Why do you think many people felt compelled to follow Malcolm X and support his ideas? What leadership qualities did he possess?

The linguistic diversity represented on the map contributed most directly to the following developments regarding French foreign policy in the 19th century.

France was characterized by a strong sense of national identity and centralized government. The various groups living in the region spoke different languages and had different cultural practices.

Linguistic diversity refers to the variety of languages spoken by people in a specific geographical region. It implies the existence of a range of dialects within a language, as well as the presence of numerous languages in a given region.

Linguistic diversity is the foundation of multilingualism and is a crucial component of social and cultural diversity in the world. In the nineteenth century, the situation in France was such that the country was divided into different regions with distinct cultures and languages.

Brittany, for example, spoke Breton, which was very distinct from French, while Alsace-Lorraine spoke a Germanic dialect that was very different from French, which was the official language of the nation. This linguistic diversity posed a challenge to the French government, which was intent on strengthening national unity and promoting centralization.

The government was aware that linguistic diversity might potentially lead to regionalism and separatism. As a result, they attempted to restrict the use of non-French languages, particularly in public life and education. The linguistic diversity in France was a major factor in the country's foreign policy decisions.

In the 19th century, France pursued a policy of territorial expansion to offset its economic and political weaknesses. French policymakers sought to create an empire that would rival that of Britain. As a result, France expanded its territorial holdings in Africa and Asia, in order to gain new markets for its goods and sources of raw materials.

The linguistic diversity of the people living in these regions presented a challenge to French policymakers, as they had to decide whether to assimilate these populations into French culture or respect their linguistic and cultural diversity.

Ultimately, French policymakers chose to adopt an assimilationist policy, arguing that the French language and culture were superior to those of the colonized peoples.

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The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can primarily be explained in the context of European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power. This was done through advances in naval power and weapons, which allowed European powers to assert their dominance through sea and land. In addition, the Industrial Revolution brought with it new technologies and weaponry which gave European countries the upper hand in global conflicts. These advances in technology and military power allowed European countries to expand their empires by conquering non-European societies and by establishing political, economic, and cultural dominance.

The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies.The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies.What is the joint-stock company?A joint-stock company is a business structure that was created to reduce the risks and costs associated with starting a business in the 16th century. It is similar to a modern-day corporation in that it allows individuals to pool their capital resources to establish a larger, more stable business. This makes the organization more stable because it spreads the risk among multiple investors, increasing the chance that it will be able to meet its financial obligations.When it comes to European states and their expansion, joint-stock companies were used to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies. In the 16th century, European colonial powers used joint-stock companies to gain a foothold in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.The same approach was used by Russia as it expanded its empire in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Peter the Great, in particular, launched numerous companies to attract foreign investors and promote international trade, with the ultimate goal of strengthening Russia's economy and expanding its territorial control. As a result of these policies, the Russian Empire was able to expand its control over Central Asia, Siberia, and the Caucasus.

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The Venetians exported Textiles to the Ottomans. They were usually woven in other cities like Florence which were so valuable because their color remained vibrant. This is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was found mainly in Anatolia, located at Ottoman Empire .

We cannot survive without them because we are traders, as a Venetian envoy put it. The Venetians purchased from the Ottomans completed items like soap, paper, and textiles, while the Ottomans bought from the Venetians wheat, spices, raw silk, cotton, and ash (used to make glass).

Through trade lines that originated in the salt trade, the republic of Venice produced and exchanged premium salt, salted goods, and other goods. The Venetians took over the salt trade from other salt manufacturing centres nearby Venice and established a monopoly in the supply of salt to Italy.

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The correct question is :

The Venetians exported _______________ to the Ottomans. They were usually woven in other cities like ___________ which were so valuable because their color remained vibrant. This is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was found mainly in Anatolia, located at ___________________ .

Answer:

The Arc de Triomphe and the Colosseum are both famous landmarks located in Europe, but they are very different in terms of their purpose and historical context.

