Answer:
The human body is comprised of a series of complex systems, including the skeletal system, the respiratory and digestive systems, as well as the intricate networks of blood and lymph vessels, all controlled by the brain and nervous system.
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How/why does the DNA separate?
Discuss porosity or pores, electricity, DNAS charge & size of DNA pieces. Highlight all the 4 terms
Electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in the lab to separate charged molecules, like DNA, according to size.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA?, RNA? and proteins? according to their size.
Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.
An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.
The movement of charged molecules is called migration. Molecules migrate towards the opposite charge. A molecule with a negative charge will therefore be pulled towards the positive end (opposites attract!).
The gel consists of a permeable matrix, a bit like a sieve, through which molecules can travel when an electric current is passed across it.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and therefore will travel a shorter distance. As a result the molecules are separated by size.
Gel electrophoresis and DNA
Electrophoresis enables you to distinguish DNA fragments of different lengths.
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode.
Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands resulting in the fragments being arranged in order of size.
The use of dyes, fluorescent? tags or radioactive? labels enables the DNA on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. They will appear as bands on the gel.
A DNA marker with fragments of known lengths is usually run through the gel at the same time as the samples.
By comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those from the DNA marker, you can work out the approximate length of the DNA fragments in the samples.
How is gel electrophoresis carried out?
Preparing the gel
Agarose gels? are typically used to visualise fragments of DNA. The concentration of agarose used to make the gel depends on the size of the DNA fragments you are working with.
The higher the agarose concentration, the denser the matrix and vice versa. Smaller fragments of DNA are separated on higher concentrations of agarose whilst larger molecules require a lower concentration of agarose.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted.
The molten gel is then poured into a gel casting tray and a “comb” is placed at one end to make wells for the sample to be pipetted into.
Once the gel has cooled and solidified (it will now be opaque rather than clear) the comb is removed.
Many people now use pre-made gels.
The gel is then placed into an electrophoresis tank and electrophoresis buffer is poured into the tank until the surface of the gel is covered. The buffer conducts the electric current. The type of buffer used depends on the approximate size of the DNA fragments in the sample.
Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis
A dye is added to the sample of DNA prior to electrophoresis to increase the viscosity of the sample which will prevent it from floating out of the wells and so that the migration of the sample through the gel can be seen.
A DNA marker (also known as a size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so can be used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct (we want the DNA to migrate across the gel to the positive end).
Separating the fragments
The electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side of the gel.
Shorter lengths of DNA move faster than longer lengths so move further in the time the current is run.
The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye.
The electrical current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the end of the gel.
Illustration of DNA electrophoresis equipment used to separate DNA fragments by size. A gel sits within a tank of buffer. The DNA samples are placed in wells at one end of the gel and an electrical current passed across the gel. The negatively-charged DNA moves towards the postive electrode. Image credit: Genome Research Limited
tank.
what is the general purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis
Answer:
The overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to convert light energy into chemical energy. This chemical energy will be used by the Calvin cycle to fuel the assembly of sugar molecules.
Explanation:
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A place where animals and plants are protected is called
A) an ecosystem
B) a refuge
C) a sanctuary
D) both B and C
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A student is researching the inheritance patterns of different traits in chickens. She hypothesizes that red feathers are dominant over black, and the trait for crests are dominant over non-crested. She performs a test cross to confirm her hypothesis. To produce the F1 generation, she crosses two parents-- a chicken that is homologous for traits showing red and crested and a chicken that is homologous for traits showing black and non-crested. Which ratio best represents the phenotype of the F2 generation
9:3:3:1
1:1:1:1
2:2:1:1
16:0
Answer:
9:3:3:1
Explanation:
In this inheritance pattern, the ratio that best represents the phenotype of the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is a Phenotype?A phenotype may be defined as the mechanism of expressing genotypes in the form of traits. In more simple words, it is also characterized as the morphology or physiology which comes due to the combination of alleles.
If a trait of red feathers is denoted by R and the trait of black feathers is denoted by r, then R > r. Similarly, a trait of crests is denoted by C and the trait of non-crested is denoted by c, then, C > c.
Now, RRCC is crossed with rrcc, the F1 offspring have the genotype RrCc with the phenotype of red feathers with crests. Now, RrCc is selfed, it produces the ratio of 9:3:3:1. This is an example of a dihybrid cross.
Therefore, in this inheritance pattern, the ratio that best represents the phenotype of the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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which of these organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
Answer:
Where is the picture??
Explanation:
how do you use fossils to see change
Fossils help show use how the earth looked like millions of years ago, Plant fossils show use what the wild life would have ate and the nutrients they had. it also helps show the bone structure of animals helping us create an actually picture of the past.
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How do you know that flowers have undergone fertilizer even before they turn into fruits?
Answer:
we can know for eg an apple when u buy it and scrape the skin of the apple if you wind some waxy substance from it we can say this has been done to increase the shine so customers think this is a good apple and please do was fruit and vegetables after buying them throughly.
The nuclear equation shows the transmutation of a form of radon into polonium and an alpha particle. In one tho two sentences, explain whether or not the reaction is balanced.
The equation is balanced because the mass and charge are equal on both sides of the reaction equation.
In a nuclear reaction, one nucleus is transformed into another. In this case of the equation shown, the radon nucleus is being transformed into a polonium nucleus with the emission of an alpha particle.
The equation is balanced because a total mass of 219 is found on both sides of the reaction equation and a total charge of 86. Recall that an alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus with a mass of four units and a charge of two units.
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An scientist observes a population of cheetahs on the plains in southern Africa and noticed that cheetahs have very little genetic variation. The scientists claims that the cheetahs are susceptible to extinction as a result of climate change. What is the name of the effect the scientist observed and why is it a concern ?(1 point)
Disaster effect, because the cheetahs have mutated to produce ineffective proteins
Frameshift mutation, because it only produces ineffective proteins.
Substitution mutation, because the these mutations cannot be passed to offspring
Bottleneck effect, because it means most cheetahs could succumb to the same environmental stresses
Answer:
Bottleneck effect, because it means most cheetahs could succumb to the same environmental stresses
Bottleneck effect, because it means most cheetahs could succumb to the same environmental stresses.
There is a decline in the population size in because bottleneck effect limit the genetic diversity of the species as only a small part of original population is there.What is bottleneck effect?The bottleneck effect refers to the way in which a reduction and subsequent increase in population's size affects the distribution of genetic variation among its individual.
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explain how the internal parts of a leaf are adapted for photosynthesis
Explanation:
Leaves have a large surface area so more light hits them. The upper epidermis of the leaf is transparent, allowing light to enter the leaf. The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts which allow light to be converted into energy by the leaf.
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Answer:
it's in the book hehe 11111111111111
3. Which of the following statements best explains the purpose of Mitosis?
A. Mitosis is a cellular process that creates a copy of the cell's DNA.
B. Mitosis is a cellular process that creates new organelles inside of the cell.com
C. Mitosis is a process of cell division which creates two genetically identical daughter cells.
D. Mitosis is a cellular process that doubles the amount of chromosomes in a cell.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
During mitosis, a eukaryotic cell undergoes a carefully coordinated nuclear division that results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
how do you propagate trees
Answer:
The simplest method of propagating a tree vegetatively is rooting or taking cuttings. A cutting (usually a piece of stem of the parent plant) is cut off and stuck into soil.
Remove any flowers or fruit on the cutting. Trim the stem to just below where the bottom most leaf meets the stem. On each of the leaves on the stem, cut off half of the leaf. Put the end to be rooted.
If annual rainfall decreases and causes ponds in this habitat to become shallower, after many generations, how might the traits of these water lilies change?.
The water lilies might adjust to requiring less water overall, even for drinking.
What is adaptation?According to the idea of evolution, adaptation is the biological mechanism that allows organisms to adjust to new settings or to changes in the environment in which they are already living.
It is absolutely necessary for living things to be able to adapt in order to stay alive. Animals who are unable to adjust to the shifting conditions of their habitat ultimately perish. These alterations are the product of shifts in genetic make-up. The mutant genes are passed down from the animals that make it through the ordeal to the next generation.
Therefore, the water lilies might adjust to requiring less water overall, even for drinking.
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Can you help me (only used these terms)
Molecule
Subscript
Element
Solid
Compound
Liquid
Pure substance
Mixture
Vapor (gas)
Answer:
Subscript- tells how many of each atom there are in a chemical formula
element- a substance containing only one type of atom
solid- a state of matter where particles vibrate and are not free to move
compound- two or more atoms chemically bonded together
liquid- a state of matter in which particles slip past each other
pure substance- all of the smallest individual pieces are the same
mixture- different types of atoms or molecules that are physically mixed together
vapor- a state of matter in which molecules are far apart
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what factors determine if a species is fit to survive?
Answer: variation, reproduction, and heritability.
Explanation: Genetic variation is an important force in evolution as it allows natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population. Genetic variation is advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population.
All species must reproduce to survive. Organisms cannot live forever, so they must reproduce to allow their species to continue to live on. Reproduction is nature's way of allowing a species to survive.
Higher heritability means the trait evolves faster; fewer generations are required for the trait to increase to the same degree as a trait with lower heritability. For this reason, genetic correlation and heritability show how a trait might change from one generation to the next and into the future.
Identify the organelles in the cell to the right.
А
חד
F
В.
А
B
С
с
C
D
E
F
E
DONE
D
plant cell
Answer:
A- Vacuole
B- Chloroplast
C- Cell membrane
D- Golgi bodies
E- Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
F- Cell wall
Explanation:
This is a structure of a plant cell which unlike animal cell has a cell wall as well as plasma membrane. It also contains large vacuoles present in the center of the cell. The green color of the plants is due to the presence of chlorophyll which is present in an organelles called chloroplast.
Organelles which are labelled in the cell are
A:Cell membrane
B:Vacuole
C:Nucleus
D:Cytoplasm
E:Chloroplast
F:Cell wall
The given figure represents a plant cell. So, the correct option is C.
What is Plant cell?Plant cells are defined as eukaryotic cells that contain a true nucleus as well as specialized structures known as organelles that perform certain specialized functions. Plant and animal cells both contain a nucleus with similar organelles but plant cells differ due to the presence of a cell wall outside the cell membrane.
In the given figure, labelled organelles function are as follows:
Vacuole stores food, extra water, and waste while cell membrane permits selective passage of things into and out of the cell. The cell's nucleus serves as the activity's control centre, while the cytoplasm is the fluid that gives the cell its jelly-like consistency. Chloroplasts contain a substance called chlorophyll that is a green pigment that aids in photosynthesis. The cell wall of a plant gives it form, stiffness, strength, and protection.
Thus, the given figure represents a plant cell. So, the correct option is C.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
Identify the organelles in the cell to the right and label the parts A, B, C, D, E and F.
A.
A:Cell membrane
B:Vacuole
C:Nucleus
D:Chloroplast
E:Cytoplasm
F:Cell wall
B
A:Cell membrane
B:Vacuole
C:Nucleus
D:Cytoplasm
E:Chloroplast
F:Cell wall
C
A:Cell membrane
B:Nucleus
C:Cytoplasm
D:Vacuole
E:Chloroplast
F:Cell wall
D
A:Cell wall
B:Cell membrane
C:Nucleus
D:Cytoplasm
E:Chloroplast
F:Vacuole
How does humus help in plant growth?
Explanation:
Humus gives the soil the ability to absorb and retain moisture. Such soils do not dry out and require significantly less irrigation. Humus provides a reservoir for the plant nutrients available in the soil for balanced plant growth.
Answer:
Humus gives the soil the ability to absorb and retain moisture. Such soils do not dry out and require significantly less irrigation. Humus provides a reservoir for the plant nutrients available in the soil for balanced plant growth.
Processes that add carbon to the atmosphere are called what
Answer:
Combustion
Explanation:
What features distinguish annelids from roundworms?
Answer:
Annelids have a well developed mesoderm while round worms lack a mesoderm.
Annelids are segmented worms whereas round worms are not segmented.
Annelids have a true coelom while round worms have a pseudo coelom.
plant and animal mitosis are very similar except for cytokinesis. explain how this process is different.
Answer:
Cell division or cytokinesis in mitosis or meiosis is very similar... There is a region of division to separate the two daughter cells in both processes; however, the division plate is slightly different between animal cells and plant cells. In animals, the region of division is a division plate. hope this helps! :)
What are the two types of reactions enzymes facilitate?
Why is it important that mitosis occurs like this
Answer: The cell divides upon these processes during a process known as mitosis. In mitosis, two daughter cells are formed. It is important that each of the daughter cells contain genetic information that is identical to that of the mother cell, as well as that there be no mutations. Mitosis is Important for three main things:
> Growth
> Repair
> Reproduction
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To be honest i didn't get your question but i gave the basic info for Mitosis
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Explanation:
how are humans responsible for environmental pollution
Answer:
Humans are responsible for the environmental pollution in many ways . Some of the points are as follows :
1 ) People throw the wastes wherever they like instead of using dustbins .
2 ) The various types of gases from the industries which harms the nature .
3 ) Cutting off the trees . ( people can cut but also must plant a new one )
4 ) Farmers using different chemical substances in high amount in the crops .
5 ) Burning plastics , tires etc .
This was my way to answer the question , if you need then you can write in paragraph .
let me know if its incorrect . :-)
How many minutes are there in a 40-hour week?
A:2,000
B:2,400
C:1,400
D:1,200
There will be 2,400 minutes in a week of 40 hours. This can be calculated by the help of unit conversion of time. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is Unit conversion?
Unit conversion is the change of one form of unit to another form of unit of different system such as conversion of units of measurement of weight from gram to kilogram or milligram.
Unit conversion of one unit to another unit is used in order to have accuracy and avoiding the confusion in measurements. For example, the length of pencil is not measured in kilometers rather it is measured in centimeters or inches, which are comparatively smaller than kilometers. In such a case, one has to convert the unit of length from kilometer (km) to centimeter (cm).
The week of 40 hours can be converted into minutes by:
Number of minutes in 1 hour = 60
Therefore, the number of minutes in 40 hours = 60 × 40 = 2,400 minutes
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Please, someone, help me with this asap!
Observe the cut ends of the flatworms using the hand lens or the dissection microscope immediately after cutting.
What do you see?
Are there distinct differences between the two ends?
Observe the cut ends of the flatworms over a period of several days. Do the flatworm halves continue to exhibit the same degree of difference that was seen right after they were cut in two?
What kinds of changes occur in the flatworms as they recover from having been cut in two?
The above question requires a personal answer about your experience with cutting flatworms. I can't tell you what you saw in this cut, but I'll show you what happens when it occurs.
First of all, you must understand that flatworms are worms with a great capacity for cell regeneration even if several pieces have been cut.
In this case, when a flatworm is cut in half, we can see the following events happen:
At the moment of cutting, the two ends of the flatworm body are equally shaped and are straight ends, without deformations.The ends will not be different if the cut is done accurately, but it may differ slightly.After several days, the ends will present some deformations and will lose the straight shape caused by the blade.Deformations are extremely similar and change similarly.When recovering from the cuts, each side of the flatworm body formed a new flatworm and they are no different, they are the same and they are completely recovered.This is because the cellular regeneration of flatworms is very fast and allows any part of the flatworm's body to create exactly the same beings, as they have the same genetic makeup.
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What are some geological characteristics of glaciers in Glacier National Park?
Answer:
The minimum size criterion for a glacier is 0 .1 km², or about 25 acres. Below this size, the accumulated ice generally does not move and is stagnant. Many years of snow accumulation compacts the bottom layers of snow into ice. Under the huge weight of the snowpack (usually 100ft/30.5m thick or more), the ice becomes viscous and allows the mass to slide downhill. The appearance of crevasses and cracks attest to a glacier’s movement. Glaciers don't "bulldoze" landscape as much as they melt and re-freeze, plucking material from areas of snow deposition and moving it to other areas, like downhill conveyor belts.
Explanation:
Right on ED2021, good luck!
NEED HELP NOW PLEASE
Answer:
"shown on the opposite page"
Explanation:
put that picture too
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1. List three examples of predator-prey relationships you have observed locally:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Answer:
(a) frogs-flies
(b) birds-earthworms
(c) snakes-mouses
Answer: Lion-Zebra, Bear-Salmon And Fox- Rabbit
Meaning: Lion eats zebra bears eats salmon and fox eats rabbits
Explanation: There are literally hundreds of examples of predator-prey relations. A few of them are the lion-zebra, bear-salmon, and fox-rabbit. A plant can also be prey. Bears, for example, feed on berries, a rabbit feeds on lettuce, and a grasshopper feeds on leaves.
How can slime molds be both unicellular and multicellular?
