Environment: Polluted Forest Moths Released G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 Typica 125 88 83 76 29 Carbonaria 510 735 885 1042 1406 Total 635 823 968 1118 1435 Phenotype Frequency Color Initial Frequency Frequency G5 Typica Light 9 Carbonaria Dark Allele Frequency Allele Initial Allele Frequency G5 Allele Frequency q d p D Genotype Frequency Moths Genotype Color Moths Released Initial Frequency Frequency G5 Number of Moths G5 q2 Typica dd Light 2pq Carbonaria Dd Dark p2 Carbonaria DD Dark
The recessive allele frequency decreased (q = 0.14) and the dominant one increased (p = 0.86). Genotypic frequencies followed this tendency too (q² =0.02, 2pq = 0.24 and p² = 0.74). The Carbonaria phenotype increased to 0.98, while Typica showed a frequency of 0.02.
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Available data:
Some moths were released in the forest (N=1000). 250 were white, and 750 were black.
The color is defined by a single diallelic gene. The dominant allele -D- codes for black color (carbonaria), while the recessive allele -d- codes for white (Typica).
These individuals produced five new generations since they were released, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5.
Moths realesed G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Typica 250 125 88 83 76 29
Carbonaria 750 510 735 885 1042 1406
Total 1000 635 823 968 1118 1435
Phenotype frequencies
Color Initial Frequency G5 Frequency
Typica white 0.25
Carbonaria Black 0.75
Allele Frequencies
Allele Initial Allele Frequency G5 Allele Frequency
q d 0.5
p D 0.5
Genotype Frequency
Moths Genotype Color Released Initi.Freq. G5 Freq. Nº F5 moths
q² Typica dd White 250 0.25
2pq Carbon. Dd Black 500 0.50
p² Carbon. DD Black 250 0.25
This information is guiding you to know how to calculate frequencies and total numbers. Information about released individuals is an example of how you need to proceed.
Firts, we will assume that this population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. So let us review some theoretical framework.
The allelic frequencies in a locus ⇒ p and q ⇒ dominant and
recessive alleles.
The genotypic frequencies after one generation are p² (H0m0zyg0us dominant), 2pq (Heterozyg0us), q² (H0m0zyg0us recessive).
If a populations is in H-W equilibrium, it will get the same allelic frequencies generation after generation.
The sum of allelic frequencies equals 1 ⇒ p + q = 1. The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1 ⇒ p² + 2pq + q² = 1Now let us analyze the problem.
We need to get information on G5 generation. We will do it step by step.
1) Phenotype frequencies
To get the Phenotype frequencies, we just need to divide the number of individuals with each phenotype by the total number of individuals in this generation. So,
Total number of individuals in G5 → 1435 White = Typica = 29 individuals Black = Carbonaria = 1406 individuals
⇒ F(Typica) = 29 / 1435 = 0.02
⇒ F(Carbonaria) = 1406 / 1435 = 0.979 ≅ 0.98
2) Allelic Frequencies
We can use the phenotypic frequencies to get the allelic frequencies.
Remember that carbonaria (black) moths include h0m0zyg0us dominant (DD) and heter0zyg0us (Dd) individuals. So we can not get the allelic frequencies from this data.
We can only use the allelic frequency of Typica (White) individuals. Typica phenotypic frequency only includes h0m0zyg0us recessive individuals, dd.
We know that,
H0m0zyg0us recessive genotype → dd
Genotypic frequency → F(dd) → Represented as q²
F(Typica) = F(dd) = q² = 0.02
Recessive allele → d
Recessive allelic frequency → f(d) → Represented as q
f(d) = q = ??
q² = 0.02
q = √ 0.02
q = 0.1414 ≅ 0.14
0.14 is the recessive allelic frequency. Now we should calculate the dominant allelic frequency. To do this, we will clear the following formula,
p + q = 1
p + 0.14 = 1
p = 1 - 0.14
p = 0.86
So, now we also know that
⇒ f(D) = p = 0.86
⇒ f(d) = q = 0.14
3) Genotypic Frequencies
Now, we need to get the genotypic frequencies, F(xx)
⇒ F(DD) = p² = 0.86² = 0.7396 ≅ 0.74
⇒ F(Dd) = 2pq = 2 x 0.86 x 0.14 = 0.24
⇒ F(dd) = q² = 0.14² = 0.0196 ≅ 0.02
4) Number of individuals
Finally, we need to tell the number of individuals with each genotype. We just need to multiply each frequency by the total number of individuals in G5.
