When a hammer strikes a nail, the nail



1. exerts balanced forces that helps it from moving.

2. exerts a force equal to the weight of the hammer.

3. exerts an unbalanced force that changes its velocity.

4. exerts an equal and opposite force back on the hammer.

Answer:

Two ways is by reducing the mass of the pulley we can increase its efficiency and by applying more force than usual

Explanation:

The correct equations for the breakdown of solid ammonium nitrite to nitrogen gas and liquid water under the law of conservation of mass would be 1 mol of solid ammonium nitrite to 1 mol of nitrogen gas and 1 mol of liquid water.

Since matter cannot be generated or destroyed, according to the rule of conservation of mass, the total mass of the reactants and products in a chemical process must remain constant. The balanced chemical equation for the breakdown of solid ammonium nitrite is:

NH4NO2(s) N2(g) + H2O (l)

The coefficients in this equation stand for the ratio of moles of each reactant and product. According to the factors 1, 1, and 1, 1 mol of nitrogen gas and 1 mol of liquid water are created for every 1 mol of solid ammonium nitrite that is broken down. As required by the rule of conservation of mass, this indicates that the combined mass of the reactants and products remains constant.

Ammonium nitrite ,[tex]$\mathrm{NH} 4 \mathrm{NO}$[/tex], will decompose to yield nitrogen gas and water Vapor by the following equation:

[tex]\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{NO}_2(s) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{g})+\mathrm{N}_2(g)[/tex]

What is a decomposition reaction?

A decomposition reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks down into two or more products.

Ammonium nitrite, [tex]$\mathrm{NH} 4 \mathrm{NO} 2$[/tex], will decompose to yield nitrogen gas and water Vapor by the following equation:

[tex]\mathrm{NH}_4 \mathrm{NO}_2(s) \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{N}_2(g)$$[/tex]

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The solubility laws that regulate ionic chemicals in an aqueous solution are the main focus of double replacement reactions. The insoluble iron(III) phosphate, FePO4, precipitates out of the solution when these two solutions are combined because the iron(III) cations and phosphate anions combine to make it.

                FeBr3(aq)+K3PO4(aq)→FePO4(s)⏐↓+3KBr(aq)

Ionic equations are chemical formulas in which the electrolytes in aqueous solution are stated as dissociated ions, in contrast to molecular equations, which express compounds as molecules. The ionic species are typically followed by (aq) in the equation to denote that they are in an aqueous solution, and the substance in question is typically a salt that has been dissolved in water.

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States of matter:

Solids: have a definite shape and volume.

Gases: do not have a definite volume or shape.

Liquids: have a definite volume, but the shape may change.

What is states of matter?

States of matter refer to the physical behavior of matter based on its temperature and pressure. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

There are also several other states of matter, such as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate, that are observed under certain conditions, such as extremely high temperatures or pressures.

According to the problem:

Solids are characterized by their ability to maintain a fixed shape and volume. They are typically solid at room temperature and have a high degree of structural rigidity.

Gases, on the other hand, do not have a definite shape or volume. They are characterized by their ability to expand and fill any container they are placed in. Gases are typically in a gaseous state at room temperature and are highly compressible.

Liquids are intermediate between solids and gases. They have a definite volume, but the shape may change to conform to the shape of their container. Liquids are typically liquid at room temperature and are less compressible than gases, but more compressible than solids.

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In essence, it refers to the measure of the length of the edge (side) of spatial figures like cubes, cuboid, and polygons as well as quadrilaterals and other 3D shapes.

For the FCC lattice, the relationship among edge length (a) with atom radius (r) is ( 2a) = 4r. For the BCC lattice, the relationship among edge length (a) with atom radius (r) is (3a) = 4r. Here, r represents the radius of a atom in the HCP, and a denotes the area of the unit cell. - Assume that each atom's radius is r. Consequently, the product of a base area and the height will be the unit cell's volume (C). Atoms in this unit cell's neighboring corners come into contact with one another, hence its edge length is equivalent to two ionic radius, and one atomic diameter. A basic cubic unit cell's constituent particle has the same radius.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Ionic bonds give away electrons. Only in covalent bonds are electrons shared, and depending on the polarity of the molecule, would the electrons be shared or unshared equally? The sea of electrons only refers to metallic bonds.

Therefore: Ionic bonds give away electrons.

NaCl or NH4Cl should be added to a separatory funnel in order to partition an acidic organic compound into aqeous layer.