The Colosseum is an ancient amphitheater located in Rome, Italy. It was built in the 1st century AD and was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as animal hunts and mock sea battles. The Colosseum was also used for other public events, such as public executions and religious festivals.

On the other hand, the Arc de Triomphe is a triumphal arch located in Paris, France. It was built in the early 19th century to commemorate the victories of the French army, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. The arch is decorated with reliefs and sculptures that depict scenes from French military history.

While the Colosseum and the Arc de Triomphe are both architectural marvels and have historical significance, they are not alike in their purpose or context. However, both structures are iconic landmarks that attract millions of visitors each year and serve as a testament to the rich history and culture of their respective countries.

There is an assumption that African decentralized political civilizations were viewed as unimportant by historians because the Europeans think that Africa started culture after being occupied by Europeans.

The European colonial powers that dominated Africa in the 19th century and 20th centuries managed to view non-centralized political methods as primitive and lacking in culture. They consider this as the view that was used to justify the imposition of colonial rule and the suppression of African cultural and political practices.

The other main thing is that Africa was discovered lately and also after the invasion of Europeans made civilization and trade system was implemented by them which led to the transportation of people.

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The Spanish and the Chickasaw were allies in the early years of the colonization of the Americas.

However, their alliance began to weaken in the mid-18th century as the Spanish became increasingly interested in expanding their territorial claims in the region that is now the southeastern United States.

The Spanish realized that the Chickasaw, who controlled important trade routes and had a strong military presence, posed a threat to their expansionist goals. As a result, the Spanish began to undermine their alliance with the Chickasaw by providing support to their enemies, such as the French and the Choctaw.

In 1736, the Spanish launched a military campaign against the Chickasaw, which ultimately failed. However, the Spanish continued to try to weaken the Chickasaw by providing military and economic support to their enemies.

This strategy eventually led to the destruction of the alliance between the Spanish and the Chickasaw. The Chickasaw, feeling betrayed by their former ally, aligned themselves with the British and fought against the Spanish in several conflicts. The Spanish, in turn, were forced to abandon their expansionist plans in the region

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The following political issues best align with the sentiments expressed in the extract above: rising protests and public hostility.

The specific purpose statement emphasizes the speech's focus, whereas the thesis statement outlines the speech's overall objective.

The thesis statement of an essay and the main concept in a speech are extremely similar. The audience is informed of the aim or purpose of the speech by this precise and in-depth declaration. The specific goal of the speech is represented by a central thought, also referred to as the speech's main theme.

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The suffrage movement used a variety of tactics to gain support, including public speeches, pamphlets, and marches.
In addition, suffragists also used lobbying and civil disobedience to pressure lawmakers into granting voting rights to women. Finally, suffragists held hunger strikes and refused to pay taxes to demonstrate their commitment to the cause.

The suffrage movement used three methods to gain support, which are mentioned below:

1) Mass meetings and rallies Organizing mass meetings and rallies was a popular method used by the suffrage movement to gain support. These events were typically held outdoors in public spaces such as parks and streets, attracting large numbers of people who were interested in the cause. By delivering speeches and other forms of public address, leaders of the suffrage movement were able to persuade many individuals to join their cause.

2) Lobbying by politicians and government officials The suffrage movement used lobbying to persuade politicians and other government officials to support their cause. They sought to educate politicians and public officials about the importance of granting voting rights to women, highlighting the fact that women made up half of the population and were just as capable of making informed political decisions as men. This method was especially effective at the local and state levels, where politicians were more likely to be accessible to grassroots organizations such as the suffrage movement.

3) Press and media campaigns The suffrage movement also utilized the press and media to gain support for their cause. They used newspapers, magazines, and other forms of mass media to publish articles and editorials in support of women's suffrage. Additionally, they produced posters, leaflets, and other printed materials to distribute to the public, which helped spread awareness of their campaign and recruit new members.

