Answer:
The Little Albert experiment presents an example of how classical conditioning can be used to condition an emotional response.
Explanation:
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus (prior to conditioning) that does not evoke a response. E.g. in the Little Albert experiment the white rat was the neutral stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Any stimulus which produces a naturally occurring automatic response. E.g. a loud noise (created by a hammer struck against the steel bar).
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A natural response which occurs when the UCS is presented. In the Little Albert Experiment fear was the unconditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A conditioned stimulus is a substitute stimulus that triggers the same response in an organism as an unconditioned stimulus. Simply put, a conditioned stimulus makes an organism react to something because it is associated with something else. In the Little Albert Experiment the white rat was the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Behavior which is similar (but not necessarily the same) to the UCR, which is triggered by the CS after classical conditioning. Conditioned responses are learned. E.g. fear when presentation with the white rat.
Extinction
The dying out of a conditioned response by breaking the association between the C.S. and the U.C.S.
Spontaneous Recovery
The return of a conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period of time following extinction.
Generalisation
When a stimulus similar to the C.S. also elicits a response. E.g., Albert was scared of a white rat, and a fur coat, some cotton wool and a Father Christmas mask.
Discrimination
The opposite of generalisation i.e. the ability of the subject to tell the difference between two similar stimuli. E.g. Albert was happy to play with building blocks at any time.
Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response (the white rat).
Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (the loud noise).
Unconditioned Response: A natural reaction to a given stimulus (fear).
Conditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (the white rat).
Conditioned Response: The response caused by the conditioned stimulus (fear).
Answer:
See below and paraphrase to avoid plagiarism... :)
Explanation:
Stimulus generalization is the idea that the effects of conditioning can spread to stimuli that differ in ways from the stimulus that was present during the initial conditioning. In the Little Albert experiment, stimulus generalization is when Little Albert becomes fearful of a rabbit, a dog, & a seal-skin coat. Stimulus discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between stimuli. In the Little Albert experiment, stimulus discrimination is when Little Albert wasn't fearful of a fuzzy teddy bear. Extinction is the gradual decline in the conditioned response achieved by presenting the CS alone or by presenting the CS & the UCS separately. In the Little Albert experiment, extinction is when Little Albert's fear disappeared for a while after the white rat was no longer paired by a loud noise. Spontaneous recovery follows extinction and is the sudden, unplanned reappearance of the CR. In the Little Albert experiment, spontaneous recovery is when Little Albert's fear suddenly reappeared after extinction had taken place.
PLS HELP ASAP! 25PTS
Respond to parts 1 and 2 below.
Explain the two primary ways to solve problems: algorithms and heuristics.
Describe how people can make errors in thinking by describing the following concepts: confirmation bias, mental set, intuition, availability heuristic, representative heuristic, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing.
Answer:
People face problems every day—usually, multiple problems throughout the day. Sometimes these problems are straightforward: To double a recipe for pizza dough, for example, all that is required is that each ingredient in the recipe be doubled. Sometimes, however, the problems we encounter are more complex. For example, say you have a work deadline, and you must mail a printed copy of a report to your supervisor by the end of the business day. The report is time-sensitive and must be sent overnight. You finished the report last night, but your printer will not work today. What should you do? First, you need to identify the problem and then apply a strategy for solving the problem.
Explanation:
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Answer:
1. The two primary ways to solve problems are through algorithms and heuristics. Algorithm is a methodical, step-by-step procedure for finding a solution to a problem. Algorithms look at every possible alternative and guarantees a solution. Heuristic is a strategy or guiding principle used to make judgements or solve problems efficiently. Heuristic helps reduce the number of alternatives and is essentially a mental shortcut.
2. People are prone to making errors in thinking in various ways. Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. A person may seek out "proof" that further backs up their beliefs. For example if someone believes something about climate change and they were disputed, they might seek out evidence that maintains their beliefs. Mental set is the tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. For example, if someone fixed their car with duct tape and it broke again they would use the duct tape once more. Intuition is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. An example of this could be a student gets a feeling that one answer on their test is the correct answer, no strings attached, but end up getting it wrong because they followed their intuition. Availability heuristic is when estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. For example, if someone sees on the news that a plan crashed, they could refuse to fly on airplanes ever again. Representativeness heuristic is when estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; which may lead us to ignore other relevant information. For example, if someone basis their view of a product or company off of one positive or negative review it would be considered a representativeness heuristic. Overconfidence is the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. For example, if a person were to jump off a cliff into water without getting hurt, they will be overconfident the next time and may get hurt. Belief perseverance is clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been distorted. For example, if someone lost a lot of weight and looked in the mirror and said "I'm so fat," that would be considered belief perseverance. Lastly, framing is the way the issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements. The whole glass half full or half empty is an example of framing.
Hope this helps!!
- Kay :)
MARKING BRAINLIEST: IDENTIFY WHAT RHETORICAL DEVICES/MODES ARE IN THIS
(Please give me real answers Im in areal tough spot right now) (also if swear words seem weird its cuz brainly made me change them)
Several hours into my defiant journey of meeting with friends I haven't seen in months, I finally felt like my time had come to head back home and face the music. While heading up my driveway, something felt off. I grew even more anxious as I stood in front of my door. Taking a deep breath in, I was caught off guard by the presence of my dad swinging the door open. Silence. We looked at each other for several long, excruciating
seconds until he finally spoke. "Your mom and I have decided that since you think you are old enough to leave this house and come right back into our lives with absolutely no repercussions, then you can go sleep outside because I personally don't want to see your face right now." I looked at him, pleading with my eyes to give me this second chance, only to receive a stare so cold I started to feel a pit grow in my stomach. I realized this might be it. Because I had left the house without anyone's permission and yelled at my mom, I now have reached a point of no return. After my dad slammed the door behind me, I knew my mom would come to help me; she always has. There was no way she would leave me out here overnight and sleep on God knows what. I knew all I had to do was go to a friend's house and sleepover until the next day. But, for the first time in my life, with all this freedom I had, I felt lonely.
Answer:
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Explanation:
