what instrument is used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance?

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Answer 1

A thermometer is an instrument used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance.

The average kinetic energy of particles in a substance is directly related to its temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy of the particles, and vice versa. Thermometers are designed to measure this average kinetic energy and provide a numerical value known as temperature.

Most thermometers operate based on the principle of thermal expansion. They use a temperature-sensitive material, such as mercury or alcohol, enclosed in a narrow, sealed tube. As the temperature changes, the substance inside the tube expands or contracts, causing the level of the substance to rise or fall.

A common example is a mercury-in-glass thermometer. It consists of a glass tube with a small bulb at the bottom filled with mercury. As the temperature increases, the thermal energy causes the mercury to expand, and it rises the tube.

So, a thermometer is used to measure the average kinetic energy in a substance by detecting and quantifying its temperature.

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what is the role of oxygen in energy yielding pathways

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Oxygen plays a crucial role in energy-yielding pathways by serving as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC) during cellular respiration.

Oxygen is the most important factor in energy-yielding pathways. The oxygen molecule is the final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration, which is the process of energy production in cells. When electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, they lose energy, which is then used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) out of the mitochondrial matrix. This creates a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, which then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.

The flow of hydrogen ions back into the matrix releases energy that is used to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Oxygen, as the final electron acceptor, is essential for this process because it helps to maintain the electron transport chain by accepting the electrons at the end of the process and allowing the cycle to continue. In summary, oxygen's role in energy-yielding pathways is crucial for the production of ATP, the main source of energy for cellular processes.

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describe the main difference between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry

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Organic Chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen (Hydrocarbon) and their derivatives.

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of all elements and their compounds expect those of compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen (Hydrocarbon) and their derivatives.

how many h+ ions can the acid h3po4 donate per molecule?

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The acid H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions (H+) per molecule.

Thus, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.Explanation:H3PO4 is also known as phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is an inorganic mineral acid that is commonly used in fertilizers, detergents, and food additives.

The chemical formula of H3PO4 is H3PO4 which implies that it has three hydrogen ions that are attached to the phosphate anion.Each hydrogen ion, which is donated by H3PO4, has the ability to donate a single positive hydrogen ion or proton (H+).

Therefore, since H3PO4 has three hydrogen ions, it has the ability to donate three H+ ions per molecule (per H3PO4 molecule).

In other words, one molecule of H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions.

Therefore, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.

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Determine the pH of the resulting solution when the following two solutions are mixed: 20.0 mL of 0.20 M HC2H2O2 and 20.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH. The value of Ka for HC2H2O2 is 1.8 x 10-5.

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The pH of the resulting solution when 20.0 mL of 0.20 M HC₂H₂O₂and 20.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH are mixed is 3.07.

Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which acid and base react to form salt and water. Hydrogen (H⁺) ions and hydroxide (OH⁻ ions) react with each other to form water.

The strong acid and strong base neutralization have a pH value of 7.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

HC₂H₂O₂ + NaOH → NaC₂H₃O₂ + H₂O

Moles of HC₂H₂O₂= concentration × volume = 0.20 M × 0.020 L = 0.004 mol

Moles of NaOH = concentration × volume = 0.10 M × 0.020 L = 0.002 mol

Since HC₂H₂O₂ is a weak acid, it will partially dissociate in water according to the equation:

HC₂H₂O₂ ⇌ H⁺ + C₂H₂O₂⁻

Initial:

HC₂H₂O₂: 0.004 M

H⁺: 0 M

C₂H₂O₂⁻: 0 M

Change:

HC₂H₂O₂: -x M

H⁺: +x M

C₂H₂O₂⁻: +x M

Equilibrium:

HC₂H₂O₂: 0.004 - x M

H⁺: x M

C₂H₂O₂⁻: x M

Ka = [H⁺][ C₂H₂O₂⁻] / [HC₂H₂O₂]

1.8 x 10⁻⁵ = x × x / (0.004 - x)

Since x is small compared to 0.004, so 0.004 - x = 0.004:

1.8 x 10⁻⁵= x² / 0.004

x² = 1.8 x 10⁻⁵ × 0.004

x² = 7.2 x 10⁻⁸

x = 8.49 x 10⁻⁴ M = [H⁺]

pH = -log( 8.49 x 10⁻⁴)

pH = 3.07

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