If it is difficult to tracking where the water droplets go, also keeping track of the volumes of the layers: whichever layer increased with the additional of water is the aqeous layer.

The aqeous phases is water-based and can be an acidic, basic, neutral, or a saturated salt solutions. The organic phase is an organics solvent, usually diethyl ether or dichlorophenoline, which has minimalist solubility in water. For instance, ethanol would be a poor extractions solvent because it forms a solution within water.

One methods is to add NaCl or NH4Cl should to the separatory funnels, which dissolved in the aqueous layer and Decreased the ability of organics compounds to dissolve in water ("salting out").

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The given equation is a double displacement reaction. It can be balanced as follows:

[tex]\rm 2HI + Rb_{2}S \rightarrow H_{2}S + RbI_{2}[/tex]

Displacement reaction is a type of reaction in which one or two group from the reactants displaces by other groups. There are both single displacement and double displacement.

In single displacement reaction, only one group is displaced. Whereas, in double displacement reactions, two groups are displaced each other between reactants.

In the given reaction, the iodine atom and sulphide group are displacing as written in the equation.

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After shaking the mixture in a separatory funnel and allowing the mixture to settle, the outcome: There was no vacuum seal between the Buchner funnel and the flask.

A funnel is a tube or pipe this is huge at the pinnacle and slender at the bottom, used for directing liquid or powder right into a small establishment. Funnels are generally made of stainless steel, aluminum, glass, or plastic.

The funnel, which is also from time to time known as an advertising funnel or revenue funnel, illustrates the concept that each sale begins with a big wide variety of capacity clients and ends with a far smaller range of those who without a doubt make a purchase. The term "sales funnel software" usually refers to systems and assets that facilitate that technique by supporting corporations to automate or create belongings together with touchdown pages, follow-up emails, and charge gateways. In brief, they offer equipment and capabilities to help flip interested prospects into paying customers.

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4.447 x10^13 J  is the nuclear binding energy per mole if the mass defect of a certain isotope is 0.1172 u per atom or 0.1172 g per mol? express your answer in joules.

BE = dleta mc^2.

Given that, delta m = mass defect = 0.4941 g per mol = 0.4941/1000 kg/mol c = 3x10^8 m/s

BE = ( 0.4941/1000) x (3x10^8)^2= 4.4469 x10^13

    = 4.447 x10^13 J

Nuclear binding energy is energy required to completely separate an atomic nucleus in with its constituting protons and neutrons, or the energy freed by combining protons and neutrons into a single nucleus. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but number of protons. They have nearly identical chemical composition but differ in volume and thus in physicochemical parameters.

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The correct classification of the given substances as cofactors or coenzymes are as follows:

A coenzyme is any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme. They are required by many enzymes for catalytic activity.

Coenzymes are often vitamins, or derivatives of vitamins. Sometimes they can act as catalysts in the absence of enzymes, but not so effectively as in conjunction with an enzyme.

Cofactors, on the other hand, are substances, especially a coenzyme or a metal, that must be present for an enzyme to function.

Coenzymes are organic molecules and quite often bind loosely to the active site of an enzyme and aid in substrate recruitment, whereas cofactors do not bind the enzyme.

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A pulley's output force can be increased by increasing the input force.

This is referred to as the force which is exerted on an object by a simple machine. We should also note that in a scenario where the output force is greater than the input force, the mechanical advantage is greater and vice versa.

In a situation where the output force needs to be increased, then we have to also increase the input force which is also known as the effort and vice versa and is therefore the reason why an increase was chosen as the correct choice.

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The empirical formula for the compound if A denotes the cations and X denotes the anions is AX₂

It is given that the cations are denoted by Blue color and the anions with green color. There are 8 atoms in the corners and 6 in the face center. Then,

No of atoms in a total of all corners = 8 x 1/8

No of atoms in the corners = 1

No of atoms in the faces = 6 x 1/2

No of atoms in the faces = 3

Then,

Total no of cations atoms = total number of atoms in the corners + the total number of atoms in the faces

Total number of cations (A) = 1 + 3

Total number of cations (A) = 4

The total number of anions in the cell is 8 from the figures as they aren't shared with another lattice arrangement. Therefore,

Number of anions (X) = 8

Then the empirical formula would be A₄X₈ which could be written in the simplified form of AX₂.

Thus, the empirical formula is AX₂ for the arrangement.

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Sodium chloride is produced and used in the production of polyester, paper, rubber, glass, chlorine, household bleach, soaps, detergents, and dyes.

