Reduction is a type of chemical reaction in which a particular molecule or compound loses one or more electrons.
It is the opposite of oxidation, which involves the addition of electrons. During a reduction reaction, the number of electrons held by a molecule increases, resulting in a decrease in the oxidation state of the molecule.
This type of reaction usually involves the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Examples include the reduction of a metal oxide to form a metal, the reduction of nitrate to form a nitrite, and the reduction of an aldehyde to form an alcohol.
Reduction reactions play an important role in chemical synthesis, energy production, and the metabolism of living organisms.
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A sample of krypton gas at a pressure of 1.10 atm and a temperature of 22.6 °C, occupies a volume of 694 mL. If the gas is allowed to expand at constant temperature until its pressure is 0.765 atm, the volume of the gas sample will be
mL.
Considering the Boyle's law, the volume of the gas sample will be 997.908 mL.
Boyle's lawBoyle's law states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container, when the temperature is constant: if the pressure increases, the volume decreases while if the pressure decreases, the volume increases.
Mathematically, this law expresses that if the amount of gas and the temperature remain constant, the product of the pressure by the volume always has the same value:
P×V= k
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and k is a constant.
Analyzing an initial state 1 and a final state 2, it is fulfilled:
P₁×V₁= P₂×V₂
New volume in this caseIn this case, you know:
P₁= 1.10 atm
V₁= 694 mL
P₂= 0.765 atm
V₂= ?
Replacing in Boyle's law:
1.10 atm× 694 mL= 0.765 atm×V₂
(1.10 atm× 694 mL)÷ 0.765 atm= V₂
997.908 mL= V₂
Finally, the new volume will be 997.908 mL.
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Is Cl2 polar or nonpolar?
Since they don't also have a dipole moment, all diatomic molecules with the same atoms are inherently non-polar. Only when there is a charge gap or unevenly distributed charges across atoms does a molecule produce a dipole moment. Cl2 is hence nonpolar.
Chlorine (Cl2) Take the molecule of chlorine, Cl2, for instance. The two Cl atoms are connected by a solitary covalent bond. The positive Cl atom's nucleus and the covalent bond's negative electron pair are attracted to one another.
Two chlorine atoms that are not metals make up the compound Cl2. Cl2 won't display metallic boding as a result. Cl2 won't contain an ionic bond because ionic bonds only form when a metal and a non-metal interact, so it must be covalent.
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which structural formula represents a linear nonpolar molecule containing two polar bonds
Despite having polar bonds, the gas carbon dioxide is a nonpolar molecule. CO2 has a linear structure. Since each bond dipole has an equal magnitude and is pointing in the opposite direction, they cancel each other out.
What has a polar covalent bond and is a nonpolar molecule?Polar bonds are seen in carbon dioxide, a non-polar compound. By first looking at the makeup of carbon dioxide, it can be understood. In carbon dioxide, a carbon atom forms a double bond on one side with an oxygen atom, and a second double bond on the other side with another oxygen atom.
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explain in terms of bonding why solid sulfur is soft, brittle and non conductive
Because the electrons in sulfur are so tightly bound and unable to move, the element functions more like an insulator. Since electrons have a harder time moving when they are packed closely together as a solid, Sulphur is dull and brittle, which again indicates that it is a poor conductor.
Sulfur is it a brittle solid?Sulfur is a brittle, pale yellow, odorless solid that is soluble in carbon disulfide but insoluble in water.
Materials like coal and sulfur, however, have a softer, duller appearance. On hammer blows, they crumble into a powdery mass. They lack sonority and have poor conductivity for both heat and electricity.
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1) A potassium carbonate hydrate has a formula K2CO3.XH2O. 10g of the hydrate leave 7.83g of anhydrous salt upon heating. Deduce the formula of the hydrate.
2) Samples of carbon of masses 3.62g , 5.91g , and 7.07g undergo combustion in excess air. The masses of carbon dioxide (the unique product of the combustion in each case) obtained are respectively 13.26g, 21.66g, and 25.91g. Does carbon dioxide have a fixed composition? Determine it!
