Complete question:
You are tracking three loci in the fruit fly, loci A, B, and C, and want to know whether the loci are linked and if so what their physical distances are from one another as well as the physical order they are in. To find out this information you perform a three-point testcross with a fly that is heterozygous for all three alleles. The progeny of this cross are:
a/a B/b C/c 389
A/a b/b c/c 410
a/a b/b C/c 39
A/a B/b c/c 44
a/a b/b c/c 77
A/a B/b C/c 83
a/a B/b c/c 6
A/a b/b C/c 5
Total 1053
(a) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and B?
(b) What is the recombination frequency between loci B and C?
(c) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and C?
(d) Are these loci linked?
(e) Demonstrate the physical arrangement of the genes on the chromosome, i.e. the order of the genes on a chromosome as well as their map distances.
(f) Write out the genotypes of the parents for this cross, indicating which alleles are linked with one another for each parent?
Answer and Explanation:
The Crossing-over frequency between two genes depends on the distance between them. A short distance between genes is a very little target for crossing-over to occur, which means that only a few of them will happen, compared with the number of events between genes that are more separated between each other. Two genes that are very close will have a few recombination events and are strongly bounded. While two separated genes will have more chances of recombination and are not bound.
To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. In a tri-hybrid cross, If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the heterozygote parent.
In the present example, the phenotypic ratio shows different proportions than the expected ones if they were not linked.
We can recognize the parental gametes in the descendants because their phenotypes are the most frequent,
a/a B/b C/c 389
A/a b/b c/c 410
while the double recombinants are the less frequent.
a/a B/b c/c 6
A/a b/b C/c 5
And simple recombinant gametes produced by the cross, which frequencies are intermediate.
a/a b/b C/c 39
A/a B/b c/c 44
a/a b/b c/c 77
A/a B/b C/c 83
Comparing the parental and the double recombinant we will realize that they only change in the position of the alleles C/c. This suggests that the position of the gene C is in the middle of the other two genes, A and B, because in a double recombinant only the central gene changes position in the chromatid.
A------C------B
Now we will call Region I to the area between A and C and Region II to the area between C and B.
Once established the order of the genes we can calculate distances between them, and we will do it from the central gene to the genes on each side. First We will calculate the recombination frequencies, and we will do it by region. We will call P1 to the recombination frequency between A and C genes, and P2 to the recombination frequency between C and B.
P1 = (R + DR) / N
P2 = (R + DR)/ N
Where: R is the number of recombinants in each region, DR is the number of double recombinants in each region, and N is the total number of individuals. To calculate the recombination frequency, we have to know that 1% of recombinations = 1 map unit = 1cm. And that the maximum recombination frequency is always 50%.
So:
P1 = (R + DR) / N = 5 + 6 + 77 + 44 + 39 / 1053 = 171/1053 = 0.162 P2 = (R + DR)/ N = 6 + 5 + 83 / 1053 = 94/1053 = 0.089Now, to calculate the recombination frequency between the two extreme genes, A and B, we can just perform addition or a sum:
P1 + P2= Pt
0.162 + 0.089 = Pt
0.251 = Pt
The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU). The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.
P1 = 0.162 x 100 = 16.2%P2 = 0.089 x 100 = 8.9%Pt = 0.251 x 100 = 25.1 %(a) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and B? 0.251
(b) What is the recombination frequency between loci B and C? 0.089
(c) What is the recombination frequency between loci A and C? 0.162
(d) Are these loci linked? Yes. Their recombination frequency is inferior to 50% and the phenotypic rate is different from 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1
(e) Demonstrate the physical arrangement of the genes on the chromosome, i.e. the order of the genes on a chromosome as well as their map distances.
A-------------------C-----------------B
A--- 16.2 UM --C ---8.9 UM--B
A-------------25.1 UM--------------B
(f) Write out the genotypes of the parents for this cross, indicating which alleles are linked with one another for each parent?
a/a C/c B/b x A/a c/c b/b
What are the advantages of having two chromogens cells an one? The full form of DNA.
Have extra set of chromosomes compared to other species that have the same but fewer set is being called polypliod organisms are constantly under assault from their environment. Having extra set of chromosomes make them better able to cope with the pressures that thretend to wipe them out.
Full form of DNA is Deoxiribose Nucleic Acid
Answer:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Explanation:
Describe and explain how temperature and light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Answer:
The rate of photosynthesis varies with light intensity and temperature.
Explanation:
The rate of photosynthesis varies with light intensity.it decreases as light intensity decreases and increase s as light intensity increases. However at much higher light intensity rate of photosynthesis becomes constant.