Chemically speaking, salt is a combination of chloride and sodium. Actually, the element that is most harmful to your health is sodium. (Therefore, the chloride is what gives food its "salty" flavor.).

To replace salt and water that have been lost from your body as a result of specific conditions, sodium chloride 23.4% injection is employed (eg, hyponatremia or low salt syndrome). Additionally, it is added to IV fluids that contain carbohydrates and parenteral nutrition total (TPN).

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Answer:

C: B's identity changes, but not A's identity. The identity of an element is solely dependent on the number of protons. For example, 2 protons in an element would be Helium. But if you add or subtract protons you would get a different element like Hydrogen or Lithium. However, such a rule does not apply to electrons; adding or removing electrons would just change the charge of the element, but not the identity.

c is the correct choice

The frequency of the light emitted by hydrogen atoms is equal to 4.57 Hz.

The frequency can be described as the number of oscillations of a wave per second. The frequency has S.I. units of per second or Hertz.

The wavelength can be defined as the distance between two crests on a wave.

The relation between wavelength, frequency (ν), and speed of light (c) can be shown as:

c = νλ

Given, the wavelength of the light, ν = 6.56 × 10⁻⁷ m

The speed of light, c = [tex]3\times 10^8m/s[/tex]

The frequency of the light can determine from the above-mentioned relationship:

ν= c/λ = 3 × 10⁸/6.56 × 10⁻⁷ = 4.57 Hz

Therefore, the frequency of the light is equal to 4.57 Hz.

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The  halogen forms the weakest bond to carbon is Iodine due to vary size difference between iodine and a carbon

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. It is a halogen, which means it is a highly reactive, nonmetal element that occurs in the periodic table among the highly reactive nonmetals. Iodine is a blue-black, lustrous solid that sublimates (turns from a solid directly into a gas) at standard temperature and pressure. It has a melting point of 386.85 degrees Fahrenheit (193.65 degrees Celsius) and a boiling point of 575.1 degrees Fahrenheit (302.9 degrees Celsius). Iodine is an essential trace element in the human body. It plays a vital role in the production of thyroid hormones, which are important for normal growth and development. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, absorbs iodine from the blood and uses it to produce thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency can lead to goiter, a condition characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland.

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The elements that make up group 2 of the Periodic Table are alkaline earth metals. comparable to Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra.

Electron distribution

Let's distribute two items from group 2 electronically.

Mg's atomic number is 12.

20 is Ca's atomic number.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Mg

Ca – 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, and 4s2.

On the electrical distribution, the valence shell is marked. Both have two electrons in the valence shell, according to this.

To obtain 8 electrons in the valence shell, we must either gain or lose electrons from the ionic charge of the ion. 8 electrons in the valence shell of Mg2+, which has 1s2, 2s2, and 2p6. Therefore, the ion that alkaline earth metals create has an ionic charge of 2+.

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Answer:

Explanation: The S^2+ ion would contain a smaller atomic radius when compared to the atomic radius of S. With the removal of electrons, the outermost electrons experience less shielding, and thus experience a greater columbic force, and effective nuclear charge. Pulling in the outside electrons closer to the nucleus, consequently shrinking the atomic radius.

The element Mg is depicted by the orbital diagram below (magnesium).

A fundamental object that is difficult to divide into smaller bits is known as an element. In chemistry and physics, a substance is considered an element if non-nuclear reactions cannot degrade it. In computers and mathematics, an element is a discrete part of a larger system or collection. A chemical element and element is any compound that is not divided into simpler compounds by normal chemical processes. Elements are the building blocks that make up all matter.

French scientist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1744) was the first to define an element in a way that was practical for experiments. According to his definition, an element is a fundamental type of matter that cannot undergo chemical transformation into a simpler material.

We now know that the universe's elements are created by nuclear fusion reactions, which combine smaller nuclei into larger ones by applying extreme heat and pressure.
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when 2.16g of h2 reacts with excess o2 by the following equation, 258kj of heat are released.  the change of enthalpy associated with the reaction of 1.00mol of hydrogen gas is -241 KJ

Molar mass of H2 = 2.016 g/mol,mass(H2)= 2.16 g

use:number of mol of H2,n = mass of H2/molar mass of H2=(2.16 g)/(2.016 g/mol) = 1.071 mol

For 1.071 mol of H2, heat released = 258 KJ So,

for 1 mol, heat released = 258/1.071 KJ = 241 KJ

Since this is heat released, sign will be negative

Answer: -241 KJ. The amount of energy progressed or subsumed in a reaction at constant pressure is referred to as enthalpy change. It is represented by the symbol ΔH, read as "delta H". It should be noted that the term "enthalpy change" only pertains to reactions performed at constant pressure. As a result, if a reaction emits more electricity than it absorbs, the reaction is exothermic, and the enthalpy is negative. Consider this as a quantity of heat departing (or being deducted from) the reaction.