The formula of the hydrated potassium carbonate salt is K₂CO₃.2H₂O
Based on the calculated mass ratio of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon has a fixed composition.
What are hydrated compounds?Hydrated compounds are compounds that contain one or more molecules of water physically combined with a molecule of the compound.
The formula of the hydrated potassium carbonate salt is determined as follows:
Mass of the hydrated sample = 10.0 g
Mass of anhydrous salt = 7.83
mass of water = 10 - 7.83
mass of water = 2.17 g
Molar mass of water = 18.0 g
Molar mass of anhydrous potassium carbonate = 138 g
moles of anhydrous potassium carbonate in sample = 7.83/138
moles of anhydrous potassium carbonate = 0.056 moles
moles of water in the hydrated salt = 2.17/18
moles of water in the hydrated salt = 0.12
Mole ratio of water to anhydrous salt = 0.12/0.056
Mole ratio of water to anhydrous salt = 1 : 2
Formula of hydrated salt = K₂CO₃.2H₂O
The mass ratio of carbon to oxygen in the compounds is given below:
Sample 1:
Mass ratio = 3.62 / (13.26 - 3.62)
Mass ratio = 0.38 : 1
Sample 2:
Mass ratio = 5.91 / (21.66 - 5.91)
Mass ratio = 0.38 : 1
Sample 3:
Mass ratio = 7.07 / (25.91 - 7.07)
Mass ratio = 0.38 : 1
Carbon has a fixed composition.
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What is the bond between phosphorus and chlorine?
Phosphorus and chlorine form bond is covalent bond.
A covalent bond is likely to form if the difference in electronegativity between the elements is less than 1.7.
For instance, the electronegativity of phosphorus (P) is 2.1 and that of chlorine (Cl) is 3.0.
These two numbers are differentiated by 0.9. Since 0.9 is lesser than 1.7, phosphorus and chlorine form a covalent bond.
Chlorine and phosphorus are both found on the right side of the periodic table, which is where nonmetals are. As a result, a covalent bond will be formed between the two nonmetals.
So, we can say that covalent bond is between phosphorus and chlorine.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that has a hydronium ion concentration, [H3O+], of 4.75×10−8 M.
pH= ?
Answer:
pH=7.32
Explanation:
pH is a mathematical expression that represents -log base 10 of the hydronium concentration:
[tex]pH=-\log[H_3O]\\pH=-log(4.75x10^-8)\\pH=7.32[/tex]
Does iodine and oxygen form an ionic compound?
Both oxygen and iodine are non-metals. Neither contributes electrons to achieve octet stability. Instead of forming an ionic bond, these two electrons are shared to form a covalent bond.
If these two compounds react to form a compound, that compound is considered an ionic compound. The ionic form of rubidium is Rb+, while the ionic form of sulfur is S2-. Sodium reacts with oxygen to form ionic compounds.
On the other hand, sodium chloride contains ions. It is an ionic compound. Ionic compounds contain ions that are held together by attractive forces between oppositely charged ions. Table salt is one of the best-known ionic compounds. Rubidium is a positive element. It actively donates its single valence electron to form a positively charged cation.
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I observed evidence technician Josh Sanders dust the inside doorknob on the front door for latent fingerprints. Dusting the doorknob did reveal latent prints, which Sanders lifted with tape and transferred to a small card. That occurred at approximately 3:15 p.m. I later observed Detective Laura Wilson collect a bullet casing from the tile floor in the kitchen after another investigator first photographed the area. The bullet casing was found on the floor beneath the kitchen table and was picked up by Wilson (with gloved hands) and placed in an evidence bag. Collection of the bullet casing occurred at 3:42 p.m. I then looked in the guest bathroom down the hall from the kitchen and observed another evidence technician, William Soto, collecting unknown red fibers from inside the bathroom sink. The time was approximately 3:53 p.m. Soto collected the red fibers with tweezers and placed them inside an evidence bag.
The chain of custody for the finger print on the Door Know is summarized in the Chain of Custody form attached.
What is a chain of custody?This is a procedure that documents each individual who handled the evidence, the date/time it was gathered or transferred, and the purpose for the transfer as it moves through its collecting, safekeeping, and analysis lifespan.
The most important aspect of evidence recording is the chain of custody. It is essential to demonstrate to the court of law that the evidence is genuine, i.e., that it was obtained at the crime scene. It was always in the care of someone assigned to manage it, and it was never unaccounted for.
The chain of custody demands that every transfer of evidence from person to person be documented from the time the evidence is acquired and that it be proven that no one else could have accessed that evidence. It is recommended to restrict the number of transfers to a minimum.
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Full Question:
In the video at the beginning of this unit, you were introduced to Jordan, a college student and newspaper intern. Jordan was shadowing police who were collecting evidence at the scene of a crime.
Jordan is shadowing the police again at a different crime scene. This time you have gone with him. Your job will be to record all of the required information on a chain of custody document.
Choose one of the items of physical evidence mentioned in Jordan's notes below.
Complete the chain of custody document for that item. (Make it similar to the example provided beneath Jordan's notes.)
Jordan's Notes
Tuesday, February 5
I observed evidence technician Josh Sanders dust the inside doorknob on the front door for latent fingerprints. Dusting the doorknob did reveal latent prints, which Sanders lifted with tape and transferred to a small card. That occurred at approximately 3:15 p.m.
I later observed Detective Laura Wilson collect a bullet casing from the tile floor in the kitchen after another investigator first photographed the area. The bullet casing was found on the floor beneath the kitchen table and was picked up by Wilson (with gloved hands) and placed in an evidence bag. Collection of the bullet casing occurred at 3:42 p.m.
I then looked in the guest bathroom down the hall from the kitchen and observed another evidence technician, William Soto, collecting unknown red fibers from inside the bathroom sink. The time was approximately 3:53 p.m. Soto collected the red fibers with tweezers and placed them inside an evidence bag.
Example of a Chain of Custody Form
Chain of CustodyItem collected as evidence: Individual who collected the item: Date and time of collection: Description of location where item was collected: Method of collection:
Is CO2 polar or nonpolar covalent bond?
Due to its symmetry and the fact that the pull of the two oxygen atoms on the electrons of carbon cancel each other out, carbon dioxide is a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds. Because the vector sum of the dipole moments of the two CO bonds is zero, the CO2 molecule is non-polar even if the CO bond in it is polar.
With carbon, each oxygen atom forms a double bond. Different electronegativities of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) result in unequal distribution of electrons between them. Due to the cancellation of the two bond dipole moments, there is no net molecule dipole moment. Carbon dioxide is a non-polar gas as a result.
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A sample of gas contains 0.1500 mol of N2(g) and 0.3000 mol of H2(g) and occupies a volume of 16.2 L. The following reaction takes place:
N2(g) + 2H2(g)N2H4(g)
Calculate the volume of the sample after the reaction takes place, assuming that the temperature and the pressure remain constant.
The volume of the sample after the reaction takes place at constant temperature and pressure would be 5.4 L.
Volume of gases at constant temperature and pressureIn the reaction: [tex]N_2(g) + 2H_2(g)-- > N_2H_4(g)[/tex]
Stoichiometrically, 1 mole of [tex]N_2[/tex] reacts with 2 moles of [tex]H_2[/tex] to produce 1 mole of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex].
In reality, 0.1500 mol of [tex]N_2[/tex] reacts with 0.3000 mol of [tex]H_2[/tex]. The equivalent amount of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] that would be formed will be 0.1500 mol according to the mole ratios from the balanced equation of the reaction.
Now, at constant temperature and pressure:
0.1500 + 0.3000 = 0.4500 mol
0.4500 mol is equivalent to 16.2 L according to the illustration.
