grams/mol

Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of solute is 40 grams.

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The correct answer is B) Urea. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism, and is released from the body through sweat, where the ammonia and other waste products form urea.

Lysozymes are enzymes that are naturally produced in most living organisms. They are responsible for helping to break down peptidoglycan, a substance found in the cell walls of various bacteria. This helps to prevent bacterial growth and spread, as well as helping to keep the cells intact. Lysozymes are also known to act as an antimicrobial agent, helping to destroy the cell walls of some types of bacteria.

Sebum is an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands of the skin. The sebaceous gland is located in the hair follicles and it is responsible for secreting the sebum. Sebum production is regulated by hormones and usually occurs when the body needs more moisture (such as during puberty). Sebum can act as a barrier to protect the skin and prevent it from drying out. It helps to keep the skin hydrated, soft and supple. In addition, it helps to reduce bacterial buildup on skin. Sebum is also responsible for giving skin its natural glow.

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The statement "the procedure for making zeolite is carried out in an acidic medium" is False.

Zeolite is a crystalline aluminosilicate mineral that occurs naturally.

It is widely used in various applications, including water purification, agriculture, and petrochemical refining.

Zeolites can be synthesized in the laboratory using different methods, such as hydrothermal and sol-gel methods.

The zeolite synthesis process is carried out in an alkaline or basic medium, not in an acidic medium.

Alkaline solutions, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, are commonly used to initiate the synthesis reaction, which involves the reaction of a source of silica, such as silicate, with a source of alumina, such as aluminate, in the presence of water and other chemical agents.

There are various types of zeolites with different chemical compositions, crystal structures, and properties.

The specific synthesis conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time, can also affect the final properties of the zeolite.

Therefore, the synthesis of zeolites requires precise control of the reaction conditions to obtain the desired properties.

Zeolites have a unique structure that can adsorb and exchange ions and molecules.

This property makes them useful in various applications, such as catalysis, separation, and ion exchange.

Zeolites can also be modified or functionalized to enhance their properties for specific applications.

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Answer:

2,1,1  

Explanation:

To estimate the system pressure and vapor-phase mole fraction when x1 = 0.8, we can use the 1-parameter Margules equation.

This equation assumes that the vapor-liquid equilibrium is a linear relationship between the mole fraction of each component.

Since the given experiment gives us three points, we can use linear interpolation to estimate the parameters of the Margules equation.

From the given experiment, we know the values for x1, y1, and P when x1 = 0.0, 0.2, and 1.0 respectively. Therefore, we can calculate the slope and y-intercept of the Margules equation as follows:

Slope = (P2 - P1)/(y2 - y1) = (68.23 - 41.02)/(0.51 - 0.0) = 68.23

y-intercept = P1 - (slope * y1) = 41.02 - (68.23 * 0.0) = 41.02

Using these values and the x1 value of 0.8, we can then estimate the system pressure and vapor-phase mole fraction as follows:

System Pressure = (slope * 0.8) + y-intercept = (68.23 * 0.8) + 41.02 = 78.2 kPa

Vapor-phase Mole Fraction = (System Pressure - y-intercept) / slope = (78.2 - 41.02) / 68.23 = 0.80

Therefore, the estimated system pressure and vapor-phase mole fraction when x1 = 0.8 is 78.2 kPa and 0.80 respectively.

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Answer:

Characteristics of matter change due to chemical changes, not physical ones. Physical properties can be determined without changing the substance's chemical identity

Explanation:

The average mass of chemistrium (Ch) in amu is: 12.5 amu.

Chemistrium is an element with the atomic number 106. It is a transactinide synthetic element with an atomic weight of 268 u. Until 2009, this element was known as unnilhexium (Unh). It was named chemistrium in honor of the chemistry in recognition of the Moscow-based Joint Institute for Nuclear Research's contributions to the synthesis of new elements.

If a sample of the element chemistrium (Ch) contains 100 atoms of Ch-12 and 10 atoms of Ch-13 (for a total of 110 atoms in the sample), the average mass of chemistrium in amu can be calculated as follows:

Average mass of Ch = [(number of atoms of Ch-12 x atomic weight of Ch-12) + (number of atoms of Ch-13 x atomic weight of Ch-13)] / Total number of atoms of Ch= [(100 x 12.000000) + (10 x 13.003355)] / 110= [1200.0000 + 130.03355] / 110= 1330.03355 / 110= 12.18212318 amu, which is rounded off to 12.5 amu.