F(DD) = p² = 0.74
F(Dd) = 2pq = 0.24
F(dd) = q² = 0.02
Total number of individuals = 1435
⇒ DD Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.74 x 1435 = 1,061.9 ≅ 1062
⇒ Dd Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.24 x 1435 = 344.4 ≅ 344
⇒ dd White -Typica- individuals → 0.02 x 1435 = 28.7 ≅ 29
From this results, we can conclude that the moths population is not in H-W equilibrium, because their allelic and genotypic frequencies changed through generations.
It seems that Natural selection is favoring the dominant phenotype by increasing the frequency of the dominant allele over the recessive one. Probably directional selection is acting on this population.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE during depolarization?
Answer:
a is correct
Explanation:
Does sugar free red bull have energy for cellular respiration and if so what kind?
Answer: yes my man
Explanation:
Answer:
Red Bull Zero and Red Bull Sugarfree contain the same main ingredients – caffeine, taurine and some B-group vitamins. Both are made without sugar, instead using different low calorie sweeteners.
Explanation:
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Following the fusion of an egg cell and sperm cell, the resulting diploid cell divides by mitosis to create two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains pairs of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent.
Which of the following best describes the pairs of chromosomes that are present in each newly formed daughter cell?
Choose 1 answer:
A) The pairs are homologous chromosomes that have the same set of genes, but likely different variations of those genes.
B) The pairs are non-homologous chromosomes that contain different sets of genes.
C) The pairs are homologous chromosomes that have identical copies of every gene.
Answer: A
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The pairs are homologous chromosomes that have the same set of genes, but likely different variations of those genes. The correct option is A.
What are homologous chromosomes?Among a pair of chromosomes with the very same gene sequence, loci, chromosomal size, and centromere location is referred to as a homologous chromosome.
One paternal and one maternal chromosome make up a homologous pair. In humans, the nucleus of a somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids because they are not identical and do not emanates from the same organism.
Sister chromatids are identical, side-by-side duplicates of each other that form as a result of DNA replication.
Homologous chromosomes do not pair together during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes line up end-to-end in mitosis so that when the cells divide, each daughter cell receives a sister chromatid from both members of the homologous pair.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Human cells have _____ sets of DNA in each cell.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 1
D) 8
Answer:
See answer below.
Answer is verified.
Explanation:
Human cells have two sets of DNA in each cell.
And a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.
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Human cells have two sets of DNA in each cell. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is DNA?DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is considered the genetic material of most organisms. It consists of base pairs like adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Human cells have two sets of DNA in each cell, one came from the paternal side while the other came from the maternal side.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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which organelle could be used to distinguish between a plant cell and an animal cell?
Answer:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
What is the role of knowing the Earth's history to mankind?
Answer:
Earth history enables us to understand those changes which no human being has ever seen (or if they have, they didn't record it) and to relate them to modern changes. Such events include: The rise and extinction of the dinosaurs. The formation of the Grand Canyon.
Explanation:
Answer:
Earth history enables us to understand those changes which no human being has ever seen (or if they have, they didn't record it) and to relate them to modern changes. Such events include: The rise and extinction of the dinosaurs. The formation of the Grand Canyon.
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Answer:
c. Glenohumeral joint
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the transport a very large molecules such as proteins
Answer:
Very large molecules such as proteins are too big to move through the cell membrane which is said to be impermeable to them. The type of transport proteins present in a cell membrane determines which substances the membrane is permeable to. CO2 molecules pass directly through phospholipids. Glucose molecules travel through the proteins.