0.1500 mol of [tex]N_2H_4[/tex] is produced, the equivalent mole would, therefore, be:
0.4500 mol = 16.2 L
0.1500 mol = 16.2 x 0.1500/0.4500
= 5.4 L
In other words, the volume of the sample after the reaction takes place at constant temperature and pressure would be 5.4 L.
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any substance that is present at the start of chemical reaction
Any substance that is a gift at the beginning of a chemical reaction a reactant
“A substance is a matter which has a specific composition and unique homes. ” every pure detail or pure compound is a substance. A substance can't be separated by way of any physical technique. The homes/composition of a natural substance is fixed.A substance is be counted which has a particular composition and unique houses. every pure element is a substance. each pure compound is a substance. Examples of materials: Iron is an element and as a result is also a substance.
A chemical substance is a shape of matter having a steady chemical composition and function homes. some references add that chemical substances can't be separated into their constituent factors with the aid of bodily separation techniques, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds.
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Complete and balance the following equation for acid-base reactions.
HCl(aq)+Ca(OH)[tex]x_{2}[/tex](aq) ->
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.
The balanced chemical equation for acid-base reactions is as given below
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2 ------ CaCl2 + 2H2O
What is balanced chemical equation?A chemical equation is said to be balanced chemical equation if the atoms or molecules of different elements on the reactant side is equal to the atoms or molecules of different elements on the product side.
In the given reaction, HCl is reactant and Ca(OH)2 is base. They react with each other to form CaCl2 and release two molecules of H2O.
Now, we will balance the chemical equation.
On reactant side, there are 3 atoms of hydrogen atoms, one atom of chlorine, two atom of oxygen and one calcium atom. So, we equal it by reacting two molecules of HCl with one molecule of Ca(OH)2 to form one molecule of CaCl2 and two molecules of water.
Therefore, by balancing equation we get
2HCl(aq)+Ca(OH)2 ------ CaCl2 + 2H2O
Thus, we concluded that the balanced chemical equation for acid-base reactions is as given below:
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2 ------ CaCl2 + 2H2O
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what are neutral atoms on the periodic table
Neutral atom generally means to atoms which don't react with any other atoms or elements.
If an atom has an equal number of electrons and protons, then it also has an equal number of negative (the electrons) and positive electric charges (the protons). As a result, the total electric charge of the atom is zero, and the atom is said to be neutral. Thus, all the elements in the periodic table are neutral atoms.
Example of neutral atom
For example a neutral sodium atom which contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. And after removing an electron from this atom we get a positively charged Na⁺ ion that has a net charge of +1. Atoms become negatively charged when it gains extra electrons.
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what is lithification
lithification is a complex process where sediments are compact under pressure, expel connate fluids and converted into solid rock.
What are Rock?A rock is the collection of solid (grains) mineral materials that grow or become cemented together. it can be a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been blend together into a solid lump.
Types of Rocks?The major types of rocks are:
Igneous rocks: also known as fire ( Latin ) are form when hot, molten rock (magma) crystallizes and solidifies. The melt substance originates deep within the Earth.sedimentary: sedimentary rocks are generally formed from pre-existing rocks or remains of once-living organisms. They are also form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface. It is observed that sedimentary rocks often have distinctive layering or bedding.metamorphic: this type of rock is also referred as changed rocks, it occurs when solid rock changes in composition and/or texture without the mineral crystals melting. The changes is as a result of the subject to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids.learn more about Rocks here:
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An iron nail rusts when exposed to oxygen. How many grams of iron are needed to completely consume 20.0 L of oxygen gas according to the following reaction at 25 °C and 1 atm?
iron ( s ) + oxygen ( g ) iron(III) oxide ( s )
The amount, in grams, of iron that would be needed to completely consume 20.0 L of oxygen gas would be 0.599 grams.
Stoichiometric problemThe equation of the reaction can be expressed as follows;
[tex]4Fe + 3O_2 --- > 2Fe_2O_3[/tex]
Stoichiometrically, 4 moles of iron requires 3 moles of oxygen gas.