The rate of photosynthesis decreases with decrease in temperature.It increases as temperature is increased over a limit. But if light intensity is low increase of temperature has little influence on rate of photosynthesis.
Proteins are composed of which of these subunits?
Answer:
Proteins are polymers; the monomers which make them up are amino acids.
Hope this helped!!!
Which statements accurately describe the roles of water on earth
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
It carries cold water from the equator to the poles
Explain how scientific knowledge develops through making observations about the natural world.
Answer:
Scientific knowledge develops through making observations about the natural world. An observation may generate a scientific question, which may lead to a hypothesis. The hypothesis can be tested through experimentation. The results of experimentation lead to changes in scientific knowledge.
Explanation:
Explain how scientific knowledge develops through making observations about the natural world. my answers are never wrong trust me
What is a protein that is the main component of the thick filaments in muscle fibers and is responsible for muscle contraction?
Answer:
Myosin
Explanation:
Two of the important proteins are myosin, which forms the thick filament, and actin, which forms the thin filament. Myosin has a long, fibrous tail and a globular head, which binds to actin. The myosin head also binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement
Answer: actin
Explanation:
which of the following is not irrational number?
(1)√2
(2)2/√6
(3)√36/1296
(4)-√6+6
Explanation:
hi !!
here i think all areirrational expect root 36/1296,
1. root 2= root 2= 1.414213562
2. 2/root 6= root 6 /3 = 0.8164965809
3. root 36/1296=1/6=1.66666667
4. - root 6+6= -2 root 3 = -3.464101615
so, they are extended and dont have exact value so all are irrational expect no. 3 because it can be expressed in 1/6 fraction form but others will come on root form.
Hope it helps...
Answer:
[tex]\frac{\sqrt{36} }{1296}[/tex]
Explanation:
[tex]\sf A \ rational \ number \ can \ be \ expressed \ as \ a \ quotient \ of \ two \ whole \ integers.[/tex]
[tex]\sqrt{2} = 1.41421356237...[/tex]
[tex]\frac{2}{\sqrt{6} } = 0.816497...[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\sqrt{36} }{1296} =\frac{6}{1296} =\frac{1}{216}[/tex]
[tex]-\sqrt{6} +6= 3.55051...[/tex]
[tex]\sf The \ rational \ number \ from \ the \ list \ is \ \frac{\sqrt{36} }{1296}[/tex]
Object is not moving Answer 1 Choose... Object is moving towards observer Answer 2 Choose... Object is moving away from observer Answer 3 Choose...
Answer:
Object is moving away from observer.
Explanation:
If a force is applied to an object it starts moving. The object will move towards the observer, this is known as Doppler effect. It is when an observer or the thing under observation moves. There is change in its position due to a force exerted on it. The motion of the object also depends on the direction of force.
Describe five of these properties and provide an example of each: Hydrogen bonding, cohesion and adhesion, surface tension, heat of vaporization, specific heat, density, and universal solvent
Answer:
Explanation:
Hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force of attraction, it occur between a proton in a molecule and an electronegative atom in the another. It is weak bond and can be found in water molecule.
Cohesion is force of attraction thst occur when molecules are attracted to other molecules of the same type
this can be found in hydrogen bonding.
Adhesion occur when molecules are attracted to different substances. It can be founf in water when reaction with other substance
A universe solvent is a substance that is used to dissolves many substance. Example is water it can be used in dissolving many substance.
Surface tension is the ability of a liquid surfaces to reduce into the minimum surface area. It allows some insect that are less dense to float in water
Head of vapourization is the amount of heat required to change a liquid into a vapor. Heat to convert water into vapour
Answer:
pH
Explanation:
"The pH of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution. The letters pH stand for 'power of hydrogen' and numerical value for pH is just the negative of the power of 10 of the molar concentration of H+ ions."
hope this helps :)
Please if you can, please help..
What is an allele that isn't expressed called?
Dominant allele
Recessive allele
Genotype
Phenotype
The final phase of translation, called termination, is signaled by three nucleotides, called a __________, that mark the end of a polypeptide chain.
Plasmid
Exon
Intron
Stop codon
What is an example of medicines whose molecular structure has been designed to interact with specific target molecules in living things?
Answer: G protein- coupled receptor
Explanation:
Drug target is when a native protein activity in the body is modified by a drug resulting in a desired therapeutic effect.
G protein is an example of target drug that has been deisgned to modified the affect of certain protein in the body to aid treatment.
The first thing is to Identify the biological origin of the disease and then the target that can be used to combat the Ailment.
Why is the top part of Mt.Everest the coldest part if the sun is practically shining above it?
Answer:
As air rises, the pressure decreases. It is this lower pressure at higher altitudes that causes the temperature to be colder on top of a mountain than at sea level.
Answer:
Hey there!
The sun is so far away, it has little effect on the temperature at different elevations. Also, Mt. Everest's top is very high in altitude, and higher altitudes have cooler temperatures.
Let me know if this helps :)
a) dry apricots are left transferred to sugar solution?
12. What group of organisms are most in danger of extinction?
those with small populations
both a and b
those with large populations that breed quickly
those that migrate or need special habitats
Answer:
Both A and B
Explanation:
steps of Biological method of study taking malaria as an examples
Explanation:
The different steps which are involved in biological method are the the invasion, the rapid division followed by the spread of infection. ... Malaria results in infection after the bite of the female anopheles mosquito. The parasites enter the bloodstream. as a result of this there is predominant infection.
Scientists monitor the effects of a deadly parasite in a host. What trends will they most likely see?
A. As the parasite population increases, the host population decreases.
B. As the parasite population increases, the host population increases.
C. The host population decreases only if the parasite population decreases.
D. The host population will remain the same regardless of whether the parasite population increases or decreases.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
The gallbladder is most accurately described as:________ A. The source of urea B. The storage site for fat and minerals C. The duct that drains the tail of the pancreas D. A distensible sack that concentrates and stores bile
Answer:
D. a distensible sack that concentrates and stores bile
Explanation:
The gallbladder is a small pouch that sits just under the liver and stores bile that is secreted from the liver until it is released into the intestines.
Hope that helps.
CH2OH О, a CH3 H OH OH Н он Identify the macromolecule pictured above. O a Ob Protein Carbohydrate Lipid , ос Od Nucleic Acid
Answer:
Although the pictorial representation is not clear but the question can be answered based on the known structure of each biomolecule. The answer is:
Carbohydrate
Explanation:
Carbohydrate is one of the four biological molecules in living systems. Carbohydrates are composed of long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio i.e (CH2O)n empirical formula.
The structure of carbohydrate is composed of a ketone (C=O) or aldehyde (CHO) functional group and hydroxyll groups (OH). The simplest unit of any carbohydrate is called a monosaccharide. Hence, from the above structure in the question, which consists of long chain of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, it can be identified as a CARBOHYDRATE.
Choose all the answers that apply.
Rapid burial _____.
increases exposure to oxygen
decreases exposure to oxygen
slows down the rate of decay
prevents scavengers from eating organism remains
Answer:Organisms decompose more quickly when they are in contact with oxygen. Most environments exposed to the open air are in contact with plenty of oxygen, so the soft tissues of dead organisms, whether plants or animals, decay quickly. ... For an organism to become a fossil, it must not decompose or be eaten.
Explanation:
A doctor suspects that one of her patients has a deficiency in one of the six key elements found in living organisms. He has low energy and extremely weak, soft bones. Based on this information alone, which nutrient supplement will she most likely prescribe? phosphorus zinc sodium sulfur
Answer:
The answer is: phosphorus
2. Explain the factors that led Wilson to the idea of (a) studying small islets, (b) fumigating them, and (c) observing the recolonization of species.
Answer and Explanation:
The ecologists MacArthur and Wilson took the term island biogeography theory to refer to the predictions about the number of species that could be inhabiting on an island.
Island biogeography theory establishes that the two factors that affect species richness in natural communities on an island are the distance from the mainland and the size of the island.
At the same time, these factors affect inmigration and extinction rates. According to the theory, islands that are closer to the continent have higher possibilities of receiving immigrants than those islands that are located farther from the mainland. This is the effect of distance.
The effect of size is reflected in the relation between island size and species diversity. In smaller islands, the probability of extinction is higher than in bigger islands. Bigger islands can have more species than smaller ones.
In the case of two islands of the same size and different distance to the mainland, both of them will have the same extinction rate, but the one closer to the continent will have a higher immigration rate, and so, a higher amount of species. The S value will be higher on the island closer to the continent.
Experiment:
To prove that the observations about the species richness and its relation to island size and distance to the continent were not a casualty, manipulation experiments were developed. These experiments helped to prove how the colonization process take place from cero. To observe the entire process of ecological succession and the tendencies proposed by the island biogeography theory Wilson and Simberloff (1970) eliminated the fauna on some islands to observe how they were recolonized from the continent. They fumigated the mangler island and studied these islands to account for the variation in arthropod richness over time. They studied many islands classified by distance. On each island, the richness increased at different rates. The island closest to the continent received more immigrants and is colonized faster than the other ones, reaching its original richness faster. The farthest island was recolonized but at a much lower rate and it does not reach equilibrium while the study was going on. Although, it was expected to reach equilibrium with time.
What results if a broken chromosomal fragment becomes reattached as an extra segment to a sister or non-sister chromatid? A Duplication B Inversion C Polyploidy D Nondisjunction
Answer:
The correct answer is option A "Duplication".
Explanation:
Chromosomal duplication is defined as a type of rearrangement of genetic material at which extra copies of a DNA fragment are created. In this case if a broken chromosomal fragment becomes reattached, this fragment will represent an extra copy, and therefore the resultant genetic material is considered a chromosomal duplication.
WHAT ARE THE OUTSIDE RAW MATERIALS USED BY PLANTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
through what are larger molecules are formed?
Answer:
Through combination of each monomer using covalent bonds.
Explanation:
Most macrmolecules are made from single subunits or building blocks called monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts.
A Mesopotâmia e o Egito antigo foram as primeiras culturas que desenvolveram métodos de irrigação. Um dos métodos eram os canais, mas quando não funcionavam, os egípcios precisavam inventar ferramentas para bombear água do Nilo e de outras fontes. E dessa forma, desenvolveram o sistema de canais. Os governantes egípcios colocaram uma enorme importância no sistema de canais do país e os governantes regionais foram responsáveis pela escavação e reparação das estruturas. Os canais usavam a água do Nilo quando o rio estava na época da cheia e inundava algumas terras... Podemos dizer que antes mesmo dos egípcios, os equinodermos tinham o mais complexo sistema de distribuição de água por pressão do mundo. Você concorda com essa afirmação? Justifique usando informações que você aprendeu durante a aula do equinodermos.
Answer:
ffffffffggggggggggbhgggggghhhhhhgffghgfffddñbgggggggggggggggggddrryyyygfreeeeeerrrrrrrdfbbbbhhhgggggghhyyyggggyyyyyygggttggggggyyygggygbbbggggghhhhyyhhhyyyyuyuuuuuuyybggggggggggggtttfggf
Explanation:
vvfdd
CER
Can someone help me with these questions? Thank you.
Answer:
1.C
2.E
3.C
4.R
5.E
6.R
7.E
8.C
9.E
(do not take my word for it maybe wait for someone else to answer to compare to mine)
Part D What strengths and weaknesses do you see in your improved model?
Answer:
The new model correctly shows the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange that takes place in the capillaries. However, it does not show that this oxygenated blood travels back to the heart for distribution to the body. It also does not show the structure of the alveoli.
Explanation:
PLATO answer
Which is most likely a source of air pollution?
Answer:
CFC's
Explanation:
As human travel increases, the number of introduced species likely
decreases.
increases
stays the same
is eliminated
Answer: The correct answer to the question is option B
INCREASES.
As human travel increases(As humans move from one place to another),the number of introduced species likely increases because as humans move from one place to another,they introduce new species of organisms to their new environment.
These non-native species grow in this new environment,becomes economically important and doesn't pose any harm to their new ecosystem unlike invasive species that poses a substantial harm.
The number of introduced species are likely to : ( B ) Increases
As Humans migrate from one place to another they introduce new species into their new environment naturally or artificially.
MigrationThe movement of humans or any type of organism comes with the introduction of new species because as they move they take along with them certain species that naturally do not belong to their new environment.
Hence we can conclude that As human travels The number of introduced species are likely to Increase.
Learn more about Human migration : https://brainly.com/question/1213023
Algae in the genus Caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have structures similar to stems,leaves,and roots.Reproduction occurs when adults produce sperm and eggs that fuse to form offspring.Each adult Caulerpa consists of just a single cell,however.Which of the following statements is true?
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory that all cells come from preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Answer:
D) The existence of Caulerpa is consistent with the cell theory.
Explanation:
This question describes species of algae in the genus, Caulerpa, which is a unicellular organism that possesses structures similar to leaves, stems and roots in plants. It also grows to a length of about 0.5metres. it reproduces sexually by fertilization of gametes (sperm and egg).
According to all these described characteristics of Caulerpa, it's existence is in conformity or accordance with the unified cell theory, which was proposed by three scientists namely: Matthias Scleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow in the 1830's. The three components of the cell theory states that:
1. Cell is the fundamental and basic unit of life existence.
2. All living organisms are composed of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular).
3. All cells come from already preexisting cells.
Hence, based on the components of the cell theory and the life pattern of Caulerpa i.e. Caulerpa is made up of one cell, it is made from the fusion of preexisting parental cells etc. It is consistent with the cell theory.