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Answer:D

Explanation:

Answer:

The 12th Amendment to the Constitution was passed following a deadlock between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in the presidential election of 1800.

Albert Speer was a German architect, politician, and senior Nazi official who played a significant role in the Nazi regime. Speer's legacy is controversial because of his involvement in the Holocaust, and many scholars have debated whether he was truly ignorant of the genocide or was simply trying to protect himself from prosecution.

Albert Speer was born on March 19, 1905, in Mannheim, Germany, and died on September 1, 1981.He was a talented architect and urban planner who designed several buildings for the Nazi regime, including the Reich Chancellery.He was appointed as Adolf Hitler's chief architect in 1933 and was later promoted to the position of Minister of Armaments and War Production in 1942.Speer was responsible for the construction of concentration camps, and his department employed forced laborers from concentration camps for the production of war materials during World War II.After World War II, he was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946.Speer expressed remorse for his actions during the Holocaust and apologized for his role in the Nazi regime.Speer's legacy is controversial because of his involvement in the Holocaust, and many scholars have debated whether he was truly ignorant of the genocide or was simply trying to protect himself from prosecution.

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Answer:

Oregon

Explanation:

Answer:

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

In this passage, the following words and phrases are important:

"great civil war"

"nation"

"conceived and so dedicated"

"endure"

"great battlefield"

"dedicate"

"final resting place"

"gave their lives"

"fitting and proper"

A phrase is a collection of words that functions as a statement but lacks a subject or a verb. Phrases are frequently used to describe individuals, things, or events.

words and sentences that, in your opinion, are crucial for understanding the paragraph's meaning and objectives

A phrase is a short string of syllables without a verb. The collection of words becomes a clause once a verb is added.

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President Coolidge's perspective on capitalism and the role of the president reflected the Republican Party's policy of laissez-faire capitalism and its rejection of progressivism in the early twentieth century.

President Calvin Coolidge's perspective on capitalism and the role of the president in the 1920s demonstrates the Republican Party's policy of laissez-faire capitalism, which emphasized limited government intervention in the economy. Coolidge believed in the concept of "rugged individualism" and the idea that the government should not interfere with the free market. He opposed the regulation of business, supported tax cuts for the wealthy, and believed that prosperity would trickle down to the rest of society.

This view represented a rejection of the progressivism of the early twentieth century, which called for government intervention to address social and economic problems. Progressives believed that government had a responsibility to promote the general welfare of its citizens, regulate industry, and protect workers' rights. However, the Republican Party of the 1920s rejected these ideas and instead focused on promoting business growth and limiting government involvement.

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The succession plan would be: Senate President Pro Tempore, Speaker of the House, or Attorney General.

A succession plan in government is a documented process that outlines how key leadership positions will be filled in the event of an expected or unexpected departure of an elected or appointed official.

The succession plan if a governor is removed from office, resigns, dies, or becomes incapacitated while in office would typically involve the Lieutenant Governor assuming the position of governor. If the Lieutenant Governor is unavailable or unwilling to assume the role, then the line of succession may vary by state but would typically involve the Senate President Pro Tempore, Speaker of the House, or Attorney General, in that order.

In some states, the succession may also include specific senior U.S. Senators or Justices of the Courts of Appeals. The specific succession plan may be outlined in the state constitution or state law.

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Answer:

Explanation:

4

Answer:

4. How does Gen Scott attempt to relate to the Cherokee?

Explanation:

In his address to the Cherokee people in 1838, General Winfield Scott attempted to relate to the Cherokee by portraying himself as a friend and ally of the Cherokee people. He acknowledged the difficult situation the Cherokee were facing as they were being forcibly removed from their ancestral lands and urged them to accept the terms of the Treaty of New Echota, which would require them to move westward to Indian Territory.

Scott also attempted to present the forced removal as a humane and necessary measure to protect the Cherokee from violence and retaliation by white settlers who were encroaching on Cherokee lands. He emphasized that the U.S. government was providing assistance and provisions for the Cherokee during the journey, and he assured them that they would be able to build a new home in Indian Territory.

Despite these efforts to relate to the Cherokee, many viewed Scott as a symbol of the oppressive policies of the U.S. government and resented his role in carrying out the forced removal.

Answer:

"Most white northerners at the time [1860] viewed blacks as inferior. ...Only a few [white northerners] held strong opinions about slavery... A vocal minority of northerners were abolitionists. Some white northern bankers, mill owners, and merchants earned a lot of money on southern cotton and tobacco or by trading or transporting enslaved people. They were sympathetic to Southern plantation owners and did not want to abolish slavery."

14. How does the author of this secondary source interpret northern views of slavery in 1860?

a. Most northerners believed that slavery was morally wrong.

B. Most northerners were sympathetic to or supported slavery.

b. Most northerners wanted to abolish slavery.

d. Northerners wanted to expand the plantations in the North.

Explanation:

Based on the information provided in the quote, the author of this secondary source interprets that in 1860, most white northerners viewed blacks as inferior, but only a few held strong opinions about slavery. A vocal minority of northerners were abolitionists, but some white northern bankers, mill owners, and merchants were sympathetic to Southern plantation owners and did not want to abolish slavery. Therefore, the author does not interpret that most northerners were sympathetic to or supported slavery (option B). Instead, the author's interpretation suggests that there were a variety of opinions on slavery among white northerners, ranging from those who were abolitionists to those who were sympathetic to Southern plantation owners. However, the author does not indicate that most northerners wanted to abolish slavery (option C) or that northerners wanted to expand the plantations in the North (option D).

After the British won the french and indian war, a part of the seven years war, they faced significant economic issues due to the costs of the war.

The British encountered various issues, despite their triumph. The economy of the thirteen colonies had taken a severe blow, which was one of the biggest difficulties they encountered after the war.

The British found it difficult to impose and enforce the tax legislation that was passed to help finance the expense of the war. The french and indian war was a critical event in the history of the United States.

The war began in 1754 and concluded in 1763, at the end of the seven years war. It was a battle between the british and french over control of land in North America.

The victory of the british over the french gave the british considerable control over land in the United States. The victory over the french and the gain of more land by the british, however, did not imply that the british could control this land quickly or effectively.

The land had already been colonized by the french, so there was a high demand for development and colonization to take place in these areas. There was an economic problem caused by the conflict's costs, as well as the demand for colonizing the new land, and the expense of protecting it from any enemy threats.

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Answer:

Explanation:

1. “Baby Love” by the Supremes is indeed a great example of the Motown sound. Here are some of the musical elements that are used to create a varied arrangement of a simple song:

Catchy Melody: The melody of “Baby Love” is very catchy and memorable, with a simple, singable hook that repeats throughout the song. The melody is supported by a lively and upbeat instrumental arrangement, which includes a driving rhythm section, horns, and strings.

Call-and-Response Vocals: The song features call-and-response vocals, with the lead singer (Diana Ross) delivering the main melody and the other Supremes (Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard) providing harmonies and backing vocals. The call-and-response format gives the song a sense of energy and interplay between the vocalists.

Harmonies and Counterpoint: In addition to the call-and-response vocals, the song also features intricate harmonies and counterpoint, with each vocalist contributing to a complex and layered vocal arrangement.

Arrangement Dynamics: The arrangement of the song is carefully crafted to build tension and release throughout the verses and choruses. The instrumental backing and vocals are gradually added and removed, creating a dynamic and engaging listening experience.

In terms of vocal delivery, Diana Ross conveys the lyrical message of “Baby Love” through a combination of vocal technique and emotional expression. Her voice is clear and powerful, with a smooth and effortless delivery that makes the song feel effortless and fun. At the same time, Ross’s performance conveys a sense of longing and vulnerability that matches the lyrical theme of unrequited love. The backing vocals and harmonies of Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard add depth and complexity to the song, supporting Ross’s lead vocals and creating a sense of unity and cohesion among the Supremes.

2. Respect” by Aretha Franklin is indeed a great cover version of an Otis Redding song. Here are some of the ways that the background vocals, Aretha’s delivery, and instrumentation create intensity and convey the song’s message:

Background Vocals: The background vocals in “Respect” play a critical role in creating intensity and building tension throughout the song. In the verses, the background singers (The Sweethearts of Soul) provide a simple “sock it to me” refrain that supports Aretha’s lead vocals and adds energy to the song. In the chorus, the background vocals become more complex and layered, with call-and-response phrases that create a sense of interplay between the lead and backing vocals. The background vocals become increasingly prominent as the song progresses, adding a sense of urgency and intensity to the final choruses.

Aretha’s Delivery: Aretha Franklin’s delivery of the lyrics in “Respect” is one of the song’s most memorable features. Her voice is powerful and soulful, with a gritty and raw quality that conveys the passion and intensity of the song’s message. Aretha’s vocal inflexions and phrasing are also notable, with her use of breaks, slides, and stutters adding depth and complexity to the song’s emotional delivery.

Instrumentation: The instrumentation in “Respect” is sparse but effective, with a simple and groovy rhythm section that drives the song forward. The horns and organ provide a soulful accompaniment to the vocals, with staccato hits and sustained chords adding texture and depth to the arrangement. The instrumental breaks in the song also provide a moment of release and tension, allowing the background vocals to shine and adding to the overall sense of energy and intensity.

Overall, the combination of background vocals, Aretha’s delivery, and instrumentation creates a powerful and memorable version of “Respect” that conveys a message of strength, empowerment, and demand for respect.

Answer:

Stalin's Five-Year Plan, implemented between 1928 and 1932, sought to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union and increase its economic power in order to compete with the industrialized nations of the West. This had a considerable effect on the Soviet economy and the Russian people. In regards to the economy, the plan was successful in significantly escalating industrial production, with the country becoming one of the world's leading industrial powers.

However, this came at a price, as other sectors such as agriculture and consumer goods were neglected, leading to food shortages and a decrease in living standards for numerous individuals in the Soviet Union. Additionally, industrialization was attained at the expense of workers' rights and conditions of living.

Regarding the Russian people, the plan was accompanied by a huge propaganda campaign with the intention of creating a new Soviet citizen devoted to hard work and loyalty to the state, and a variety of methods were used to motivate people to work harder. Social changes were also seen, with women being inspired to enter the workforce and the government investing in new schools and hospitals. Nevertheless, repression and control were also implemented to limit freedom of expression. In conclusion, Stalin's Five-Year Plan had a considerable impact on the Soviet economy and the Russian people.

The Pendleton Act of 1883, the first piece of federal legislation to begin breaking down the spoils system, created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to supervise the federal job application process.

The Pendleton Act of 1883, also known as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, was passed by the US Congress in response to public outcries over the patronage or "spoils" system that had long dominated federal appointments. It established the US Civil Service Commission to oversee federal appointments in the hope of ensuring that individuals who were employed in the federal government were qualified and deserving of their positions.

Bipartisan Civil Service Commission to supervise federal job application process. The act established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to supervise the federal job application process. The Commission was made up of three commissioners, each of whom served a six-year term.

The Commission's responsibility was to oversee the implementation of the civil service system, which provided for the selection of qualified individuals for government jobs through competitive examinations, rather than through the spoils system.

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Apartheid was the policy of racial discrimination and segregation in south africa during the 20th century. Christian religion was used as validation of the Segregation regime.

In the nation of Southern Africa and the west coast of Africa, there existed an arrangement of organized ethnic partitioning known as apartheid.  Separating individuals based on racial prejudice or cultural criteria is the basis of apartheid, a policy. During the time when a white population controlled South Africa, the inhuman apartheid system was applied all over the area. It imposed ethnic discrimination against people of color, primarily based on their skin tone and facial characteristics. Christian religion was used as validation of the Segregation regime d.uring that time, as well as a major source of inspiration for those engaged in the fight.

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Answer:

The period from circa 1750 to 1900 saw a surge of revolutions that reshaped societies and politics across the world. These revolutions took various forms, from political upheavals to social and economic transformations. While some revolutions led to significant political and social changes, others failed to deliver the intended outcomes. Therefore, evaluating the extent to which revolutions brought about political or social changes is a complex task that requires examining each revolution's unique context and goals.

One of the most prominent revolutions in this period was the American Revolution of 1776. The American Revolution was a political revolution that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule and establish a new nation based on principles of democracy and individual rights. This revolution led to the formation of the United States of America, a country that became a beacon of freedom and democracy for the world. The American Revolution not only established a new political order but also paved the way for social changes, including the abolition of slavery and the extension of voting rights to more citizens.

Similarly, the French Revolution of 1789 was a significant political and social upheaval that aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The French Revolution led to the establishment of a new political order, including the adoption of a new constitution and the execution of the king. Moreover, the revolution brought about social changes, including the abolition of feudalism and the implementation of policies aimed at reducing inequality.

In Latin America, revolutions against Spanish colonial rule began in the early 1800s and continued throughout the century. These revolutions aimed to establish independent nations that would be free from colonial oppression. While some of these revolutions, such as the Mexican Revolution of 1910, led to significant political and social changes, others, such as the Venezuelan War of Independence, failed to deliver their intended outcomes.

In Asia, the Taiping Rebellion in China aimed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a new social and political order based on Christian beliefs. While the rebellion failed to achieve its ultimate goal, it led to significant social changes, including the promotion of gender equality and the adoption of new agricultural practices.

However, not all revolutions in this period led to significant political or social changes. The Haitian Revolution of 1791, for example, aimed to overthrow French colonial rule and establish an independent nation. While the revolution succeeded in achieving its political goal, it failed to bring about significant social changes, as slavery continued for several decades after the revolution.

In conclusion, revolutions that occurred in the period circa 1750 to 1900 had varying degrees of success in bringing about political and social changes. While some revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions, led to significant political and social transformations, others failed to deliver their intended outcomes. Therefore, evaluating the extent to which revolutions brought about political or social changes requires examining each revolution's unique context and goals.

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Answer:Industrialization helped fuel the start of imperialism in the 19th century. The age of Imperialism started around the late 1800s after the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a catalyst to imperialism. The Industrial Revolution created fast economic growth as well as huge improvements in technology.

Explanation:

According to Schimmel, Native American tribes played games like lacrosse for various reasons. Therefore, the correct answer is E) All of these.

The reasons ranged from cultural significance to sheer entertainment. However, it can be stated that these games held immense cultural importance to Native American tribes.

There is no single reason as to why Native American tribes played games like lacrosse. Different tribes played these games for different reasons. For instance, the Hopi played games to cause rain. They believed that the games would appease the gods and bring about rainfall. Other tribes such as the Iroquois played games to expel demons from their communities. They believed that the games would help to ward off evil spirits and bring about peace and prosperity.

Furthermore, games like lacrosse were also played for entertainment. These games provided tribes with a chance to engage in friendly competition and showcase their physical prowess. The games were also played as a chance to gamble. Tribes often bet on the outcomes of these games, and the winnings were used to provide for their communities.

Therefore, it can be stated that Native American tribes played games like lacrosse for a multitude of reasons. These games held cultural and spiritual significance, while also providing entertainment and a chance to gamble. Therefore, the right option is E) All of these.

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Clause 12 represents a power shift from the king, who previously had complete control over taxation, to a more representative body that included the king's subjects. Also, this was a significant departure from the king's previous practice of imposing taxes without consultation, which had been a significant source of tension between the king and his subjects.