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The reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is called decomposition reaction. Option (a) is correct.

Decomposition reaction is defined as a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The general form of the decomposition reaction can be written as,

            AB → A+B.

This type of reaction require an input of energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity. It occurs when one reactant breaks down into two or more products. Some examples of decomposition reactions involves the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen and the breakdown of water to hydrogen and oxygen. This is called the the process or effect of simplifying a single chemical entity into two or more fragments. This reaction is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis .

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To neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.80 M NaOH, 200 mL of 0.20 M HCl are needed.

When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are mixed, sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O) are the results. The chemical formula for the neutralizing reaction is as follows:NaOH+HClNaCl+H2O.

We must apply the following balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction to calculate how much HCl is needed to neutralize 50.0 mL of 0.80 M NaOH:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

One mole of HCl interacts with one mole of NaOH to form one mole of NaCl and one mole of water, as shown by the equation.

Let's first determine the quantity of NaOH in moles.

Moles of NaOH = volume (in liters) x molarity

Moles of NaOH = 50.0 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) x 0.80 M

Moles of NaOH = 0.040 moles

moles of HCl = volume (in liters) x molarity

0.040 moles = volume (in liters) x 0.20 M

Volume (in liters) = 0.040 moles / 0.20 M

Volume (in liters) = 0.20 L

Finally, we can convert the volume from liters to milliliters:

Volume (in milliliters) = 0.20 L x (1000 mL/1 L)

Volume (in milliliters) = 200 mL

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According to the given Information:

The aqueous solution that has the lowest freezing point is 1.0 M C2H5OH (ethanol).

Because it determines the concentration of solute particles in the solution.

Ionic solutes, such as NaCl, dissociate into multiple ions in water, producing a higher concentration of solute particles per unit concentration than molecular solutes, such as ethanol.

This results in a greater degree of freezing point depression for ionic solutes than molecular solutes.

An aqueous solution is one in which water serves as the solvent.

Aqueous solutions are very common in nature and in laboratory settings. Many substances can dissolve in water to form aqueous solutions, including salts, acids, bases, and gases.

Aqueous solutions are important in many fields of science, including chemistry, biology, and environmental science.

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Answer:

In chemical kinetics, the rate constant (k) is a proportionality constant that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of the reactants. It is often included in the rate law equation, which expresses the relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentrations of the reactants.

However, the rate constant is not truly constant because it can vary with different experimental conditions. The rate constant is affected by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts or inhibitors. For example, an increase in temperature usually leads to an increase in the rate constant, while the addition of a catalyst can decrease the activation energy and increase the rate constant.

Two specific examples that support this statement are:

1) The effect of temperature on the rate constant: Consider the reaction A → B, which has a rate law equation of rate = k[A]. If the temperature is increased, the rate constant will increase due to the increase in kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. This means that the reaction will proceed faster at higher temperatures, even if the concentration of A remains the same.

2) The effect of catalysts on the rate constant: Consider the reaction C + D → E, which has a rate law equation of rate = k[C][D]. If a catalyst is added to the reaction, it can increase the rate constant by providing an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy. This means that the reaction will proceed faster at the same concentrations of C and D with the catalyst present than without it.

Explanation:

Answer:

oxygen friend

Explanation:

It is generally believed that the Earth's atmosphere did not contain oxygen until around 2500 million years ago (Mya) when oxygen-evolving photosynthetic bacteria arose. At around 800–500 Mya, the oxygen concentration increased sharply to reach the 21% we have today. So, it seems highly likely that life arose as anaerobic organisms, which then evolved to tolerate oxygen and finally, to use it as a terminal acceptor for the energy-producing oxidative processes in the respiration of aerobic bacteria and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. The respiratory processes employed by typical aerobic organisms today have a wide range of mechanisms to deal with the troublesome side effects of living with a high oxygen concentration.

Fermentation in certain types of yeast occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, which converts sugar into cellular energy, primarily adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and produces carbon dioxide and alcohol as waste products. Fermentation is used in a variety of industrial and food production processes. Yeast, a type of fungus, is used to ferment carbohydrates and produce carbon dioxide and alcohol in bread baking, winemaking, and beer brewing. Lactobacilli bacteria are used in the production of yogurt and cheese by fermenting milk lactose.

There are two types of fermentation processes: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

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Answer: I think its 111.6

Explanation: