Which of these have been ruled by the Courts as constitutional and which have been ruled by the Courts as unconstitutional?
Unconstitutional -moment of silence for prayer at a school event
-requiring employers to provide female employees with birth control coverage
-prayer in public schools
Constitutional
-the display of religious symbols, like the Ten Commandments, on public grounds

A battery occurs when someone intentionally causes hurt or offence to another person without authorization from that person or a valid legal reason.

What is a battery?

The intentional physical contact of one person by another without that person's consent constitutes battery, a crime. Direct or indirect harm may be caused, such as when someone is pushed into another person or something is thrown at them.

What does the word "battery" mean?

The Latin word battere, which means "to strike," is where the word battery comes from. It happens when someone purposefully makes an insulting, harmful, or hurtful physical contact with another person without that person's consent. Battery can involve anything from a small touch—like a gentle push—to a serious assault—like beating someone with a weapon.

Intentionally harming or offensively touching someone else without their permission or legal basis constitutes battery. In addition to being unpleasant, it also includes touching that is damaging or violates the person. The bulk of battery offences are prosecuted as misdemeanours. However, more serious battery offences that cause substantial harm or involve deadly weapons may be prosecuted as felonies.

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The detective most likely needs assistance from a forensic geologist because they specialize in studying and analyzing geological materials and processes that may be relevant to a crime scene.

Forensic geologists can help identify and analyze evidence such as soil, rocks, minerals, and other natural materials found at the scene of a crime. They can also help determine the origin and age of these materials, which can be useful in determining the timeline and location of events related to the crime. Additionally, a forensic geologist can provide valuable insight into natural disasters and other geological events that may have contributed to the crime or affected the evidence.

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Answer:

What does the US constitution give the president the exclusive power to do?

A: impeach members of congress

B: declare war

C: rule a law unconstitutional

D: sign bills into law

Explanation:

D: sign bills into law.

The policies passed in response to the Great Depression contributed to a change in Government should be noninterventionist during economic downturns. (C)

Before the Great Depression, the government had adopted a noninterventionist stance, meaning that the government was not taking an active role in managing the economy.

However, during the Great Depression, the government began to introduce more and more policies to try and regulate the economy, such as introducing new tax policies, regulating the stock market, and increasing spending to create jobs.

This led to the idea of government intervention during economic downturns becoming more accepted.

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The event that dramatically increased bureaucratic growth in both agencies and personnel in the U.S. was the New Deal of 1933, which was the name given to a series of economic and social reforms created by President Franklin Roosevelt.

The New Deal included laws and reforms that sought to help those affected by the Great Depression and strengthen the economy. It created a number of new governmental programs, including the Social Security Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The New Deal also increased the size and role of the federal government, with its many new agencies, and expanded the power of the President. It provided jobs for millions of Americans and new regulations for businesses.

The New Deal also increased taxes and strengthened labor unions, allowing for workers to have greater job security.

Overall, the New Deal was responsible for significantly expanding the size and scope of the federal government and its bureaucracy.

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Parts I and II of Chapter 464 of the 2019 Florida Statutes apply to mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, and psychotherapists.

Part I of this chapter outlines the standards for licensure and provides definitions for these professionals. It also establishes the Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage & Family Therapy and Mental Health Counseling, and specifies the purpose of the board and its powers and duties. Part II of this chapter covers topics such as examinations, fees, and renewals for licenses, continuing education requirements, and other topics related to the practice of mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, and psychotherapy. It also outlines the disciplinary actions and penalties for failing to comply with any provisions of Chapter 464.

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Consideration refers to the bargained-for legal value that one party agrees to pay or provide to secure the promise of another. The correct answers is option a.

Consideration is a necessary element of a contract. It is the value given in return for the promise or performance of another. In simpler terms, consideration is the "price" that is paid for the promise of the other party. Consideration must have legal value and be bargained for. In the absence of consideration, the contract would be considered a gift. A contract is not enforceable without consideration. Consideration can take various forms, including money, goods, services, or a promise to do something. In short, it is the mutual exchange of something of value that distinguishes a contract from a gift.

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Answer:

In the Dato' Menteri Othman bin Baginda & Anor v Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim case, which is commonly referred to as the "Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim Sodomy II" case, there were three elements of possession that were established by the Malaysian courts. These elements are:

Actual possession: This refers to physical control over an object or thing. In the case of Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim, he was found to have had actual possession of the semen-stained mattress on which the alleged sodomy occurred.

Exclusive possession: This means that the person in possession has the right to exclude others from using or accessing the object. In this case, the court found that Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim had exclusive possession of the mattress, as no one else had used or accessed it since the alleged incident.

Intention to possess: This element refers to the mental state of the person in possession, in that they must have the intention to possess the object. In this case, the court found that Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim had the intention to possess the mattress, as he had kept it in his possession for several years and had not disposed of it.

The auditor may do any of the following, EXCEPT revise the date of the audit report to reflect the necessity of additional audit procedures (option D).

An auditor is a qualified professional who reviews and validates the financial records and accounting statements of businesses or organizations to ensure that they comply with accounting principles and regulations. Auditors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of an entity's financial reports, which may include annual financial statements, tax returns, and other financial documents. They have the expertise and knowledge to evaluate and certify the reliability of an entity's financial records and disclosures, as well as to detect errors, omissions, or fraudulent activities.

Auditors play a crucial role in ensuring that businesses and organizations operate in a transparent and ethical manner and that the public can trust the financial information they provide.

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The purpose of joint operations is to defend national interests, not only in conflict but through preventative measures to deter and defeat aggression that could threaten the vital interests of the U.S. or its partners. Therefore, the correct answer is the second option.

Joint operations are military operations in which two or more armed services from a single country participate. The aim of joint operations is to accomplish a specific objective while using the strengths and advantages of each service in a synergistic way. Joint operations usually include the planning and execution of strategies and tactics, as well as the management of resources across military departments to achieve a common objective.

The primary goal of joint operations is to defend national interests, not only in conflict but also through preventative measures to deter potential adversaries who could threaten the vital interests of the U.S. or its partners.

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Explanation:

Candidates who are behind in election polls often use as a way to gain momentum from GOVT 2305 at Houston Community College.

Political parties and leaders have incentives to compete in regular elections.  Political parties are aware that their popularity and chances of winning the upcoming elections will rise if they address issues that the public wants to be addressed.

The media, the role of emotions, political socialization, tolerance of diversity in political viewpoints, and other factors are also important public influences.

The core of a political campaign is persuading voters. Since the founding of our nation, advertisements, theme songs, stump speeches, and even negative campaigning have existed. Since then, every technological advancement has created new ways for candidates to influence voters.

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Answer:

The average annual growth rate in the United States from the 1950s to 2019 is closest to 2%.

The average annual growth rate in the United States from the 1950s to 2019 can be calculated by taking the average of the annual GDP growth rates over this period. According to the World Bank, the United States' average annual GDP growth rate from 1950 to 2019 was approximately 2.6%. Therefore, option A) 2% is the closest to the average annual growth rate during this period.

It is important to note that the United States' GDP growth rate has fluctuated over time due to various economic factors, such as recessions, booms, and changes in economic policies. For instance, the United States experienced a period of high economic growth during the 1960s, with an average annual GDP growth rate of around 4.4%. In contrast, the country experienced a recession in the early 1980s, which led to an average annual GDP growth rate of only 1.8% during that decade.

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Correct question:

Which of the following options is closest to the average annual growth rates in the United States from the 1950s to 2019?

A. 1%

B. 2%

C. 3%

D. 4%

The Federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 mandated that the same 10-year penalty be imposed for the possession of 50 grams of crack cocaine as for the possession of 5,000 grams of powder cocaine.

This Act was passed with the intention of targeting the sale and possession of crack cocaine, which was more accessible and affordable in inner-city communities.

The Act failed to consider the racial implications of the disparity between the sentences, as the African-American population was disproportionately impacted by the harsh penalties.

This discrepancy was addressed in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, which reduced the disparity in sentencing.

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Answer:

The case of Dato ArRahman involves a dispute over a property at the Platinum Park, Kuala Lumpur. One of the key pieces of evidence in the case is related to the exclusive use of room No. 1109 by Hooman Khanloo, the appellant in the case.

According to the evidence presented in the case, Hooman Khanloo had exclusive use of room No. 1109 for a period of time. The evidence shows that the appellant was the only person who had access to the room and had the authority to use it. The evidence also shows that Hooman Khanloo had been living in the room for some time and had made significant changes to the room to make it his own.

In addition to this, the evidence shows that Hooman Khanloo had been paying the rent for the room and had been using it for his personal and business purposes. The appellant had also made significant investments in the room, such as purchasing and installing furniture and equipment.

The evidence presented in the case also includes witness testimony that supports the claim of Hooman Khanloo's exclusive use of the room. Witnesses who had interacted with Hooman Khanloo in the past testified that they had seen him using the room for various purposes, including business meetings and personal use.

Overall, the evidence presented in the case suggests that Hooman Khanloo had exclusive use of room No. 1109 for a significant period of time and had made significant investments in the room. This evidence is important because it helps establish the appellant's claim to the property and supports his argument that he had a right to continue using the room.

The criminal justice system can exacerbate problems faced by minorities when it "does not account for the overrepresentation of minorities in jail". Thus, Option D is correct.

Minorities, particularly Black and Latinx individuals, are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. When the system fails to account for this overrepresentation, it perpetuates systemic inequalities and further disadvantages these groups. For example, sentencing guidelines that do not consider the systemic biases that lead to overrepresentation can result in harsher sentences for minorities.

Additionally, policies such as felon disenfranchisement, which prevent those with criminal records from voting, further disenfranchise minority communities who are already underrepresented in the political process. It is important for the criminal justice system to acknowledge and address these issues to promote a fair and just society.

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Assuming that print today's data is a function with no parameters, the statement that calls this function is: print_todays_date()

In programming, a function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are often used to break down a program into smaller, more manageable pieces of code that can be reused throughout the program.

When you define a function, you give it a name and a set of parameters (if any) that it takes as input. In the case of the "print today's date" function, it doesn't take any parameters, so you can simply write the name of the function followed by a set of empty parentheses, like this: print_todays_date().

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The act, belief, or characteristic which violates group norms and typically results in censure or punishment is deviance. Option A is the correct answer.

Deviance is the act of deviating from the norms of society, and it is one of the key topics in sociology. A deviant act is one that is in violation of the norms or values of a specific group or society. Deviant behavior is judged to be unacceptable by the majority of society's members, and it is typically accompanied by censure or punishment. It is often referred to as a socially constructed category because it varies depending on the time and place.

Deviance is a broad concept that includes a variety of behaviors. Some examples of deviant behavior include murder, drug addiction, theft, and alcoholism. However, other behaviors, such as homosexuality or cross-dressing, can also be considered deviant depending on the norms and values of the society in which they occur.

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The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act imposes additional requirements on public companies reporting to the SEC and their auditors when the illegal act has a material effect on the financial statements.  (B)

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act is a piece of legislation that was signed into law in 1995. It's a United States law that was enacted to reduce the number of frivolous securities lawsuits filed against public companies, according to the Library of Congress.

The act imposes a number of additional requirements on public companies reporting to the SEC and their auditors when the illegal act has a material effect on the financial statements. (B)

This is the main answer in 40 words.In other words, if the illegal act has a material effect on the financial statements, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act imposes additional requirements on public companies reporting to the SEC and their auditors.

If the illegal act does not have a material effect on the financial statements, no additional requirements are imposed on public companies reporting to the SEC and their auditors.

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When deciding whether and when to interview close associates of the suspect(s), the investigation should consider the relevance of the information the associate can provide, the possible motivations and biases of the associate, and the potential of the associate to be a source of new information. The concern of whether the associate is a friend or not should not be taken into account when making this decision.

When deciding whether and when to interview close associates of the suspect(s), not being in a position to show the suspects their statements is not a concern for the investigation.  An interview is a method of collecting information from people in which an interviewer asks questions in a pre-defined sequence. Interviews are a valuable approach of information gathering that may aid the investigation.

They may be used to learn about an incident, such as who was present, who saw what, who did what, who said what to whom, and what happened next, and to collect statements from victims, witnesses, and suspects. When deciding whether and when to interview close associates of the suspect(s), Investigators should be careful to obtain and verify as much information as possible about persons of interest before conducting an interview.

Investigators must assess the potential for contamination of statements and limit contact with people of interest as much as feasible to avoid undermining the investigation's integrity. Investigators must keep track of their interactions with people of interest in order to maintain an accurate record of events.

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Residents are more likely to think it is proper to contact the police in areas where minority-dominated or predominate. True.

The percentage of whites (12%) and blacks (11%) who had police-initiated interaction did not differ statistically significantly. Whites (12%) were more likely than Latinos (10%) to be approached by the police. Accepting bribes from people who trade in the vices of gambling, prostitution, illegal drinking, and illicit drug usage is the most prevalent kind of police corruption.

The primary responsibility of law enforcement personnel is to assist and safeguard the public. Most law enforcement agencies are successful in doing this. Law enforcement officials, however, are seen negatively by many individuals. Citizens should know more about law enforcement and the reasons behind the measures that cops take under particular conditions.

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The delegates focused on the right to vote because it was one of the essential aspects of establishing a representative government.

By conferring the power to vote on the people, they could select individuals who would represent their interests in the government. The right to vote allowed citizens to participate in the government, providing them with a sense of ownership in the government's decisions. It gave the people the power to elect representatives who would stand up for their interests and prevent the government from becoming too authoritarian, as the representatives would be accountable to the people who had elected them.

Apart from this, delegates also focused on the right to vote because they believed that all people, regardless of their social status, should have a say in how the government was run. In other words, the right to vote was a way of promoting equality in society. It gave a voice to the poor, the marginalized, and the disenfranchised and ensured that their interests were not ignored by the government.

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The statement is true. The system described here is known as direct colonialism, which was a common method of colonial government in which the imperialist power maintained complete control over the colony and its inhabitants.

This meant that the imperial power controlled all levels of government, appointed officials to govern the colony, and made all important decisions regarding economic, political, and social affairs.

Direct colonialism was often characterized by a strong military presence and a lack of political and civil rights for the indigenous population. This system was used by various European powers during the colonial period, including Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, and had a profound impact on the development and structure of many modern nations.

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The initial responsibility of the first responding officer after determining that a crime was committed is to ensure the safety of the victim(s) and any witnesses.

The officer must secure the crime scene to prevent any contamination or destruction of evidence.

The first responder must assess the situation and determine the extent of any injuries or damage. If medical attention is required, the officer should immediately request medical assistance. If the offender is still on the scene or in the area, the officer should quickly apprehend the suspect and ensure that they are separated from the victim(s) and witnesses.

The first responding officer should also begin to gather information from witnesses and potential suspects. This may involve conducting interviews, collecting physical evidence, and taking photographs or videos of the crime scene. It is important for the officer to document as much information as possible to aid in the investigation of the crime.

The officer should also notify their supervisor and any necessary departments, such as detectives or forensics teams, to further investigate the crime. The officer may need to request additional resources, such as backup or a K-9 unit, depending on the severity of the crime and the situation.

In summary, the initial responsibility of the first responding officer after determining that a crime was committed is to ensure the safety of the victim(s) and witnesses, secure the crime scene, gather information and evidence, and notify necessary departments and resources to further investigate the crime.

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Sketch perspectives are an essential part of crime scene investigation, as they provide a visual representation of the scene and help investigators to accurately document and interpret the evidence collected. There are different options for sketch perspectives, including hand-drawn sketches, computer-generated sketches, and 3D modeling.

Investigation refers to the process of gathering information or evidence to establish facts and solve problems. It involves systematic and thorough inquiry or examination of a particular issue or event.

Forensic labs play an important role in crime scene investigation as they analyze and interpret the evidence collected by investigators. Forensic lab technicians use specialized equipment and techniques to analyze physical evidence, such as fingerprints, DNA, and ballistics, to identify suspects and provide evidence for criminal cases.

They work closely with investigators to provide accurate and timely results, which can help to solve crimes and bring perpetrators to justice. The forensic lab is a crucial component of the criminal justice system and plays an essential role in the investigation and prosecution of crimes.

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