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Answer + Explanation:

During a car crash, kinetic energy is lost through various forms of deformation of the vehicle and the generation of heat.

When a car collides with another object, the force of the impact causes the vehicle's body and structure to deform. This deformation absorbs some of the kinetic energy and converts it into other forms of energy, such as heat and sound.

In addition, friction between the moving parts of the car and between the car and the road can also generate heat, which absorbs some of the kinetic energy.

The amount of kinetic energy lost during a car crash depends on the mass of the vehicle, the speed at which it was traveling, and the type and severity of the collision. In general, higher speeds and more severe collisions result in greater kinetic energy loss.

The molecular formula of lactic acid is C₃H₆O₃, if the molecular weight of lactic acid is 90.08 g/mol.

Lactic acid consists of C, H, and O. The carbon in carbon dioxide is from the carbon of lactic acid. The H of H₂O is from lactic acid.

No. of mol of CO₂ =  [tex]\frac{14.7}{44}[/tex]  mol CO₂ ( the molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol )
No. of mol of C = No. of mol of CO₂ = [tex]\frac{14.7}{44}[/tex]  mol

Mass of C = ( [tex]\frac{14.7}{44}[/tex] × 12 ) g C

                = 4.009 g C

No. of mol of H₂O = [tex]\frac{6.00}{18}[/tex]  mol ( molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol )

No. of mol of H = 2 No. of mol of H₂O = 2 × [tex]\frac{6.00}{18}[/tex] mol = [tex]\frac{12.0}{18}[/tex] mol

Mass of  H = ( [tex]\frac{12.0}{18}[/tex] × 1 ) g H

                  = 0.6667 g H

mass of O = (10.0 - 4.009 - 0.6667)g = 5.3243 g

No. of moles of O = [tex]\frac{5.3243}{16}[/tex] mol

So the ratio of C,H,O is

C : H : O = [tex]\frac{14.7}{44}[/tex] : [tex]\frac{12.0}{18}[/tex] : [tex]\frac{5.3243}{16}[/tex]

C : H : O = 0.3341 : 0.6667 : 0.3328

C : H : O = 1 : 2: 1

So the empirical formula for lactic acid is CH₂O.

Let the molecular formula of lactic acid is ( CH₂O )ₓ

So the molecular weight of lactic acid is

( 12 × x ) + ( 2 × x × 1 ) + ( 16 × x ) = 90.08

                             12x + 2x +16x = 90.08

                                             30x = 90.08

                                                  x ≈ 3

So the molecular formula of lactic acid is ( CH₂O )₃ = C₃H₆O₃

Thus, C₃H₆O₃ is the molecular formula of lactic acid.

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To see the number of atoms of an element in a given molecule we need to multiply stoichiometry to the number that is written on the foot of the element that is stoichiometry. Therefore, the given figure represents the atom.

Atom is the smallest particle of any element, molecule or compound. Atom can not be further divided. Atoms contains nucleus in its center and electron that revolve around the atom in fixed orbit.

In the nucleus, proton and neutron are present. Electron has -1 charge while proton has +1 charge. Neutron is neutral that is it has no charge. So overall the charge of nucleus is due to only proton, not by neutron.

The circles that are in center represents nucleus. The two bigger circles represents orbitals. The cross sign represents electrons. The outermost bigger circle represents the valence shell and the electron in this shell represents the valence electron.

Therefore, the given figure represents the atom.

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He shouldn't present his opinions as evidence.

What is the definition of a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a tested assertion regarding the relationship between two or more variables or a theory put up to explain an observed occurrence in a scientific setting.

The complete population should be examined in order to ascertain whether a statistical hypothesis is accurate. As it is frequently impractical, researchers usually look at a random sample of the population. The statistical hypothesis is rejected if the sample data do not support it.

Making an experiment is the most typical method of testing a theory. A good experiment employs test subjects or establishes situations where you may determine whether your hypothesis appears to be true by assessing a wide array of of data (test results).

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When 35.00 grams of niobium is mixed with 75.00 grams of iodine the percent yield for the product is 63.29% the mass of the product (in grams) formed is 60.50g

The chemical equation of the reaction between Niobium and Iodine is given by,

3Nb(s) + 4I₂(s) ------> Nb₃I₈(s)

Stoichiometrically, 4moles I₂ is reacting with 3moles of Nb

Given moles of Nb = 35.00g /92.91g/mol = 0.3767mol

Given moles of I₂ = 75.00g/253.8g/mol = 0.2955mol

0.3767moles of Nb reacts with (4/3) × 0.3767mol = 0.5023mol of I2 but available moles of I₂ is 0.2955mol

Therefore,

Limiting reactant is I₂

stoichiometrically, 4 moles of I₂ gives 1mole of Nb₃I₈

0.2955moles of I₂ gives 0.2955mol/4 = 0.073875 moles of Nb₃I₈

molar mass of Nb₃I₈ = 1293.93g/mol

Theoretical yield = 1293.93g/mol × 0.073875mol = 95.59g

Percent yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) ×100

63.29 = (Actual yield /95.59g ) × 100

Actual yield = 60.50g

Therefore,

The mass of the product formed is 60.50g

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When 35.00 grams of niobium is mixed with 75.00 grams of iodine the percent yield for the product is 63.29% the mass of the product (in grams) formed is 60.50g    

The chemical equation of the reaction between Niobium and Iodine is given by,

3Nb(s) + 4I₂(s) ------> Nb₃I₈(s)

Stoichiometrically, 4moles I₂ is reacting with 3moles of Nb

Given moles of Nb = 35.00g /92.91g/mol = 0.3767mol

Given moles of I₂ = 75.00g/253.8g/mol = 0.2955mol

0.3767moles of Nb reacts with (4/3) × 0.3767mol = 0.5023mol of I2 but available moles of I₂ is 0.2955mol

Therefore,

Limiting reactant is I₂

stoichiometrically, 4 moles of I₂ gives 1mole of Nb₃I₈

0.2955moles of I₂ gives 0.2955mol/4 = 0.073875 moles of Nb₃I₈

molar mass of Nb₃I₈ = 1293.93g/mol

Theoretical yield = 1293.93g/mol × 0.073875mol = 95.59g

Percent yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) ×100

63.29 = (Actual yield /95.59g ) × 100

Actual yield = 60.50g

Therefore,

The mass of the product formed is 60.50g

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if ion x has a charge of 2 , and ion y has a charge of 1- the formula will be XY2. Positively and negatively charged ions can combine to produce compounds known as ionic compounds.

By losing electrons, positively charged ions are created. Gain of electrons results in the formation of negatively charged ions. The synthesis of ionic chemicals two negatively charged ions of Y are necessary for the creation of a neutral  ionic compound when they combine with an ion X that has a charge of 2+ and an ion Y that has a charge of 1-.

The ionic substance they produce has the following chemical formula:

X²⁺ + 2Y⁻ ---> XY₂

Consequently, XY2 is the ionic compound

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The water was, indeed, green. This signifies a low carbon dioxide level. Carbon dioxide was utilized in the photosynthesis activity in the tubes containing Elodea.

Carbon dioxide is a compound consisting of molecules that are covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. At ambient temperature, it appears to exist as just a gas. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is translucent to visible to the human eye but soaks up infrared light, acting as a greenhouse gas. Photosynthesis is the process that plants as well as other microbes use to convert chemical energy into light that can then be released to power the individual's activities via cellular respiration.

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Nuclear Fission include used in nuclear power plants and byproducts have long half-lives, Nuclear fusion includes occurs on the sun and needs very high temperatures, while Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion includes release lots of energy.

Nuclear fission is a physico chemical process caused when an atom divides into two smaller atoms, which released important amounts of energy and it is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.

Conversely, Nuclear fusion occurs when smaller atoms such as hydrogen fuse to form larger atoms, which is able to generate much more energy when compares to Nuclear fusion, and this process fuel energy in the sun.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that fission nuclear and fusion nuclear are very different processes in terms of the division of fusion of atoms and they release differential amounts of energy.

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There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, gems have ionic bonding and plastic beads have covalent bonding.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound.  Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond. Gems  have ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals. Plastic beads, will have covalent bonds because it is easily deformed.

Therefore, gems have ionic bonding and plastic beads have covalent bonding.

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