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Answer:
The answer is C, from hydrosphere to atmosphere
Answer:
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Explanation:
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Answer:
b. marijuana is correct
Explanation:
Articulations are classified by their function or structure. Which of the following is an example of functional classification?
Answer:
d. Synarthrotic joints
Explanation: is correct for the choices offered.
Which weather conditions will most likely cause heavy rain and cooler temperatures? (A. Cold front) (B. Seabreeze) (c. warm front) (D. Land breeze)
Answer:
a. cold front
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How can using a dam as a source of freshwater also harm wildlife?
A. Dams help control floodwaters.
B. Dams provide drinking water.
C. Dams displace existing habitats.
Ο Ο
D. Dams provide water recreation.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
because its the only one that would be hurting wild life.
Using a dam as a source of freshwater can harm wildlife by displacing existing habitats. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
What are the negative impacts of dams?Dams often require the creation of reservoirs, which can submerge large areas of land and alter the natural flow of rivers and streams. This can lead to the loss of important habitats for fish, mammals, and other wildlife that rely on rivers and streams for food, shelter, and reproduction.
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How does a virus and viroid differ from each other?
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Which of the following is true about cells?
A. A cell’s components are all identical and perform the same function.
B. Cells have specialized components that all perform the same functions.
C. A cell has a single component that performs all of the cell’s different, specific functions.
D. Cells have specialized components that perform different, specific functions.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
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Explanation:
Nestedness is another computational approach that provides a description of groups of webs..
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Answer:
Heterogeneous Distribution, ModularityHeterogeneity in statistics means that your populations, samples or results are different. It is the opposite of homogeneity, which means that the population/data/results are the same. ... For example, if everyone in your group varied between 4'3″ and 7'6″ tall, they would be heterogeneous for height.Explanation:
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Answer:
conditioning, in physiology, a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired response.
Explanation:
The movement of tectonic plates in two locations is described below:
Location A: Tectonic plates collide and one plate moves over the other while the other plate is pushed deep into the mantle
Location B: Tectonic plates slide past each other
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Which statement is most likely correct?
Volcanic eruptions may occur in both locations.
There is no chance of earthquakes in the two locations.
Mountains may form in Location B but not in Location A.
Subduction happens in Location A but not in Location B.
Explanation:
volcanic eruption may occur in both location
Answer: D
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FALSE is correct
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Which layer in the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle, allowing it to dilate or constrict?
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What of the following best explains the pace and timing of evolutionary change?
A: Evolutionary change quickly and constantly occurs throughout time.
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What of the following best explains the pace and timing of evolutionary change The pace of evolutionary change has slowed down over time, and it only rarely occurs now.
Answer:
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One of the following statements is correct about glycolysis:
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D.Only animals can carry on glycolysis.
Answer:
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Answer:
A net gain of only 2 ATP
Explanation:
In wolves, gray coat color (G) is dominant to black (g) and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). The genes that control these traits are located on different chromosomes. The alpha male of the pack has the dominant phenotype for both traits and is heterozygous for both traits. The alpha female has brown eyes and a black coat; she is heterozygous for eye color. Which option represents gametes that would be made by the alpha female
The combination of gametes that will be produced by the Alpha female is Bg, Bg, bg and bg.
According to this question, two genes coding for eye color and coat color in wolves are involved. Gray coat color (G) is dominant to black coat color (g) while brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). The alpha female of the pack is said to have a brown eyes and a black coat (gg) but she is heterozygous for eye color (Bb). This means that she posseses the following genotype: Bbgg. According to Mendel in his law of independent assortment, alleles of a gene will segregate into gametes independently of one another. This means that the alpha female with genotype (Bbgg) will segregate into the following combinations of gametes: Bg, Bg, bg and bg.Learn more about gamete formation at: https://brainly.com/question/11523490?referrer=searchResults