20.0 L of oxygen at 1 atm and 25 °C would be equivalent to:
pv = nrt, where p is the pressure, v is the volume, n is the number of mol, R is the universal gas constant, and t is the temperature.
In this case, p = 1 atm, v = 20.0 L, r = 8.3145, and t = 25 +273
n = pv/rt
= 1x20/8.3145x298
= 20/2477.721
= 0.008 mol of oxygen
The equivalent mole of iron required would be:
0.008 x 4/3 = 0.0107 mol
The molar weight of iron is 56.
Mass of 0.0107 mol of iron = 0.0107 x 56
= 0.599 grams
In other words, 0.599 grams of iron would be needed to completely consume 20.0 L of oxygen at 25 °C and 1 atm.
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Which statement correctly explains how matter is conserved in chemical reactions?
The statement which correctly explains how matter is conserved in chemical reactions is- Atoms of each element are conserved, so the total mass does not change.
The Law of Lomonsov-Lavoisier and the Law of Conservation of Mass are other names for the Law of Conservation of Matter. "The mass is not generated or destroyed, simply altered," according to this law.
As a result of the diverse atomic arrangements in the various substances, the reagents interact with one another to create new products that differ from the reagents in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics. But the amount of matter or mass before and after a transformation (chemical reaction) must always be constant; that is, the amounts of the masses involved in a given reaction must not change in their proportions when the reaction is complete.
n other words, the mass prior to the chemical reaction and the mass following the reaction are equal. Nuclear reactions are the exception to the norm, where it is possible to change mass into energy and vice versa.
Hence, the statement which correctly explains how matter is conserved in chemical reactions is- Atoms of each element are conserved, so the total mass does not change.
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Your question is incomplete please write the complete question over the internet.
If my independent variable is temperature of butter, how can I specify my dependent variable to be more specific? My dependent variable is texture of cookies.
Answer: The hot dissolved butter will form softer cookies.
Explanation:
What group reacts with chlorine in a 1/2 ratio?
Answer:sulphur reacts with chlorine in 1:2
Explanation:hope this helps :)
How does the generator work? Select the statement that describes that.
It turns electrical energy into KE.
This is the correct statement of how a generator works:
What is generator?A generator is described as a device that converts motive power or fuel-based power into electric power for use in an external circuit.
Generators contrary to general opinion do not create electricity instead it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electrons makes up the output electric current supplied by the generator.
The present-day generators work on the principle of electromagnetic induction that was discovered by Michael Faraday.
Faraday realized that the above flow of current can be created by moving an electrical conductor in a magnetic field and this movement creates a voltage difference between the two ends of the conductor which causes the electric charges to flow, hence generating electric current.
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Complete question:
How does the generator work? Select the statement that describes that.
______It turns electrical energy into KE.
_____ It turns sound energy into electrical energy.
_____ It turns electrical energy into sound energy.
_____ It turns electrical energy into thermal energy.
_____ It turns KE into electrical energy.
Is 0.9 and 0.90 the same?
Answer:
0.9 and 0.90 are not the same because 0.9 is not up to zero but 0.90 is up to zero
What is vehicle give two examples?
Vehicles are modes of transportation that are used to travel from one place to another. Examples of vehicles include cars, buses, motorcycles, boats, and airplanes.
Cars are the most common type of vehicle, and they are used for everyday transportation. They typically have four wheels and an internal combustion engine that runs on gasoline or diesel fuel.
Buses are a type of vehicle that is used for public transportation. They are usually larger than cars and have more seating capacity.
Motorcycles are a type of vehicle that is designed for one or two people and has two wheels. They are powered by an internal combustion engine and are typically smaller than cars.
Boats are a type of vehicle that is used for traveling on water. They are powered by an engine or by sails and are typically used for recreation or transportation. Airplanes are a type of vehicle that is used for long-distance transportation. They are powered by jet engines and are capable of reaching high speeds and altitudes.
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