Clause 12 refers to the Magna Carta, a charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215. This clause was significant because it limited the king's power to impose taxes unilaterally and gave the common council a say.

This was a critical step towards a more democratic form of government, where the people had a more excellent voice in decision-making. It also helped to establish the principle of consent, which meant that the people had to agree to any new taxes before they could be imposed.

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Fannie Lou Hamer was a Black American woman who grew up in the segregated South and became a prominent civil rights activist in the 1960s.

Fannie Lou Hamer, a civil rights activist, gave a powerful testimony before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention on August 22, 1964, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. She shared her experience of being brutally beaten and arrested for her efforts to register to vote in Mississippi.

Therefore, Hamer also spoke about the systemic discrimination and violence that Black Americans faced in the South and called for a more inclusive and democratic society. Her testimony helped to galvanize support for the civil rights movement and bring attention to the issue of voter suppression.

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Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977)

Testimony Before the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention

Atlantic City, New Jersey - August 22, 1964

Fannie Lou Hamer, a leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, speaks before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, August 22, 1964. (AP Photo/stf)

Fannie Lou Hamer's life took a dramatic turn the day she showed up for a mass meeting to learn about voting. It was August 1962 and Hamer, who was forty-four years old, wasn't even sure what a "mass meeting" was. "I was just curious to go, so I did," she said.1 The meeting was organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Hamer was told something she'd never heard before: black people had the right to vote.

One of twenty children born to a family of sharecroppers in the Mississippi Delta, Hamer grew up picking cotton and cutting corn and attended school through the sixth grade. She married a fellow sharecropper and the two scratched out a living doing hard, menial work on a plantation near Ruleville, Mississippi.

According to biographer Sina Dubovoy, when Hamer heard SNCC's presentation, she asked herself, "What did she really have? Not even security." A lynching in a nearby town in 1904 had terrorized blacks then, and the ever-present KKK still kept them quiet. As Dubovoy notes, "The Mississippi Delta was the world's most oppressive place to live if you were black."2 Hamer decided on the spot to register to vote. On August 31, 1962, she boarded a bus to Indianola with seventeen others to try to register to vote. The next day she was kicked off the plantation where she had lived and worked for eighteen years. Her husband lost his job, too.

Hamer immediately went to work as a field organizer for SNCC. Returning home from a training workshop in June 1963, Hamer's bus was intercepted by policemen. She and two others were taken to jail in Winona, Mississippi, and mercilessly beaten. Hamer suffered permanent damage to her kidneys. After recovering from her injuries, she traveled across the U.S. telling her story. With her genuine, plainspoken style, Hamer raised more money for SNCC than any other member.

In 1964, with the support of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), Hamer ran for Congress. The incumbent was a white man who had been elected to office twelve times. In an interview with the Nation, Hamer said, "I'm showing the people that a Negro can run for office." The reporter observed: "Her deep, powerful voice shakes the air as she sits on the porch or inside, talking to friends, relatives and neighbors who drop by on the one day each week when she is not campaigning. Whatever she is talking about soon becomes an impassioned plea for a change in the system that exploits the Delta Negroes. 'All my life I've been sick and tired,' she shakes her head. 'Now I'm sick and tired of being sick and tired.'"3

SNCC had formed the MFDP to expand black voter registration and challenge the legitimacy of the state's all-white Democratic Party. MFDP members arrived at the 1964 Democratic National Convention intent on unseating the official Mississippi delegation or, failing that, getting seated with them. On August 22, 1964, Hamer appeared before the convention's credentials committee and told her story about trying to register to vote in Mississippi. Threatened by the MFDP's presence at the convention, President Lyndon Johnson quickly preempted Hamer's televised testimony with an impromptu press conference. But later that night, Hamer's story was broadcast on all the major networks.

In your own words, summarize what happened to Fannie on august 31, 1962

Answer:

American industrial production outpaced every other country in the world.

Allied forces arrived in North Africa to launch an attack through Italy.

Explanation: