Answer:
dividends paid during 2015:
preferred stock dividends = $20,000, dividend per preferred stock = $0.25
common stock dividends = $0, dividend per common stock = $0
dividends paid during 2016:
preferred stock dividends = $28,000, dividend per preferred stock = $0.35
common stock dividends = $0, dividend per common stock = $0
dividends paid during 2017:
preferred stock dividends = $30,000, dividend per preferred stock = $0.375
common stock dividends = $170,000, dividend per common stock = $0.85
dividends paid during 2018:
preferred stock dividends = $30,000, dividend per preferred stock = $0.375
common stock dividends = $320,000, dividend per common stock = $1.60
Since the preferred stocks are not cumulative, any preferred dividends that are not paid during a year will not be paid in future years.
Instead of a dividend of $1.60 per share, the company has announced a share repurchase of $16,000 worth of stock. How many shares will be outstanding after the repurchase?
Answer:
9,690 stocks
Explanation:
some information is missing:
Market Value Balance Sheet
Cash $45,300 Equity $515,300
Fixed assets $470,000
Total $515,300 Total $515,300
total number of shares outstanding = 10,000
stock's market price = $515,300 / 10,000 = $51.53
stocks repurchased = $16,000 / $51.53 = 310.50, but we must round down to 310 stocks
stocks outstanding after repurchase = 10,000 - 310 = 9,690
Which of the following is not an example of a counterproductive cultural trait that adversely impacts a company's work climate, performance, and strategy execution initiatives?
a) Heavily politicized decision-making
b) The presence of incompatible, clashing subcultures
c) Strictly enforced policies and conservative financial management practices
d) Hostility to change
e) Unethical and greed-driven behaviors
Answer:
I think D is not an example for a company's work climate, performance, and strategy execution initiatives.
Strictly enforced policies and conservative financial management practices out of the following are not an example of counterproductive cultural trait that adversely impacts a company's work climate, performance, and strategy execution initiatives. The correct option is C.
How do you deal with counterproductive work behavior?Encourage them to improve the work they already generate or present them with new tasks to work on. Be confident. Fight against unproductive workplace activities assertively without losing your temper. Establish and uphold your authority that a productive workplace is essential to the success of your facility.
A wide range of factors, such as environmental causes, a lack of training, employee personality and life changes, and external circumstances, might be the motivating drivers behind unproductive work behavior. To recognize and categorize CWB in the workforce, typologies are utilized.
Thus, the ideal selection is option C.
Learn more about counterproductive work here:
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In 2019, Tim sells Section 1245 property for $28,000 that he had purchased in 2009. Tim has claimed $5,000 in depreciation on the property and originally purchased it for $15,000. How much of the gain is taxable as ordinary income?
Answer:
The taxable amount at an ordinary rate = $5000
Explanation:
The selling price of a property in 2019 is = $28000
The depreciation on the property = $5000
Original purchased price of property = $15000
Adjusted tax = an orginal price – depreciation
Adjusted tax = 15000 – 5000 = $10000
Gain = selling price – adjusted tax
Gain = 28000 – 10000 = $18000
The part of gain ($18000) that is taxable as ordinary rate = $5000
Here, $13000 will be taxed as section 1231 as a gained tax at capital gain rate.
You consider undertaking the research project. It will increase sales by $100K per year starting next year and its life is 10 years. The maintenance cost is $50K and the depreciation of the equipment is 20K per year. The tax rate is 40% and there are no changes in net operating working capital. What is the annual operating cash flow from the project? A. $10,000 B. $18,000 C. $38,000 D. $30.000
Answer: C. $38,000
Explanation:
The Operating cashflow for a project will be the net income earned from it less any taxes but including depreciation.
In formula form;
Operating cash flow = EBIT - tax paid + depreciation
Earnings Before Interest and Tax
= Sales - Expenses
= 100,000 - 50,000 - 20,000
= $30,000
Tax paid
= EBT * 40%
= 30,000 * 40%
= $12,000
Operating cash flow = EBIT - tax paid + depreciation
= 30,000 - 12,000 + 20,000
= $38,000
Note; Depreciation is added back because it is a non-cash expense.
A car dealership union negotiates a contract that dramatically increases the salaries of all salesmen. If one of the salesmen is thinking of changing careers to be a hardware salesman, his opportunity cost:___________.
a. Would not be affected
b. Of becoming a hardware salesman would decrease
c. Of becoming a hardware salesman would increase
d. None of the above
Answer:
c. Of becoming a hardware salesman would increase
Explanation:
Opportunity cost defines that when a person gets to benefit from another than he received. So, that person takes another benefit from where he gets more benefit or we can say that he will choose the best alternative.
According to the given situation, A car dealership association is negotiating a contract that significantly increases all salesmen 's wages. Now, the Opportunity cost when one of the salespersons feels that shifting the path to hardware is of becoming a hardware salesperson that would increase.
Hence, the right answer is C
What is the difference between an optimistic approach and a pessimistic approach to decision making under assumed uncertainty
Answer:
The optimistic approach examines the best possible outcome in a given situation and chooses the 'best of the best' while the pessimistic approach examines the worst possible outcome in a given situation and chooses the 'best of the worst'.
Explanation:
Decision making under assumed uncertainty is an approach that is taken when the outcomes of future events are not entirely known. The Hurwicz criterion provides a basis on which the pessimistic and optimistic outcomes can be balanced. This criterion allows the person who makes the decision to chose a coefficient of pessimism signified by alpha (α) and it is a decimal that is graded between 0 and 1. This number signifies the worst possible outcome whereas, the number (1-α) signifies the best outcome.
So, the optimistic approach examines the best possible outcome in a given situation and allows the decision-maker to choose the 'best of the best', while the pessimistic approach examines the worst possible outcome in a given situation and the decision-maker to choose the 'best of the worst'
Tatham Corporation produces a single product. The standard costs for one unit of its Clan product are as follows:
Direct materials (8 pounds at $0.70 per pound) $5.60
Direct labor (2 hours at $8 per hour) 16.00
Variable manufacturing overhead
(2 hours at $7 per hour) 1,400
Total 3,560
During November Year 2, 3,500 units of Clan were produced. The costs associated with November operations were as follows:
Material purchased (35,000 pounds at $0.80 per pound) 28,000
Material used in production (31,500 pounds)
Direct labor (7,500 hours at $7.50 per hour) 56,250
Variable manufacturing overhead incurred 55,500
What is the variable overhead efficiency variance for Clan for November Year 2?
1. $3,500 favorable.
2. $3,500 unfavorable.
3. $4,000 favorable.
4. $4,000 unfavorable.
Answer:
$3,500 Unfavorable
Explanation:
The computation of variable overhead efficiency variance for Clan for November Year 2 is shown below:-
Variable overhead efficiency variance
= (Standard labor hours - actual labor hours) × (Standard variable overhead rate)
= (3,500 × 2 - 7,500) × $7
= (7,000 - 7,500) × $7
= $3,500 Unfavorable
Therefore for computing the Variable overhead efficiency variance we simply applied the above formula.
Assume the Apple division of the Gala Company had the following results last year (in thousands). Managements required rate of return is 10% and the weighted average cost of capital is 8%. Its effective tax rate is 30%. What is Apple division's residual income
Answer:
$50,000
Explanation:
The computation of the residual income for each division is shown below:
As we know that
Residual income = Operating income - target income
where,
Operating income is given in the question
And, the target income could be calculated by
= Average invested assets × required rate of return
= $4,500,000 × 10%
= $450,000
So, the residual income is
= $500,000 - $450,000
= $50,000
In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level in the economy deviates from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen.
Answer: fall, reducing, fall below
Explanation:
the misperceptions theory asserts that changes in the price level can temporarily mislead firms about what is happening to their output prices. Consider a soybean farmer who expects a price level of 100 in the coming year. If the actual price level turns out to be 90, soybean prices will __________ , and if the farmer mistakenly assumes that the price of soybeans declined relative to other prices of goods and services, she will respond by __________ the quantity of soybeans supplied. If other producers in this economy mistake changes in the price level for changes in their relative prices, the unexpected decrease in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to __________the natural level of output in the short run.
How much interest is earned in just the third year on a $1,000 deposit that earns 7% interest compounded annually?
Answer:
Interest earn= $80.14
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
PV= $1,000
i= 7%
n= 3
First, we will calculate the future value at the second year:
FV= PV*(1+i)^n
FV= 1,000*(1.07^2)
FV= 1,144.9
Now, for the third year:
FV= 1,144.9*1.07= 1,225.04
Interest earn= 1,225.04 - 1,144.9= $80.14
Schuepfer Inc. bases its selling and administrative expense budget on budgeted unit sales. The sales budget shows 2,600 units are planned to be sold in March. The variable selling and administrative expense is $3.10 per unit. The budgeted fixed selling and administrative expense is $35,760 per month, which includes depreciation of $4,100 per month. The remainder of the fixed selling and administrative expense represents current cash flows. The cash disbursements for selling and administrative expenses on the March selling and administrative expense budget should be:________.a. $40,210.b. $44,410.c. $31,570.
Answer:
$39,720
Explanation:
Total fixed costs that represent current cash flows = $35,760 - $4,100
Total fixed costs that represent current cash flows = $31,660
Variable costs = 2,600 units * $3.10
Variable costs = $8,060
The cash disbursements for selling and administrative expenses on the March selling and administrative expense budget will be
= $31,660 + $8,060
= $39,720
The terms of trade must be higher (graphically to the right) of a nation's own production __________________
Answer: cost ratio
Explanation: The terms of trade must be higher (graphically to the right) of a nation's own production cost ratio. The production cost ratio allows small-scale manufacturers to determine their cost more accurately as well as control known cost parameters and is a method that can be adapted and applied to any business.
In a multi-product manufacturing firm, the production cost ratio is necessary for accurate compilation and allocation of production costs to each category of product especially when both the Production Time and the Production Runs are not the same and/or when fixed labor, overhead and other costs are drawn from the same pool. When the ratio is not applied results in a skewed allocation of production costs. This in turn can affect the business as it becomes difficult to ascertain the products whose production are more profitable to the business.
Buyers want to pay the lowest possible price, so why would they be willing to pay more than $12 for a pizza?
Blue Stone Builders recently offered to sell 45,000 newly issued shares of stock to the public. The underwriters charged a fee of 8.2 percent and paid Blue Stone Builders the uniform auction price for each of those shares. Which one of the following terms best describes this underwriting?
a) Private placement
b) Best efforts
c) Public rights
d) Dutch auction
e) Market commitment
Answer: d) Dutch auction
Explanation:
Dutch Auction refers to a type of Public Offering in which the issuing company holds a sort of auction and receives bids on the shares that it has in. Using these bids they are able to set a price for the stock which is the highest price received.
However, the bids are based on the amount an investor can buy in terms of quantity and price. The lowest acceptable bid is then charged on all the stock and is called the Uniform auction price which is what Blue Stone paid thereby making this a Dutch Auction.
n the _____stage of team development, team members often become intensely loyal to one another and feel mutual accountability for team successes and failures.
Answer:
Performing.
Explanation:
In other to get to this stage of team development, you must have passed through the certain other three stages where you are been formed as a group and also stormed before performance.
Group seen to have made it to their performing stage are seen to displays a level of competence experience and also trust that is less apparent in the earlier stages of group development. Cohesion is seen to be the vital driver in this stage of team development. Also strong relationships is maintained amongst its members facilitating smooth flow of work; and can certainly work without supervision too.
A company purchased money market funds with cash during the current year. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. This transaction will result in a decrease in cash from investing activities.B. This transaction will result in a decrease in cash from operating activities.C. This transaction will result in a decrease in cash from financing activities.D. This transaction will not cause a change in cash from operating, investing, or financing activities.
Answer: This transaction will not cause a change in cash from operating, investing, or financing activities.
Explanation:
When a company purchased money market funds with cash during the current year, it should be noted that this will transaction will not cause a change in cash from operating, investing, or financing activities. This is because the purchase was made with cash during the current year.
In its third year, a project is expected to produce earnings before interest and taxes of $671,551 and depreciation expense of $125,193. If the company’s tax rate is 34%, what is the project’s expected operating cash flow?
Answer:
Operating cash flow= $568,416.66
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Earnings before interest and taxes= $671,551
Depreciation expense= $125,193.
Tax rate= 34%
To calculate the operating cash flow, we need to use the following structure:
EBIT= 671,551
Tax= (671,551*0.34)= (228,327.34)
Depreciation= 125,193
Operating cash flow= 568,416.66
Systemic barriers to change occur because of conflicts between departments, conflicts arising from power relationships, and refusal to share information.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
a. True
Explanation:
This statement is true, as systemic barriers can occur in an organization whose information flow does not occur efficiently and effectively, which causes information noises that prevent departments or teams from receiving organizational information.
This barrier can be eliminated by establishing a more direct and integrated communication with all organizational sectors, in the form of announcements, murals, e-mail, etc.
Another way to solve this problem is by analyzing the design of the organizational structure and making adjustments if it is found that there are flaws that prevent the flow of information to flow normally.
you are forming a new company that delivers food to residents across college campuses. the primary focus is
Answer:
your primary focus should be on making sure that your system works
Explanation:
When doing this your primary focus should be on making sure that your system works. Meaning that you need to make sure that you have all of the necessary equipment to get the deliveries out on time and everything worked out so that you can assure customer satisfaction. Otherwise, customers will begin to review your company badly and as dysfunctional, which will destroy your business before it can even get started.
what happens to aggregate output if both taxes and government spending are lowered by $300 billion and mpc
Answer:
The answer is:
1. consumers' expenditure increases by $150 billion
2. output will decrease by $600 billion
Explanation:
Tax impact:
$300 billion x 0.5
= $150 billion.
If taxes are lowered by $300 billion, consumers' expenditure increases by $150 billion because with lower tax, there is money money to be spent because their disposable income has increased.
Government spending impact:
$300/(1-0.5)
$300/0.5
=$600 billion.
Due to government spending that has increased by this amount, output will decrease by this amount too because government has directly competed with firms that should have used this money to increase the total output.
Therefore, net effect on total output is $300billion($600 - $300)
The three conditions that characterize difficult managerial decisions concerning resources, capabilities, and core competencies are
Answer:
uncertainty, complexity, and intra-organizational conflicts.
Explanation:
Managerial decisions define that any decision that can be taken for the benefit of the organization also these types of decision set targets for the income of the company moreover it decides what type of product should be sell and the hiring of employees who should be into the organization or who should not be in the organization etc.
According to the given situation, Management decisions on capital, expertise, and core competencies are disputes of uncertainty, complexity, and intra-organizational existence.
The Berndt Corporation expects to have sales of $12 million. Costs other than depreciation are expected to be 75% of sales, and depreciation is expected to be $1.5 million. All sales revenues will be collected in cash, and costs other than depreciation must be paid for during the year. Berndt’s federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. Berndt has no debt. a. Set up an income statement. What is Berndt’s expected net income? Its expected net cash flow? b. Suppose Congress changed the tax laws so that Berndt’s depreciation expenses doubled. No changes in operations occurred. What would happen to reported profit and to net cash flow? c. Now suppose that Congress changed the tax laws such that, instead of doubling Berndt’s depreciation, it was reduced by 50%. How would profit and net cash flow be affected? d. If this were your company, would you prefer Congress to cause your depreciation expense to be doubled or halved? Why? Ehrhardt, Michael C.. Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach (p. 93). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
Answer:
a) Berndt Corporation
Income Statement
Sales revenue $12,000,000
All cost other than depreciation ($9,000,000)
Depreciation expense ($1,500,000)
EBIT $1,500,000
Income taxes ($600,000)
Net income $900,000
net cash flow = $900,000 + $1,500,000 = $2,400,000
b) if depreciation doubles, net profit will decrease to $0, but net cash flows will increase to $3,000,000
c) if depreciation decreases by 50%, net profit will increase to $1,350,000, but net cash flows will decrease to $2,100,000
d) Once a company is operating, its value is generally calculated based on its cash flows, therefore, I would select the option that increases the company's net cash flows (Congress doubles depreciation expense).
Hannah Co. has 10,000 shares of $10 par common stock outstanding. A 10% stock dividend is declared when the market price is $50 per share.Following the stock dividend, a cash dividend of $4 per share is declared and paid to Hannah Cos' shareholders. The debit to Retained Earnings will be:
Answer:
Hannah Co.
The debit to Retained Earnings will be:
$44,000
Explanation:
Common Stock outstanding = 10,000 shares of $10 par
With a 10% stock dividend, the outstanding shares increase to 11,000 (10,000 x 1.1).
The cash dividend per share = $4
Total cash dividend equals $44,000 ($4 x 11,000).
So the Retained Earnings will be debited to the sum of $44,000 following the cash dividend to reduce the Retained Earnings account by $44,000.
You bought one of Great White Shark Repellant Co.’s 6.6 percent coupon bonds one year ago for $1,056. These bonds make annual payments and mature 11 years from now. Suppose you decide to sell your bonds today, when the required return on the bonds is 4.5 percent. The bonds have a par value of $1,000. If the inflation rate was 3.2 percent over the past year, what was your total real return on investment? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer:
14.25%
Explanation:
For computing the total real return first we have to find out the present value and the required return which is shown below:
Given that,
Future value = $1,000
Rate of interest = 4.5%
NPER = 11 years
PMT = $1,000 × 6.6% = $66
The formula is shown below:
= -PV(Rate;NPER;PMT;FV;type)
So, after applying the above formula the present value is $1,179.11
Now the required return is
= ($1,179.11 + $66) ÷ ($1,056) -1
= 17.91%
And finally,
total real return
= ($1.1791 ÷ 1.032) - 1
= 14.25%
Parker & Stone, Inc., is looking at setting up a new manufacturing plant in South Park to produce garden tools. The company bought some land six years ago for $4.3 million in anticipation of using it as a warehouse and distribution site, but the company has since decided to rent these facilities from a competitor instead. If the land were sold today, the company would net $4.6 million. The company wants to build its new manufacturing plant on this land; the plant will cost $11.8 million to build, and the site requires $700,000 worth of grading before it is suitable for construction. What is the proper cash flow amount to use as the initial investment in fixed assets when evaluating this project? (Enter your answer as a positive value in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567.)
Answer:
$17.1 million
Explanation:
The proper cash flow amount to use as the initial investment in fixed assets when evaluating this project can be calculated as follows
DATA
Fair value of land = 4.6 million
Cost to build a plant = 11.8 million
Grading cost = 0.7 million
Solution
Initial investment = Fair value of land + Cost to build a plant + Grading cost
Initial investment = $4.6 million + $11.8 million + $0.7 million
Initial investment = $17.1 million
You are considering two ways of financing a spring break vacation. You could put it on your credit card, at 17% APR, compounded monthly, or borrow the money from youe parents, who want an interest payment of 6% every six months. which is the lower rate? (Dont round intermediate steps to decimal places)
Answer: Parent's rate is lower.
Explanation:
The lower rate will be the lower Effective Annual rate, the formula of which is;
[tex]EAR = (1 + interest rate/compounding frequency) ^{compounding frequency} - 1[/tex]
Credit Card
[tex]EAR = (1 + interest rate/compounding frequency) ^{compounding frequency} - 1[/tex]
[tex]EAR = (1 + interest rate/compounding frequency) ^{compounding frequency} - 1\\= ( 1 + \frac{0.17}{12})^{12} - 1\\= 0.184[/tex]
= 18.4%
From your parents
[tex]EAR = (1 + interest rate/compounding frequency) ^{compounding frequency} - 1\\= ( 1 + 0.07) ^{2} - 1\\= 0.1449[/tex]
= 14.5%
Parent's rate is lower.
A security company offers to provide CCTV coverage for a parking garage for ten years for an initial payment of $45,000 and additional payments of $25,000 per year. What is the equivalent annual annuity of this deal, given a cost of capital of 4%?
Answer:
Equivalent Annual Annuity =$30,548.09
Explanation:
The equivalent annuity is the annual cash cash flows that is the same in value to the present value of the total cost associated with providing the CCTV coverage.
Equivalent Annual Annuity = Total PV of cost /Annuity factor
To determine the total prsent value of cost associated with CCTV would sum the present value of the additional payment for 10 years and the initial cost.
Initial cost - 45,000
Additional payment = 25,000
PV of additional payment = A× 1-(1+r)^(-n)/r
= 25,000 × 1- 1.04^(-10)/0.04 = 202,772.39
Total PV of cost = 202,772.39 + 45,000 = 247,772.39
Total PV of cost = 247,772.39
Equivalent Annual Annuity = Total PV of cost /Annuity factor
Annuity factor = 1-(1+r)^(-n)/r = ( 1- 1.04^(-10)/0.04) = 8.1109
Equivalent Annual Annuity =247,772.39 /8.1109 = 30,548.09
Equivalent Annual Annuity =$30,548.09
Stephanie’s company uses a job order cost system. Stephanie just made a $15,000 debit to the Work in Process Inventory account for raw materials assigned to job 1074. Which of the following steps does Stephanie also need to complete?
A. Posting a $15,000 decrease in Direct Labor to the subsidiary ledger for job 1074.B. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Materials to the job cost sheet for job 1074.C. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Labor to the job cost sheet for job 1074.D. Posting a $15,000 increase in Raw Materials to the subsidiary ledger for job 1074.
Answer:
B. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Materials to the job cost sheet for job 1074
Explanation:
According to the given situation, Materials account of the specific work will be debited as costs are allocated to Jobs. Assigning those costs to operate would reduce the balance of inventories.
Therefore from the above explanation the correct answer is b as it has been posted $15,000 which is rising the direct material to the job cost sheet for job 1074.
Fallow Corporation has two separate profit centers. The following information is available for the most recent year: West Division East Division Sales (net) $ 410,000 $ 560,000 Salary expense 47,000 61,000 Cost of goods sold 143,000 259,000 The West Division occupies 10,250 square feet in the plant. The East Division occupies 6,150 square feet. Rent, which was $ 82,000 for the year, is an indirect expense and is allocated based on square footage. Compute operating income for the West Division.
Answer:
$168,750
Explanation:
The data below are extracted from the above question.
West division
Sales (S) = $410,000
Salary expense (E) = $47,000
Cost of goods sold (C) = $143,000
Proportional rent (R) = $82,000 % of square footage
Area of the division = 10,250 square feet.
Total area of both division = 10,250 + 6,150
= 16,400 square feet
Therefore, the operating income (I) for the West Division is given by the amount of sales minus salary expenses , cost of goods sold and rent.
I = S - E - C - R
= $410,000 - $47,000 - $143,000 - (82,000 × 10,250 / 16,400)
= $220,000 - $51,250
= $168,750
The yearly operating income for Fallow's Corporation West Division is $168,750.
According to the producer price index database maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average cost of computer equipment fell 3.8 percent between January and December 2016. Let's see whether these changes are reflected in the income statement of Computer Tycoon Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2016.
2016 2015
Sales Revenue $ 109,000 $ 133,500
Cost of Goods Sold 64,500 75,100
Gross Profit 44,500 58,400
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses 36,900 38,800
Interest Expense 590 520
Income before Income Tax Expense 7,010 19,080
Income Tax Expense 1,500 5,900
Net Income $ 5,510 $ 13,180
Required:
1. Compute the times interest earned ratios for 2016 and 2015. (Round your answers to 1 decimal place.) Times Interest Earned 2015 2016
2. Does Computer Tycoon generate sufficient net income in both years before taxes and interest) to cover the cost of debt financing?
a. Yes
b. No
Answer:
A.
2015 37.7
2016 12.9
B. Yes
Explanation:
Computation of the times interest earned ratios for 2016 and 2015
First step is to find the EBIT
EBIT: 2016 $ 2015 $
Gross profit 44,500 58,400
Less Selling, General and Administrative expenses (36,900) (38,800)
EBIT 7,600 19,600
Second step is to compute the times interest earned ratios for 2016 and 2015 using this formula
Time interest earned = EBIT / Interest expense
Let plug in the formula
Time interest earned 2016 2015
EBIT $7,600 $19,600
÷Interest expense $590 $520
=Time interest earned 12.9 37.7
Therefore the Time interest earned will be :
2015 37.7
2016 12.9
2. Yes Computer Tycoon generate sufficient net income in both 2015 and 2016 before taxes and interest in order to cover the cost of debt financing.
